Republic of Ethiopia (2004) EPA Guidelines for fisheries

Republic of Ethiopia (2004) EPA Guidelines for fisheries


The Federal Environmental Protection
Authority

Guidelines on Fisheries

NOT FOR CITATION

This guidelines is still under development and shall be
binding after consensus is reached between the
Environmental Protection Authority and the Environmental
Units of Competent Sectoral Agencies

2004
Addis Ababa

Ethiopia


FISHERIES GUIDELINES, FEPA, 2004 2


Table of Contents
Page

INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................1

1. MAJOR TYPES OF INTERVENTION IN THE FISHERIES SUB-SECTOR......1

2. SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A FISHERIES PROJECT..........................2

3. MAJOR ISSUES RELATED TO A FISHERIES PROJECT..................................3

4. POTENTIAL IMPACTS, ENHANCEMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES 4

4.1 ECONOMY....................................................................................................................4

4.2 ENVIRONMENT.............................................................................................................6

4.3 POPULATION.................................................................................................................9

4.4 HEALTH OUTCOMES...................................................................................................11

4.5 GENDER......................................................................................................................13

4.6 PARTICIPATION...........................................................................................................15

5. EXTERNAL FACTORS............................................................................................16

6. HAZARD MANAGEMENT......................................................................................17

7. Environmental Monitoring........................................................................................17

FISHERIES GUIDELINES, FEPA, 2004 i


Introduction

These guidelines cover industrial and artisanal capture fisheries, culture fisheries, as well as
the processing of fisheries products. Any fisheries project shall be undertaken through an
integrated water resources management approach.

These guidelines aim to assist in developing fisheries projects that can address the themes
of sustainability. They highlight major issues and potential impacts that should be taken into
account during the preparation and assessment phases. The appropriate enhancement and
mitigation measures should be integrated as early as possible, preferably in the project
design.

1. Major Types of Intervention in the Fisheries Sub-Sector

Fisheries activities aim at obtaining food and other products from water bodies (ponds,
lakes, creeks, rivers, seas). These activities involve catching, gathering, farming and raising
aquatic organisms (fishes, crustaceans, molluscs and algae). Globally, there are two
categories of fisheries, namely:

 capture fisheries;
 culture fisheries (aquaculture and mariculture).

These two categories can be carried out in seawater (near-shore and offshore), brackish
water (estuaries, lagoons) and fresh water (inland). While inland and inshore fisheries as
well as aquaculture are predominantly artisanal, deep-sea operations are primarily carried
out on an industrial scale. Capture fisheries harvest natural stocks. The major methods
include:

 seizing fish or shellfish in a net (seine, trawl) or trap;
 tangling fish in a net (gill, drift or trammel);
 catching with hook and line (anglers, longliners).

Culture fisheries involve resources management aiming at increasing the natural stock
production. Fish farming achieves higher concentrations of fish or shellfish by:

 improving natural reproduction and growth conditions;
 raising resources in ponds;
 containing them in natural productive areas by using cages, pens or nets;
 providing substrates for the attachment of animals such as oysters;
 adding fish or shellfish in natural habitats.

The majority of inland aquaculture in the tropics is concerned with low-value finfish species
and is mostly ponds based. Peri-urban aquaculture tends to be based on small-scale, semi-
intensive or extensive ponds systems or intensive fry nurseries. In addition to capturing fish
stocks, industrial fisheries projects include the construction and renovation of fish processing
facilities and of port facilities for fisheries.

FISHERIES GUIDELINES, FEPA, 2004 1


2. Specific Characteristics of a Fisheries Project

The description and justification of a fisheries project shall cover at least the following
elements:

 Project location and siting, including a location map.

 History of fisheries activities and stock management in the area.

 Existing water uses and rights.

 Affected groups (directly and indirectly).

 Project characteristics, including facilities (processing buildings, wharf, services), harvest
methods and expected production.

 Socio-cultural factors or constraints, such as customs and beliefs.

 Targeted fish species and justification.

 Natural and human resources requirements.

 Fishing effort (capture fisheries).

 Use of fertilisers, feeds and chemicals (culture fisheries).

 Source of water for aquaculture basins.

 Fisheries processing and storage methods: gutting, pealing, slicing, canning, freezing,
drying and cooking.

 Marketing approaches.

 Temporary (during construction) and permanent infrastructures.

 Construction activities (excavation, waterways crossing, use of heavy machinery, etc.).

 Anticipated liquid, solid and gaseous emissions, and sources of nuisances (at
construction and operation stages).

 Construction schedules and costs.

 Maintenance works, exploitation and associated costs.

 Means of preventing water contamination.

 Fisheries stock conservation and management measures.

 Consultation approaches and participation mechanisms.

FISHERIES GUIDELINES, FEPA, 2004 2


3. Major Issues Related to a Fisheries Project

The main issues related to fisheries projects can be summarised as follows:

Components of
sustainable
development

Major Issues Relevant
or not

Economy Poverty  Economic activity, employment and incomes.
 Operations profitability.
 Access to benefits for the poor and other

vulnerable groups.
 Skill and knowledge requirements.
 Availability of and access to infrastructures and

services.

Environment  Water quality.
 Water resources availability.*
 Introduction of exotic species.*
 Water drainage.*
 Fisheries stock management.**
 Aquatic systems and habitat.

Population  Migration
 Population characteristics and dynamics.
 Traditional fisheries activities and local customs.
 Land and water uses.*
 Rights over aquatic resources.
 Availability and use of aquatic resources.
 Quality of life.

Health Outcomes  Communicable diseases.
 Diet and food security.
 Injuries.

Gender  Women’s workload.
 Participation in fisheries activities and control

over proceeds.
 Cultural barriers.
 Access to facilities and services.
 Women’s involvement in decision-making

processes.

Participation  Participation of affected groups in
consultations.

 Organisation level of fisheries producers and
workers.

* Specific to culture fisheries
** Specific to capture fisheries (both industrial and artisanal)

FISHERIES GUIDELINES, FEPA, 2004 3


4. Potential Impacts, Enhancement and Mitigation Measures

The potential impacts outlined below are presented by crosscutting theme (one table per theme) to clearly identify the potential interactions
between a fisheries project and a specific transversal issue.

4.1 Economy

Component Potential Beneficial and Adverse Impacts Enhancement and Mitigation Measures

Economy  Increase in fish production, generating
additional revenues.

 Substitution of fisheries imports by local
production.*

 Increased fisheries exports.
 Increase in local development and

employment.
 Increase in commercial activities, thus in

revenues for the local population.
 Decrease in employment due to the

mechanisation of fisheries activities.**
 Constraints for producers to meet profitability

objectives.
 Exclusion of specific groups from project

benefits.
 Decrease in prices of fisheries products if

the production sold on local markets
increases.

 Disruption in economic activities (navigation,
tourism, etc.) related to water bodies.

 Give preference to local employment (men and women) and local inputs
(food, basic material) to the extent possible.

 Select fisheries production on the basis of commercial comparative
advantages, environmental potentialities as well as preferences of the local
population (men and women).

 Ensure that commercial channels exist to sell fisheries production at
competitive prices.

 Base profitability estimates on conservative revenue assumptions.
 Establish appropriate compensation mechanisms, recognising income and

asset losses.
 Identify why specific groups are not benefiting from the project and adopt

corrective measures as required.
 Ensure that the poor and other vulnerable groups can continue to satisfy

their basic needs in fisheries products.

FISHERIES GUIDELINES, FEPA, 2004 4


Economy cont…
Information,
education
and
communicati
on

 Development of additional skills related to
cultivating, capturing and/or processing
fisheries products.

 Better information on fish habitat
conservation.

 Exclusion of specific groups due to a lack of
knowledge.

 Training not adapted to the specific needs of
the various groups (e.g.: illiterate men and
women, farmers converted to fisheries
activities).

 Assist groups of individuals (men and women) who may lack the capacity to
apply for participating into the project.

 Develop and implement a literacy program especially aimed at poor people
and women.

 Provide fisheries producers, men and women, with the training required to
maximize production and revenues while protecting aquatic resources
(fishing techniques, management, commercialisation).

 Ensure that fisheries do not have all the skills required due to a lack of
experience (e.g.: extension services pay a special attention to producers
and processors who artisanal approach in comparison to modern
techniques).

Access to
infrastructure
s and
services

 Improvement in port facilities, increasing
access to various goods.**

 Improved access to credit for men and/or
women.

 Production losses and/or contamination due
to inappropriate fisheries storage facilities.

 Low productivity due to limited access to
inputs.

 Involve users (men and women) in the management of new fisheries
facilities to ensure their sustainability.

 Provide minimal support to fisheries producers and processors (men and
women) to organise activities complementary to their core activities (input
purchase, technology, credit, commercialisation).

 Implement control measures to guarantee products quality.
 Establish user fees to ensure the maintenance of new facilities.

* Specific to culture fisheries
** Specific to capture fisheries

FISHERIES GUIDELINES, FEPA, 2004 5


4.2 Environment

Component Potential Beneficial and Adverse Impacts Enhancement and Mitigation Measures

Air Proliferation of flies and odours nearby
processing areas.

Degradation of air quality due to the presence of
processing facilities, incineration, trucks, etc.

Increase in ambient noise around port
facilities.**

Ensure proper zoning to minimise conflicts between inhabitants and fish
processing industries.

Implement appropriate solid waste disposal facilities.
Minimise the incineration of waste by using other means of disposal

(compost, landfill, etc.).
Restrict truck circulation to specific routes and periods.**

Water Degradation of water quality due to fish
processing facilities (wastewater).

Contamination of water quality by hazardous
materials (hydrocarbons, chemical products,
etc.) leaks and spills.

Change in local hydrologic conditions by altering
water flow and affecting groundwater
recharge.*

In fish ponds, loss of productivity due to water
temperature rising, low oxygen concentration,
accumulation of residues and acidification.*

Water pollution from effluents rich in nutrients
and containing some chemical products.*

Plan and implement wastewater disposal facilities.
Implement public education programs for proper hazardous materials

handling.
Take all precautions during the refuelling of motorised equipment.
Maintain motorised equipment in good condition in order to avoid leaks and

discharge of hazardous materials.
Provide storage and handling facilities for waste collection and disposal.
Manage surface water according to good practices in order to minimise the

impacts downstream of fish ponds.*
Ensure water flow in fish ponds.*
Avoid locating fish ponds in areas sensitive to acidification such as water

saturated soils with high concentrations in pyrite and organic matter.*
Regulate the use of antibiotics in fish farming.*
Discharge effluents in water bodies with sufficient dilution capacity.*
If the dilution is not possible, treat effluents before releasing them.*

Soil During fish ponds construction, runoff erosion
resulting in sedimentation problems.*

Contamination of soils from spilling of hazardous
materials.*

Avoid areas sensitive to erosion.*
Minimise land clearing.*
Restrict pond construction to dry periods.**
Stabilise the soils in order to reduce potential erosion.*
At the end of construction works, level off the soils and facilitate vegetation

regeneration.*
Ensure a safe management of hazardous materials (hydrocarbons,

chemicals, etc.).*

FISHERIES GUIDELINES, FEPA, 2004 6


Environment cont…

Ecosystems Encroachment into ecologically sensitive and/or
protected areas in order to establish new fish
ponds.*

Diver and anchor damages to sensitive
ecosystems such as corals.**

Degradation of ecologically sensitive habitats
due to the construction and operation of port
facilities.**

Design culture fisheries projects taking into account sensitive natural areas.*
Forbid the construction of fish ponds in ecologically sensitive areas.*
Intensify the management of existing fish ponds in order to discourage

extensive aquaculture occupying large areas.*
Educate fisheries producers and workers (men and women) on the effects of

potential damages to sensitive ecosystems and ways to avoid such
damages, such as using buoys and designated anchoring locations.**

Locate port facilities in area not adjacent to ecologically sensitive habitats.**
Flora Loss of vegetation due to the construction of fish

ponds.*
Loss of forest products (fuelwood, timber, non

timber forest products).*

Plan for recuperating forest products obtained through land clearing and
identify mechanisms to distribute the products to the local population.*

Avoid to clear the vegetation along water bodies.*
Favour the plantation of indigenous species.*
Promote the development of community tree nurseries, preferably operated

by women.*

FISHERIES GUIDELINES, FEPA, 2004 7


Environment cont…

Fauna Better management of existing fisheries stocks
and more efficient use of existing resources.**

Diversification of fish stocks.*
Degradation of native stocks due to the

introduction of exotic species.
Local depletion of larvae and juvenile organisms

for pond stocking.*
Development of fish diseases when the

population density becomes too important.*
Overexploitation of fish stocks and degradation

of the resource base.**
Capture of non-target species.**
Perturbation of fish habitats due to bad practices

(explosives, poisoning).**
Involuntary capture of fishes due to abandoned

or lost fishing nets and traps.**
Migration or perturbation of aquatic fauna due to

dredging for port facilities.**

Discourage or forbid the introduction of exotic species without comprehensive
study.

Monitor indigenous species status if exotic species are introduced.
Ensure the production of larvae and juvenile organisms in nursery.*
Monitor fish stocks diseases and take appropriate actions to eliminate these

diseases.*
Avoid dredging in coastal areas by using existing port and harbour facilities.**
Manage fisheries on a sustainable basis (restrictions, quotas, seasonal and

areas closure, compulsory permits, regulations, traditional practices).**
Develop new markets for non-target species.**
Restrict bottom trawling.**
Avoid use of fish poisons.**
Sensitise fisheries producers and workers (men and women) on hazards

linked to abandoned gears.**
Assess stocks, develop management plans and implement international

agreements over resources allocation.**
Safeguard floodplains and fish hatcheries.**

Natural and
cultural
heritage

 Loss of cultural, religious and historical
heritage as well as aesthetic resources.

 Breach in agreements with traditional
authorities concerning cultural, religious,
historical and aesthetic sites and resources.

 Negotiate with traditional authorities the preservation of critical cultural,
religious, historical and aesthetic sites and resources and agree on
potential compensation for the communities.

 Involve traditional authorities in monitoring cultural, religious, historical and
aesthetic sites and resources during project implementation.

* Specific to culture fisheries
** Specific to capture fisheries

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4.3 Population

Component Potential Beneficial and Adverse Impacts Enhancement and Mitigation Measures

Demographic
trends

 Project allocation criteria (for access to
boats, jobs, credit, etc.) favour large families,
encouraging population growth.

 Increased population and ethnic diversity
after migration of families interested in
fisheries.

 Temporary imbalance between men and
women due to male migrants, which can lead
to an increase in sexually transmitted
diseases.

 Establish allocation criteria that are not based on family size, nor gender.
 Work closely with host communities to facilitate the integration and

acceptation of migrants.
 Assist migrants in order to encourage their families to rapidly join them.

Migration and
resettlement

 Inappropriate living conditions for migrants
and their families.

 Constraints in adjusting to resettlement and
changes in productive activities.

 Population pressure due to migrants
attracted by new economic opportunities (in
case of projects involving intensive
employment creation).

 Plan adequate settlement areas with appropriate housing and services
(water and sanitation) for migrants and their families.

 Provide temporary food supplies to migrants if needed.
 Provide complementary training /support to facilitate adjustment during the

transition period.
 Ensure adequate basic services, including water supply, to satisfy the

needs of the host and migrant populations.

FISHERIES GUIDELINES, FEPA, 2004 9


Population cont…
Natural
resources
and land
management

 More efficient use of fisheries resources
through improved marketing, distribution,
processing and storage of fisheries products.

 Important source of fish products for animal
production.

 Perturbation of traditional fisheries:
preference for cash/export fisheries over
subsistence fisheries.

 Changes in land and water uses that may
lead to social conflicts.*

 Rivalries between users and owners of
aquatic resources.

 Prevent food insecurity by allocating credit to subsistence fisheries.
 Provide alternative income-generating activities to men and women

loosing productive means (traditional fish processing, land, etc.).
 Coordinate project activities with other land and water users (men and

women).
 Plan and manage aquaculture system in order to minimise water

requirements.*
 Regulate the establishment of fisheries ports in order to limit their scale.**
 Involve all users of aquatic resources in the project design and clearly

define ownership rights (communal/private, men/women, etc.) prior to
project implementation.

Quality of life  Increase in fish proteins in the diet and
improvement in food security.

 Improvement in quality of life due to new
economic opportunities and adequate
compensations for losses.

 Change in local customs (means of
subsistence and traditional fisheries activities).

 Nuisances caused by increased boat
traffic**, unpleasant odours and decreased
quality of landscape.

 Establish a formal consultation mechanism with local authorities to
discuss issues disturbing inhabitants and to find solutions satisfying all
parties.

 Involve local authorities in monitoring implementation activities and
compensation agreements.

 Ensure that part of the production is accessible on local markets.
 In consultation with port users and affected populations, establish

operations guidelines accommodating all parties.**

* Specific to culture fisheries
** Specific to capture fisheries

FISHERIES GUIDELINES, FEPA, 2004 10


4.4 Health Outcomes

Component Potential Beneficial and Adverse Impacts Enhancement and Mitigation Measures

Communicabl
e diseases

 Malaria, schistosomiasis, swimmer’s itch.
 Gastro-intestinal infections, e.g. parasitic

diseases, diarrhoeas, cholera.
 HIV and other sexually transmitted

infections.
 Skin infections (e.g. Mycobacterium

marinum).

 Ensure quality control during fish processing and storage, e.g. hazard
analysis and critical control point systems (HACCP).

 Monitoring and managing, e.g. random monitoring for Salmonella and
other pathogens and managing water quality.

 Discourage eating raw aquatic organisms.
 Establish labour camps at a reasonable distance from villages
 Ensure steep margins and de-weeding of ponds.*
 Antibiotic management.*
 Avoid cultivating molluscs in wastewater.*
 Ensure steep margins of reservoirs.**
 Provide jetties to minimise reservoir water contacts.**

Non-
communicabl
e diseases

 Poisoning of consumers.
 Allergy related diseases.

 Make random tests for antibiotic residues and other chemical
contaminants.

 Ensure use of gloves and washing skin before and after contact with fish
by workers.

 Avoid use of waters contaminated with industrial effluents such as
mercury.

 Stop harvesting when algae blooms occur.
Malnutrition Increased food supply.

 Malnutrition due to a reduction in fish
proteins.

 Stunting or wasting in children.**

 Safeguard subsistence fisheries.

Injuries  Drowning and fall injury.
 Snake bite.*

 Inform workers and monitor occupational safety.
 Build small dams to improve safety standards.*
 Implement storm-warning systems.**

FISHERIES GUIDELINES, FEPA, 2004 11


Health Outcomes cont…

Psychosocial
disorders and
well-being

Stress and anxiety associated with rapid social
change, loss of traditional authority, loss of
spiritual assets, uncertainty and locus of
control, severance, exclusion, and
marginalisation, gender related problems,
alcoholism, domestic disputes leading to
suicide, physical and mental abuse, child
marriage, labour and sale, and communal
violence.

 Well-being associated with improved
income, stability, work opportunities, access to
basic services, health, empowerment,
education and training.

Refer to measures proposed under other crosscutting themes as those
address many causes of psychosocial disorders and factors contributing to
well-being.

* Specific to culture fisheries
** Specific to capture fisheries

FISHERIES GUIDELINES, FEPA, 2004 12


4.5 Gender

Component Potential Beneficial and Adverse Impacts Enhancement and Mitigation Measures

Division of
labour (paid
and unpaid
work)

 Change in time spent by children and
women on fisheries activities.

 Increased workload for women as their
reproductive work is not reduced.

 Establish rules among producers to limit child work.
 Provide adapted technologies to both women and men to reduce time spent

on fisheries activities.
 Plan support initiatives to reduce women’s reproductive workload.

Income
generating
activities
(money or
kind)

 Increased income for women when their
work is remunerated or fisheries revenues
shared.

 Decreased income for women who cannot
carry out anymore traditional fisheries
activities (e.g.: processing) or others.

 Limited participation of women in project
benefits due to cultural barriers.

 Offer employment opportunities to men and women, encourage women to
apply and select candidates according to their competencies.

 Ensure that men and women working on the project have access to
revenues.

 Ensure that women get remunerated for their work, especially if they do
not get a share of the revenues.

 Ensure that women are directly paid for their work, without involving any
intermediaries.

 Give an opportunity to women already involved in fisheries activities to
participate in the project and to maintain or increase their income level (in
cash or kind).

 Do not restrict women to low-income processing activities.
 Ensure that project promoters do not reinforce cultural barriers affecting

negatively women, such as by excluding women from non-traditional
fisheries occupations.

 Facilitate women involvement in fishing activities.

FISHERIES GUIDELINES, FEPA, 2004 13


Health Outcomes cont…
Access to
and control
over
productive
factors

 Women affected by the restricted access to
fisheries products for processing, an activity
traditionally controlled by women.

 Unequal access to training for women and
men producers.

 Limited access of women to services offered
to producers.

 Provide an opportunity to women already involved in fisheries activities to
maintain their activities if they do not want to participate in the project.

 Provide men and women involved in the project with an equivalent access
to training and services (storage, commercialisation, credit, etc.).

 Ensure that extension services offered to men and women are gender
sensitive.

 Ensure that new facilities (including credit) are adapted to the specific
needs of men and women.

Involvement
in societal
organisation

 Women get organised to obtain training in
fisheries adapted to their specific needs.

 Low representation of women in decision-
making processes related to fisheries
activities.

 Facilitate the creation of women groups when women express an interest
in being better organised and represented.

 Involve women and men in committees established to manage and
monitor aquatic resources and fisheries activities. If cultural barriers do not
allow mixed structures, develop independent structures for women.

* Specific to culture fisheries
** Specific to capture fisheries

FISHERIES GUIDELINES, FEPA, 2004 14


4.6 Participation

Component Potential Beneficial and Adverse Impacts Enhancement and Mitigation Measures

Consultation  Integration of men’s and women’s concerns
into the project design.

 Increased support for the project among
affected populations.

 Exclusion of specific groups from
consultations, particularly women already
involved in fisheries activities.

 Consult affected people at all phases of the project.
 Provide the opportunity to all affected groups (men and women) to

participate in consultations by offering adapted consultation mechanisms.
 Use consultations to determine traditional patterns of right and

responsibilities concerning fisheries and to identify ways to increase the
involvement of excluded groups (men and women).

 Inform consulted men and women on how their concerns were taken into
account.

Civil society
strengthening

 Creation of new groups and organisations.
 Disruption of existing organisations or co-

operative involved in traditional fisheries.

 Ensure that men and women have the opportunity to organise themselves
in groups representing their interests.

 Integrate existing associations within the new groups and organisations or
establish collaboration.

* Specific to culture fisheries
** Specific to capture fisheries

FISHERIES GUIDELINES, FEPA, 2004 15


5. External Factors

The major external factors that may influence the outcomes of a culture or capture
fisheries project are the following:

 Water pollution from industrial, domestic, agricultural or animal sources

Industrial and domestic effluents, as well as pollution from agricultural and animal
production, can represent important sources of degradation of the fish habitat (water
quality). To minimise the risks of water pollution, it is recommended to take into
account the location of these potential sources of contamination while planning a
fisheries project.

 Soil erosion

Soil erosion generated by various human activities, such as agriculture, roads and
land clearing, causes sedimentation in water bodies affecting fish spawning grounds.
The implementation of integrated watershed management techniques is
recommended to minimise soil erosion in watersheds.

 Flood control measures and dams (water regulation)

Flood control measures and dams can influence water quality and quantity, which
has a direct impact on the fish habitat. Integrated watershed management is also
recommended for minimising the influence of flood control measures and dams on
fisheries projects outcomes.

 Navigation

Navigation can be the cause of water quality degradation and conflicts for water use.
In order to minimise these risks, it is recommended to implement water protection
measures and coordinate fisheries activities development with governmental
authorities in charge of navigation.

 Economic factors

Economic factors such as a fall in market prices and the banning of products by
importing countries involve reduced fisheries revenues and potentially financial
losses that can force to cease operations. To reduce financial vulnerability, the
producers’ debts shall be minimised. Moreover fisheries production and markets shall
be diversified, in particular by favouring the production of value-added products.

 Social Instability

The emergence of community disputes are phenomena that generate social
instability and can lead to migration, disruption of the food chain, water contamination
and intermittent supply, injuries, epidemics and mortality. Good governance and
poverty alleviation policies are means to prevent social instability.

FISHERIES GUIDELINES, FEPA, 2004 16


6. Hazard Management

The main hazard associated with fisheries projects is the following:

 Hazardous materials spills, resulting in injuries (burns, explosions) and human
and animal poisoning.

In order to prevent or minimise this hazard, appropriate risk management measures
shall be designed and implemented.

7. Environmental Monitoring

The following tables present the potential indicators that could be used to monitor the
implementation of a fisheries project. The appropriate indicators for a specific project
shall be selected according to the project context, major anticipated impacts and the
cost of data collection and processing.

Component Indicators

Poverty
Economy  Annual revenues and profits generated by fisheries

activities compared to projected revenues and profits.
 Number of jobs created (directly and indirectly).
 Number of producers failing to reimburse their debts.
 Level of satisfaction of adversely affected groups (men and

women) toward compensations and offered alternatives.
(survey)

Information, education and
communication

Understanding of fisheries and management concepts by
trained men and women producers.

Access to infrastructures
and services

 Fisheries input availability as a function of the demand
(quantity and timeliness).

 Adequacy of storage facilities to the demand (quantity and
quality).

 Proportion of the production lost before being sold.
 Revenues from tax/tariff on new facilities and allocation.

Environment
Water Concentration of pollutants (suspended solids, oil and grease,

DBO, nitrogen and coliforms).
Water flow downstream.*

Soils Evolution of erosion signs.*
Volume of sedimentation downstream of fish ponds.*

Ecosystems Surface of sensitive areas affected by the project
(encroachment, sedimentation on spawning grounds, river
banks erosion, etc.).*

Surface of sensitive coastal ecosystems affected by the project
(e.g. corals, mangroves, reproduction areas, etc.).**

FISHERIES GUIDELINES, FEPA, 2004 17


Environmental Monitoring cont…

Fauna Species evolution in nearby waters (for aquaculture projects of
exotic species).*

Fish diseases or parasites.*
Aquatic resources population and size.**
Fish landings.**

Natural and cultural
heritage

Natural and cultural sites affected by the project.

Population
Demographic trends Population growth and ethnic composition.
Migration and resettlement Integration level of migrants in host communities (survey).

Number of informal settlements built by migrants.
Natural resources and
land management

 Subsistence fisheries products in calories per inhabitant.
 Number of conflicts among users of aquatic resources.

Quality of life Evolution of fish proteins consumption.
Health Outcomes
Communicable diseases Disease incidence rates and drug consumption rates.

Results of product and installation quality control (HACCP).
Proliferation of night-clubs and bars around fishing harbours.**

Non-communicable
diseases

Reported cases of food poisoning.
Results of monitoring for contaminants, including antibiotic

residues.
Malnutrition Height/weight changes in school children of affected

communities.
Scarcity of wild fish stocks.**

Injuries Injury and fatality rates on works sites.
Knowledge on occupational health and safety measures on

fishing vessels and in fish processing plants.**
Efficiency of storm-warning systems.**

Gender
Division of labour  Time spent by men, women and children on fisheries

activities and other activities before and after the project.
Income-generating
activities (money or kind)

 Proportion of income received and managed by men and
women involved in fisheries activities.

 Level of satisfaction of women toward project investment
decisions and management methods (survey).

Access to and control over
productive factors

 Proportion of men and women involved in fisheries by type
of activity.

 Number of women and men using facilities (storage, credit,
etc.).

Involvement in societal
organisation

Proportion of men and women in committees established to
manage and monitor aquatic resources and fisheries activities.

Participation
Civil society strengthening  Evolution in the number of fisheries organisations.

 Conflicts among new and existing organisations involved in
fisheries.

* Specific to culture fisheries
** Specific to capture fisheries

FISHERIES GUIDELINES, FEPA, 2004 18


Table of Contents
Page

Introduction
1. Major Types of Intervention in the Fisheries Sub-Sector
2. Specific Characteristics of a Fisheries Project
3. Major Issues Related to a Fisheries Project
Major Issues
Relevant

4. Potential Impacts, Enhancement and Mitigation Measures
4.1 Economy
4.2 Environment
4.3 Population
4.4 Health Outcomes
4.5 Gender
4.6 Participation

5. External Factors
6. Hazard Management
7. Environmental Monitoring