Search options

Search operator:
Find:
At least one word (OR)
All words (AND)
Exact expression (Phrase)
Semantic search & fuzzy search
Also find:


2021-07-06T16:19:25Z
Republic of Ethiopia (1995) Proclamation to pronounce the coming into effect of the constitution of the FDRE, Ethiopia.pdf
:

Republic of Ethiopia (1995) Proclamation to pronounce the coming inteo effect of the constitution of the FDRE, Ethiopia


, .\
"

~~
~~

fh.:"r-kf 4..J?.t-I\'eJllfPht-f\.f'e ~Tflt\.h

&..Yo&.IA ",;J ~T ,;JIt fI)
FEDERAL NEGARIT GAZET A

OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA

h'1.~ 'lID"" 4c'l'C Ii
hJlia hnq - ~m(a. Hi +, liifn 1'1Year No.1

ADDIS ABABA - 21sl August, 1995Oh.""f-A'.f ~1v~"f£ Jl'fPh~l1..ff£ ~TllA.h
f ih1l1l "'fDt]f-:f ,..he 0."" II1q<t~"" ffDlI)

CONTENTS
Of/{&65J.

l't'P~ ~1"C Ii/Iiifit1 ,.9".
fh.:"fkf 4..1.t-I\'e Jl'fDht-f\.f'e ~Tflt\.h :11.,

00'","":" l't'P~ .,'" Ii

Proclamation No. 1/1995
Proclamation of the Constitution of the Federal
Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

""""""'"''''
Page 1

l'tCP~ ck1"CIi/Iiifit1

fh.:,.r-kf 4..1.t-I\'e JllfPht-f\.f'e ~Tflt\.h
ih., 00'","":" o"..t- I\f, ooCPI\-, "",I1mc}> fmll) l'tCP~

fh.:"r-kf flth.C':f . flth.~{tP:f1j" ihllP:f OOCmm-
: Ol\\\:fm- .,.mi]r-;F:fm- l't",i]f,~:" ..,~C flit.,., Iitfft ,.9".
fh.:"r-kf 4..J?.t-I\'e Jl 'fDht-f\.f'e ~Tflt\.h :111 00'","":'"

f~"~ OOOtl').f"th"'"m- '+m-~A II

i 1. l't6f.1'CC6it

f,tJ l't'P~ "fh.:"r-kf 4..J?.t-I\'e JllfPht-f\.f'e ~Tflt\.h
ih., 00'","":" l't'P~ 'h1"C Ii/Iiifit1" .,.flt\- t\.m.,.it
f,:fl\A II

2. ih1 00'",,,..-1: O"..t- I\f, it"ooCPI\-

fh.:"r-kf 4..1.t-I\'e JllfPht-f\.f'e ~Tflt\.h ih.,

00'","":" h~"''''' I~
.,., Iiifit1 ,.9"'1.9"C' 00-1\-000-1\-

0".. t- I\f, m-~A I:

3. l't'P:( f"'J~Ij"O:" 1.H.

f,tJ l't'P~ h~"''''' I~
.,., Iiifif1 ,.9". 1.9"C' f~1j"

3.
f,tI'lj" All

l'tJlit l't01) ~"'lI. I~ .,., Iiifif1 ,.9".
p./C ~;J(t 1.~~

fh.:"r-kf 4..1.t-I\'e JllfPht-f\.f'e ~Tflt\.h

T~H.~':"

,
n~ ., ;J

}. . . 9'00Dmt Pnce

PROCLAMA nON NO. 1/1995

A PROCLAMATION TO PRONOUNCE THE COMING
INTO EFFECT OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE

FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA

WHEREAS, the Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of
Ethiopia have, through their elected Representatives, ratified
the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia, on the 8th day of December, 1994; it is hereby
proclaimed as follows:

1. Short Title
This Proclamation may be cited as the' 'Constitution of
the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Proclamation No. 1/1995".

2. Coming into Effect of the Constitution
The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia has come into full force and effect as of the 21sl
day of August, 1995.

Effective Date

This Proclamation shall enter into force as of the 21sl day
of August, 1995.

Done at Addis Ababa, this 21 stday of August, 1995.

NEGASO GIDADA (DR.)
.

PRESIDENT OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA

t..1..t-A ~;Jt"', ;JH.1fJ
T'''''+'' ii'a:;i

Federal Negarit a.p.G.Box 80,001


1Jt I 1..1.~A ~;M"" ;JII."., cfc-rCIi ~"'(\ I~ +') IIJ"'~- "Federal NegaritGazeta - No.1 2111August1995 - Page 2

OP"Iflf

,,~ fkTf"kl -oth.C"~f -oth.~"'P~ f th1fP~ ,-
OV1&-~1kTf"kl m-h1' Ul\tM,. f "iaT'i lAm-

l.'fPh&-f\ "'.&L"'t;:' f ki''r''tlC£'i "7~R&-C£"I:1;J-~1

"'.&L4.m' f f&-it~11 /)1:/.\ O&-it'f1 fODID"" OD-o;J-

~11 -tm~OD1 f 0" t;:1\1;J-~1 f Oth., fOI\"~T "'i

0&-it~1 ~:1»1: 1\" f+OD"'~-t 1\11: f?"A"t11 "7~O~"'-o

O;J&-1t"""T "Cm1 OOD~itT !

"U1 '1\"7 h.,-o A"71:~ia f f.,,, o'i f-oth.C/.
lIth.~(a-o OD"'~;J-C£ OD.f1+~ -ho&-=fm- f f1;to

"h-/.\ ~T OD~;J1m- f I1thA-~ """7''r+~' I1A1\1JC~
/.\'~T ~1.&L&-ODJJ.f"71:~-" 1\ia~I\1.~TW)' "9"~;J-~1
OOD")' J

kTf"kl V1&-~1 ff&-it~1 1\h-~ l1ihA lA1 f

ff/,.4T1 OD/.\h, 9"1:C 1\(a';'~C'~f1~1'ilA1' -om.c
-o","~(afl~'i th"p~ O+Al' ODiai'~ f"'~~T
1.~1{"~ -titia~1 1\-o~1 f'rC1I1T'i fM'iCI1:" V1C
OOD."" ! lA.&-'1m- ';J~1'~,fD'i l\ODAl1h:"1\A1 oftA1
hA~M;

ODtJ.1.m-';J&- /)~I\~1 ODODia~""lAOT h~~11~1

flD~h'1m-1 ,-t,,11 ",)~'1T I1"7t9"';,f;J&-/1'tc'7~11 '
O"7it,.., ",. (10"),1 OOD+O~ I

PREAMBLE

We, the Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia:

Strongly committed, in full and free exercise of our right to

self-detennination, to building a political community foun-

ded on the rule of law and capable of ensuring a lasting peace,

guaranteeing a democratic order, and advancing our

economic and social development;

Firmly convincedthat the fulfilmentof this objective requires

full respect of individual and people'_sfundamentalfreedoms

and rights, ~olive togethero~ the basis of equality' and without
any sexual, religious or cultUral discrimination;

Further con vinced that by continuing to live with our rich ,and

proud cultural legacies in territories we have long inhabited,

have, through continuous interaction on various levels and

forms of life,. built up common interests and have also

contributed to the emergence of a common outlook;

Fully cognizant that our common destiny can best be served

by rectifing historically unjust reltionships and by further

promoting our shared interests;

Convinced that to live as one economic community is

necessary in order to create sustainable and mutually suppor-

tive conditions for ensuring respect for our rights and

freedoms and for the collective promotion of our interests;1'''''''''~1't . ODlI;J-~1'i' ~if~;JwT11 O;J&- "Ij

0-t1.,:1 .;J.f,'~+ ,,-,it~.., 1\11::fl\.i''t''t "'I~Ot(allfOD11
. .

11..J:1"hA.I\1.'1"" 0",-, ; Determined to consolidate, as a lasting legacy, the peace and

the prospect of a democratic order which our struggles and

sacrifices have brought about;n~"1\~1«; Ob~/.\ '1m- 0014'1'/):",'1:"'-t1T(Df-11.'fP

h&-f\'i itl\9" Ul\t~i:1 A"'I~;J11'!

"U ~1(ID1""'T 'hff.UO",. A1A"'i:r:".. '1\"7
,,~ "9"~+~ ~Ml ~1.&L"'~'''').&LlDhI\-1ODCm1
Ol\tJ'i:fm- -t1D11f";J=~')""711"~:" flat1-1.,,.,:,, -,.11"

Ill. ~;&:CID+1 liUn"* t"+~,,/.\ II

Have therefore adopted, on 8 December 1994 this Cons-

titution through representativeswehaveduly elected for this
purpose as an instrument that,binds us in a mutual commit-'

ment to fulfill the obj~tives and the principl~s set forth

above.


1Jt r A..1.~.A~;J&.1' .7fL") <~TC ji ~Ihc\!~ 4>1lilfn ,.,... Federal Negarit Gazeta - No. I 21st August 1995- Page 3

Ethiopian Territorial Jurisdiction

The territorial jurisdiction of Ethiopia shall comprise the

territory of the members of the Federation and its boundaries
fh,:t-f-kf f"'.':" fD"'} ft..Yo~t\-'} 1\l1f\oT fD"'} fD7.fm shall be as determined by international agreements.

ft' A A If Ii 0 ~t\ 9" 1\"'tt: il 9"9"H'"T 00 "l:" f"'fD" ~fD" ~fD"::

9" iJ (,..C': 1\ ') ~"

m:"""
~,,'};J1.9'T

1\,}"'1\ ~
f h..:"f- k f oo'}..,/"':,. ilfll7.

.e.U ih 1 oo'}.., /"':,. t..Y..~" 1£Cj Y..'l"h ~"-fl£ f oo'}.., /"':,.
1\fD:J>.,.C f,f,~'?;JA :: O'LU oo"l:" fh..:"f-kf oo'}'?/"':,.
fh..:"f-kf t..Y..~I\1£ Y..'l"h~"-fl£ ~T11t\..h OD7.A il9"
.e.m~A ::

1\,}"'1\ ~
fh..TV"kf f'?':" fD"'}

1\,}"'1\ f
f h..:"V"k f ,,'} ~:,. ~"DIJ

~, fh.. :"f-A'f "'}~:,. ~"DIJ h"f, 1\l,}~Y.. t hoothA 0. 6IiiJ.t

h.+T "'f, (rli 0 ooth t\" 'Oth.~1£ ~CDIJ f,Cj llfJA ::

Y'il1:9" .,. t\DIJ:" ~ h- A (r ~fD" 0 1\'? ~9" f,"'oo lIJf\- ::

h ,,') ~:,. ~I\DIJfD" 1\f, fDIJ".,. 00 m fD"11th.~1£ ~CDIJ f h..

:"f-kf 11th.C'Tt 11th.l"flT t ihllflT ~Cj 'If,DlJCj.y.T
O~ h-A ~''''Cj 01\'} ~,~..,. t\ooliC f"TfD"'} .,.il4. fDIJ.f'}R

I1Ce} f,tfCjA ::

f t..Y..~"" 1\11f\oT ff ~i}TfD" ,,'} ~:,. ~"DlJCj ~CDIJ t\.. Cj
~TfD" f,T"A :: 1fC1f~,} Of~i}TfD" 9"hC 0.:"
f,fDilCj ""::

I'

[.

1\'} .,. 1\ ii-
fh..:"f-kf 'Oth.~1£ oollllO"C

fh.. :"f-k f 11th.~1£ OOllllO"C f ih1 oo'}'?/"'1:,} ~"DlJ9'TCj

fh..:"f-kf ihllflT Oy"'l"ht,.."- /"'C~:,. 1\11lfD" t\ooCjC

f"TfD"'} ~9"~:" f ~'}Jto-9" ffD~L:" f;J~ iJ~I\TfD"'}

fDIJ.f'}RI1C:" (rCj Oih'? f,fD"CjA ::

1\ ') .,. 1\ ?;
ili\ *'}*

~, DlJCjTfD"9"fh..:"f-kf *,}*9'T O~h-A~:" foo'},?/",:"

~fD":"Cj f,Cj ~TIfJ A ::

~, 1\DlJC~ ft..Y..~'" oo'},?/",..,. f/"'~ *'}* f,lfCjA ::
[, ft..Y..I..7i).. 1\l1f\oT ff(,..i}TfD"'} f/"'~ *'}* Oih'? f,fD

il Cj
""

::

1\1.,. R" 7:
iI i\ ,L'? ~:,.

~, fD"~:t:/fD"~:e fDf,9" hfD"~:t:/hfD"~:e 1\1~~TfD"

h..:"f-k!I£/h..:"f-k!l£:" flf~/flf~T fh..:"f-k! tL;J
~fD"/Cj:" ::

~, ffD"6J!' U1C tL1T fh..:"f-k! tI.'?~:" t\..f11- f,TI\f\- ::
[, 't'?~:"1 ODIJ"ooi\h:" lfClf~ Oih'? f,fD(aCjA ::

CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 1

Nomenclature of the State

This Constitution establishes a Federaland Democratic State
structure. Accordingly, the Ethiopian state. shall be known as
The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.

Article 2

Article 3

The Ethiopian Flag

1. The Ethiopian flag shall consist of green at the top, yellow
in the middle and red at the bottom, and shall have a
national emblem at the centre.The three colours shall be
set horizontally in equaldimension.

2. The national emblem on the flag shall reflect the hope of
the Nations, Nationalities, Peoples as well as religious
communities of Ethiopia to live together in equality and
unity.

3. Members of the Federation may have their respective
flags and emblems and shall determine the details thereof
through their respective legislatures.

Article 4

National Anthem of Ethiopia

The national anthem of Ethiopia, to be determined by law,
shall reflect the ideals of the Constitution,the commitment of
the Peoples of Ethiopia to live together in a democratic ord~r
and of their common destiny.

Article 5

Languages

1. All Ethiopian languages shall enjoy equal state recog-
nition.

2. Amharic shall be the working language of the Federal
Government.

3. Members of the Federation may by law determine their
respective working languages.

Article 6

Nationality

1. Any person of either sex shall be an Ethiopian national
where both or either parent is Ethiopian.

2. Foreign nationals may acquire Ethiopian nationality.

3. Particulars relating to nationality shall be determined by
law.


1~!! t.,Y.,t..t\ ~;JI.-r ;Jlf.ffJ ~'I'C: li ~(hl'l.I?i 4>1 Ii!fit% '}.9". Federal Negarit Gazeta -No.1 21 st August 1995 - Page 4

h 1.,.", 'k
ff;J- h11\t\'"

Article 7

Gender Reference

OtttJ ih1 001..,P':" CD-il'l' oon ~ f;J- fi'1. "11 CD-'1(1.:"19" Provisions of this Constitution set out in the masculine gender
f;J- !iI:";J-A :: shall also apply to the feminine gender.

9" iJ/r.lf. ll' t\
:,.

'I ih1 001"'P'i: oo(}~;J-ce ooClfsP"f

h 1.,. '"
:!;

'Iihll11 trql\CC":"

Ii- fh.:,.r-k! 11m.~"f : 11m.~(}P"f : ihllP"f fh.:,.r-k!
trql\CC P'A1l)1 flt\o..y."f 'i"TCD-::

~- ,etJ ih 1 001.., P':" 'I trql\ CC.,;J-TCD-00'" t\ 6liJ..,CD-::
r- trql\CC";J-TW-9" f0l/.1t\RCD- OtttJih1 001..,P':" oo(}~:"

OOl/.ooC{{l.TW-i'roiIr-;FTCD-'i" O"''I';J-OOl/.!1.C.,.:" YolJP

h/r.l1.!CC i''':''';: hDl/iI,e.,:,. ,e1f'i"A ::

h 1.,.", j1

'Iih1 OO1..,P':" fOl\,e.,:,.

Ii- ih1 001°1P'i: fU1~i: fOl\,e ih.., "CD-:: 0'/1?fCD-9" ih.., :

AO'/'&;CChlP/r.C : h1Jtll'9" f001..,P':" hiIA ro,e9"

flt\P'AIl)1 CD-"~ htttJ ih1 001..,P':" ;JC fOl/.:J>~1 hlf.,

i'&.1t0l/.":" h,eif~CD-9" ::

~- 0'/1?fCD-9" tI.;J : f001..,P':" hiII\:" : f7't\i:iI ~C~.y."f:
f\.f\<>"f0'/'" 0 /r.:" h 1 Jt ll'9" fIt\P' A Il) if ;FTW- : ih 1 001..,

P'i:1 fO'/ilhOC'i" t\ih1 001"'P'i: i'11( fOOlf1 ;}I\k":"

ht\flTCD- ::

r- OtttJ ih1 001..,P':" hi'Y."11CD- W-6f!> OO'/'i"TW-9"h\\

~1 f001..,P':" P'A1l)1 00!1I fi'ht\ht\ .,w- ::

~- h.:,.r-k! !R1..,.;FTCD- qt\9" h.,.lf. il9"9".,.y."f fU1~i:
ih.., hiIA 'i"TCD- ::

h1.,.'" I
()11qCC'i"YolJPh /r.l1.!CC 0011.y."f

Ii- (}11qCC 0011.y."f'i".,.,.,.y."f h(}CD- A~ i'&.'1'~ fOl/.oo"a;c:

fO'/,eIl)(}-'i" fDl/,e1&.f. 'i"rCD- ::

~- f'L1"f h'i" fihllP"f(}-OqCC'i" YolJPh/r.l1.!CC OO11.y."f ,eh
O/r.tr ::

h 1.,. '" "Ii
f001..,P':"'i" f'/,eO'/if:" oot\!f:"

CHAPTER TWO

FUNDAMENTALPIDNCWLESOFTHE

CONSTITUTION

Article 8

Sovereignty of the People

1. All sovereign power resides in the Nations,Nationalities
and Peoples of Ethiopia.

2. This Constitution is an expression of their sovereignty.

3. Their sovereignty shall be expressed through their represen-
tatives elected in accordance with this Constituion and
through their direct democratic participation.

Article 9

Supremacy of the Constitution

1. The Constitution is the supreme law ofthe land. Any law,
customary practice or a decision of an organ of state or a
public official which contravenes this Constitution shall
be of no effect.

2. All citizens, organs of state, politicalorganizations, other
associations as well as their officials have the duty to
ensure observance of the Constitution and to obey it.

3. It is prohibited to assume state power in any manner other
than that provided under the Constitution.

.

4. All intenational agreements ratified by Ethiopia are an
integral part of the law of the land.

Article 10

Human and Democratic Rights

1. Human rights and freedoms, emanating from the nature of
mankind, are inviolable and inalienable.

2. Human and democratic rights of citizens and peoples shall
be respected.

Article 11

Separation of State and Religion

1. State and religion are separate.

Ii- 001..,P':"'i" '/ ,eDl/if-"t fi't\!f. 'i"rCD- :: 2. There shall be no state religion.
~- 001"'P';J-CC '/,eO'/if:" h,eifC9" :: jIi

r- 001..,P':" O'/,eO'/if:" .,..&;.eIl)A:J> h.e1f19":: '/.eO'/if:"9"
3. The state shall not interfere in religious matters and

0001..,P':" .,..&;.eIl)A:J> h.e1f19" :: religion shall not interfere in state affairs.


1K"f. A..,.,t./A ~:M'1' ;JIL"' 'h1'C:fi ~,M. It .,., IP.fn ~.,... Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21't August 1995 - Page 5

n1.,.", Ul
fOD1"lJP:t- nlP(,.Ctj +m'<I:~:t-

(!. fOD1"lJP:t- nlPt-C I\"'11-{1 °IA'" O(f~ OD11f: ODhtj(JJ1

nl\O:t- ::

I' 0IJ1~ID-9'" ~"Ltj f ih11-{1 +ODt-6f!'~"L H:1 r't.'~f:A

'''m'<I: ~trtj A ::

f' ih1f'0 nOD~mID- +(JJt)~ ,,~ h9'"~:t- fill) 1.H. hP:J'ID-
I\0IJ1""" ~'f"A :: 1fC1f?o Oih"l~(JJlttjA ::

9'"~ t-tt: Y' it:t-
ODlt~:t'tf OD-{1.y.'ftj ~., ~.y.'f

n1.,.'" If

'''L'''OIJ.~:t-tj n+~~19'"

(!. 00lJ1~ID-9'" ,.~~ fOlJ.1'r. f~Yot-A OD1"lJP:t-tjfhAA
ihOl nID-(;""'. t ih"l nit~'-"'OIJ. htj f,&;~~:t- nt}f\o'f OH.U

9'"~(,.r,: f.,.t}+rf::t-1 1.:1 ;J1.sP'f fOlJhOctj fOlJithOC

:""~.
~..,.,; °IYo:" nl\ fI:':ID- ::

~. O'LU 9'"~(,.r,: f'''H~H?o')' ODlt~:t'tf fOD-{1.y.'ftj f~"~.y.'f

1:1 ;J1. sP'f h. 'rf' k, hi'''' 0 I\:FTID- 'i 1\9'" n 4>tt:f It-(1'itf
OD.n.y.'f ihol;J'r t 'il\9'" n"'c,: flt-{1'itf OD-{1.y.'fit9'"9'"~
.y::;.tj 'il\9'" n"'~ 1P~f.'f ODC(fsP'f ;JC O+ll)ll)OD
OD111: ~"'~101J/\- ::

hr':A n 1 f:
It.n'itf OD.n.y.'f

Article 12

Conduct and Accountability of Government

1. The conduct of affairs of governmentshall be transparent.

2. Any public official or an elected representative is accoun-
table for any failure in officialduties.

3. In case of loss of confidence, the people may recall an
elected representative. The particulars of recall shall be
determined by law.

CHAPTER THREE

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS

Article 13

Scope of Application and Interpretation

1. All Federal and State legislative, executive and judicial
organs at all levels shall have the responsibility and duty
to respect and enforce the provisions of this Chapter.

2. The fundamental rights and freedoms specified in this
Chapter shall be interpreted in a manner conforming to
the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights, International Covenants on Human Rights and
international instruments adopted by Ethiopia.

PART ONE

HUMAN RIGHTS

Article 14

Rights to life, the Security of .Person and Liberty

Every person has the inviolable and inalienable right to life,

0IJ1i1ID-9'" ltID- It-{1'itf nOD(f). fOlJ~'.LCtj fOlJ~1ltit the security of person and liberty.

Oih~(JJ:t- fOD'iC t fnt}A '.U1~:t-tj t f~.,~:t- OD-{1:t-nl\ID- ::

Article 17

Right to Liberty

1. No one shall be deprived of his or her liberty except on
such grounds and in accordance with such procedure as

{!. nih"l hi'~~11ID- JPC'i:t- ID-1iJ.h0IJ1~ID-9'" ltID- (JJ1f:9'" are established by law.
(f~ ,. ~"~rf:1!:t1 n'll)9'"!n:t'll)9'" :: 2. No person may be subjected to arbitrary arrest, and no

I' 0IJ1~ID-9'" ltID- Oih"lh',.,. ~11ID- JPC'i:t-ID-1iJ.h1\.'11t l1it person may be detained without a charge or conviction
"~4>c'on')' (JJ~9'" ",e.~.~y.'n:t- I\.:t'ltc n~'fA9'" ::

against him.

n 1.,.'" 'i!!
fih~(JJ:t- t fnt}A ~U1~:t-tj f~.,~:t- OD-{1:t-

n1.,.'" 11:-
f ih~(JJ:t- OD-{1:t-

0IJ1i1ID-9'" ltID- nih~(JJ:t- fOD'i'C OD-{1:t-nl\ID- :: 0IJ1~ID-9'"

ltID- nih"l n.,.,. ~11 hflY.' ftD1l'A :"ll):t- t}A(f~ Oit+4>C

ih~(JJ'f:1 n'(lI9'" ::

1',1"'''' Ii-
fnt}A '.tJ1~:t- OD-{1:t-

0IJ1~ID-9'"ltID- nnt}l\:' ,,~ 1.'&;'r h1,&;~~Cito:t- fODmO:"
OD-{1""nl\ID- ::

n 1.,.'" 1'i.
f~.,~:t- OD-{1:t-

Article 15

Right to Life

Every person has the right to life. No person may be deprived
of his life except as a punishment for a serious criminal
offence determined by law.

Article 16

The Right of the Security of Person

Every one has the right to protection against bodily harm.


'J~} t"Yo&.&\ ~;M"" ;J1f.(fJ <hTC!! ~ch'" Xli <1>1Hifif% 'i.f". Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21
st August 1995 - Page 6

n'}~?\ 1:1:--
n.(allq,£ nf fll ilt\oohAh~

11
. OI/"} ~ lD-?" (alD- 6f-t)~ h +qol\n'-" . n.(a1l q'£ h If ~ CDf,?"

hll ~"} hDl/.fCP C.(' nf fll CDf,?" :"tlJ'-" f 00 m n:" 0011'-"
nt\lD- ::

~. 0I/"}~lD-?" (alD- nI1C~'-" CD~?" n..,Yo:" n1A;J~~'-" il.fll

n~"fA?" :: t\0I/"}~lD-?" ql\OI/ n(alD- foo~1.(' +..,I1C

f+ht\ht\ ~lD- ::

;:. OI/")~ lD-?" (alD- n~ ~ A +1 p..CDf,?" ..,Yo:"") t\ OI/o:t.1\.-,.
0I/"}~lD-"}?" P'&. ""}"tlP(~ 01/.('1..., f+ht\ht\ ~lD- ::

~. mUJ n"}~?\ "}o-il n"}~?\ ;: "n~f,A +1p.. CDf,?"..,Yo:""}
t\01/o:t.1\'-"" fDl/.t\ lD- £ItI..., fDi/. h+ ~.-,."} V-~:"sP"f nft}

'-"'-"?,,;

U) OI/"}~ lD-?" "ill. ~
n" il

&..-,. I\~ 11t\ n'-" 1.H. n ih..,

oo(al.'-" ""}"tlP&' f+CD(a~lD-"} CD~r n11.l1 h"ilC

n+ t\ ~~ n'-" 1. H. fDl/.lP &,lD-"}OI/"}~ lD-?" P' &. t
t\) 0I/"}~lD-?" CD:"1.&.'£ n1A..,tr>'-" t\ooilm'-" ihil.

CjlD- fOl/f,L:" .('t\'-" (alD- n?,,'-"h fDl/.(amlD-") n1A

°, tr>'-" t

rh) f0l/1 nl. (a{}-") ih~CD'-" CD~?" 1. tJ"}~.-,. fD?f (a;J

f n ilTI),f, 1. H. lJ-~:" CDf,?" n1.;J n D?f ;J1'?" n'-"

1. II. fDi/. (al' OI/")~ lD-"}?" n1 A.., tr>'-" :
(0) nOl/.oot\h+lD- ihllll L~.(' nnt}l1fllD- fD?LK

00 lD-"} OI/"} ~ lD-?"n.\1 fj"D?f'£Cj 01/1 n &.'£ fA 01/'-"

P'&. ::

n"}~?\ Ii!
f+ flf- (asP"f 0011'-"

11'
. CD"}~A &.?\oocpA nool1A f+ flf- (asP"f f~l.nI1TCD- hilCj

?"h"}f+:fi n1lClIC CD"tflD-~ nD?1I1TlD- *")* ""}"t~1

&.TlD- oo.n'-" nl\TlD- ::

~. f+ flf- (asP"f I\t\ooCj1C 0011'-" nl\TlD- ; fD?(am-'-"
0I/"}~lD-?" ~A If:CX' 0.'-" nOl/ill.~~'-" il.~ClII1TCD-

"
") 1. DI/."f A 00 l..&;'-" n D? "f~'-" *"}

* "
"}1. + f If- CD"tf CD-~

OI/il1"}"flf ""}"t(atlJTlD- 0011'-" nl\TlD- ::

;: . f + f If- (asP"f n n C 11 il ?"").-,. (aq :".-,. lD-il1' If:C.(' 0.'-"

f 00:"1.11 0011'-" n 1\TlD- :: ~tJ?" 1.H. (asP:t:h + f If-n'-" {1:"

CDY.~CX' 0.'-" t\oo?"tlJ'-" n..,l1l1 11t\lD- ..,?".-,. fD?mf,

~lD-"} 1.11. nf,t;IJ.?"C?" :: CD"tflD-~ If:C.(' 0.'-" ""}1.~~{1-

n1'ml.m~n'-" CD"}~A t\oo:"(aC fDl/.fn~ ?"h"}f'-" ft\
oolf~ 1.t\f,+ ""}"t 1t\?\I\TlD- 0011'-" nl\TCD-::

~. f ftlTlD- f Til.il 00\1"}"} CD~?" f ih.., nilhl1~ n1.H.CD-11.11

c~C X' 0...,. nOl/ :"1.11 f + .f If-n.r"} ?"h"} f'-" t}1\ill.,&;t If: C.('

0.-1: fnt}A ~'~:"TlD-") ""}"tfilhllCI\TCD- foomf:"
il.tlJil fOl/~"fA 0011"" nl\rlD- :: Iffj"?" If:'-''ih ""}'&;~:-}1.A

lJ-~:"CD-fOl/.m~:" hlf~ If:CX' 0.-1: f+ f"lD- (aCD-n1'n~
il C

"
")"t.y. f, t\ 01/"11CDf,?" ?"C 00 &. t\ OI/t}'t.(' + (;iJ.0I/~ 1.H.

It.mf:'' 1',il&.I\1. nlf~ oom") .ngF il.&.:".(' ~"fl\A ::
fOl/.fil&.A1lD-"} +t;1J.0I/~ f?"coo&.1.tl.lf:C.(' 0.-1: It.CDil"}

:~I\t.. f (n.'-" f ih °, nil h 11~ 11t\P' A tlJ fj""f ?"C 00 &,CD-")

n ll) C +lD- f + f" lD- (a lD- n+ gF t\ If: l' ~.-,. If: C.(' 0.'-" ,,") "t
~c-n .ft\lD-"} 0011'-" fDl/.filhllC 001f"} nt\n'-" ::

Article 18

Prohibition against Inhuman Treatment

1. Everyone has the right to protection against cruel,
inhuman or degrading treatmentor punishment.

2. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude. Trafficking in
human beings for whatever purpose is prohibited.

3. Noone shall be required to perform forced or compulsQI)'
labour.

4. For the purpose of sub-Article 3 of this Article the phrase
"forced or compulsory labour" shall not include:

(a) Any work or service normally required of a person
who is under detention in consequence of a lawful
order, or of a person during conditionalrelease from
such detention;

(b) In the case of conscientious objectors, any service
exacted in lieu of compulsory military service;

(c) Any service exacted in cases of emergency or calamity
threatening the life or well-being of the community;

(d) Any economic and social development activity volun-
tarily performed by a community within itslocality.

Article 19

Right of Persons Arrested

1. Persons arrested have the right to be informed promptly,
in a language they understand, of the reasons for their
arrest and of any charge against them.

2. Persons, arrested have the right to remain silent. Upon
arrest, they have the right to be informed promptly, in a
language they understand, that any statement they make
may be used as evidence against them in court.

3. Persons arrested have the right to be brought before a
court within 48 hours of their arrest. Such time shall not
include the time reasonably required for the journey from
the place of arrest to the court. On appearing before a
court, they have the right to be given promptand specific
explanaltion of the reasons for their arrest due to the
alleged crime committed.

4. All persons have an inalienable right to petition the court
to order their physical release where the arresting police
officer or the law enforcer fails to bring them before a
court within the prescribed time and to provide reasons
for their arrest. Where the interest of justice requires,the
court may order the arrested person to remain in custody
or, when requested, remand him for a time strictly
required to carry out the necessary investigation. In
determining the additional time necessary for inves-
tigation, the court shall ensure that the responsible law
enforcement authorities carry out the investigation res-
pecing the arrested person's right to a speedy trial.


1X-:£ ~1.t.1A ~;M"" ,?u.1IJ ~1'C A ~m(\.!?; 4>, !itIft ,.,... Federal NegaritGazeta - No.1 2151August1995 - Page 7

~. f+ 1~ (}?Jr O~"'Tl& I\f. O"'hl:(~"" t\.+C1I f"7.rA
f"r~"" :1>/.\"'Jl(}m- tDf.r "''''Tl&1r ",hl){ "'Jl
lr.,. 1'\f.1f,.~r II 0",h1f,.1: f+1" ",hl:( ++I1f.~""

"'f.'i ll&'r II

I' f+ 1~ (}?Jr O'Ph fOll~;J-"" 01111"""'I\Tl& II 1f'i9'"Oib..,
0 + f,.~1'" A ~ 0- ~;J-?Jr C;:C1: 0."" 'P h""'" 1\"011+OA
tDf.r 01f,.11 OIIC;:;J-""') ta'rC> oct flf~ f'Ph""'"

"'l~165J. "'Jl+C1I "",H1I f.rl\/.\ II

'"
') +

'"
t)

f+h(} (}?Jr 01111""

Ii' f+h(} (}?Jr hh h+lOI1Tl& O~I\ +1ft Olf~ "'~C 1.tJ.
l&h,- 00llf,.0;;: C;:C1: 0."" "ib1l1l

"'A'" Olf~ rfto""
fOll(}"''''' 01111"" 1'\I\Tl& II If'ir f+h~I1~?J:t:') f..,A
ibf.tD"" t fib1l1l1 f'l"~A o-~;J-'" ff}1~i:1 f,.tJ,)~""
"OIImO.}> I\.I1A 1I;F hCh~ 011.., rfto"" t\.(}", f.rl\/.\ II

I' h oct Olf~ 1IC1IC"')Jl~1~Tl& ",..h , 0"',h.C;:
f",..,,.,,,, 01111"""'I\Tl& II

f' OC;:C1: '£f,."" 111\-0"" 1.tJ.O+h(} O"" tD11:A "'f,. ,-4-
+;;: '''OII~mC . Orhhc~"" "'Jl+Clt9'" '''0II1f,.1:

01111"" "'I\Tl& II

~. \f+lOflTl&') "''''Tl&1'r ",hl:( fOllOllAh"" t f+lltl1
Tl&1 rhhc>r fOllmf.}> t "OIIhl\hA f"7.1hrl\Tl&')

",hl:( f",.}>l1l tDf.'r f",h+l1l "'Jlo-r 'rhhC'
;FTl& +COl& "'Jl(}~I\Tl& fOllmf.}> 01111"""'I\Tl& II

~. OOlllm-"" fib.., mO:1> fOlltDhA tDf.r mO:1> "",I/>r
",.}>r 0"'11) :.t'Tl& C;:..,.ib t\.:}f,.A f"7. r A 0"" o-~;J-
1\., ;J,-r h0ll1..,P''''' mO:1> f",..,,.,,,, 01111"" "'I\Tl& II

I' hCh~ 0"7.;J-f.0"" C;:C1: 0."" O+(}mI1Tl& """tf1l tDf.r

c;:C~ I\f. P'AII)1 I\"l& C;:C1: 0."" f."'I1~ f",.}>l1l 01111""

"'I\TCf)- II

~. fC;:C~ 'If..'''' 0"'f.1I1Tl& *,* 0"7.11~1:0"" o-~;J-0011')
..,

P''''' tDIJJ. h Ch~ ,,') -'l+ l-) 9'"I\Tl& fOIlm f.}> 01111""
"'I\Tl& II

'" ')+'" ~b
0,-0:1> hC 11\-,.. OC;:C1:f ;J-(}~ (}?Jr 01111""

Ii' 0,-0:1> hC 11\-,.. OC;:C1:f;J-()~ (}?Jr (}1I'ice h1l~Tl&')

0"7.m1lch o-~;J-?Jr fOIl 111 01111"" "'I\Tl& II

I' h..,..-;C :}f,.7'f;FTl& th""C1I HOIIf.;FTl& . h:}f,.7'f;FTl& t

h?f.",tj"" "''''I1~?J;FTl& t hthtL'I";FTl& ",.. hib..,

"''''I1~?J;FTl& ~C "OIl""'''''''''' "'-'l-)O~Tl&'r "1:A
f",..,,.,,,, 0011"" "'I\Tl& II

"'')+'" ~e
ftD,)~A ib.., tDf,.~I\ +ooA(t f"'f.IP~

h" oolf'"

Ii' ",');;: l&r (}l& f tD11:A h h I\. +C1I 0"" f +h()(} 0"" 1:C
1."" O+~~OIIO"" 1.tJ. 1:C1.i:') oo~~~ tDf.'r "'''00
~~~ tD')1:A 0II1f'" Oib.., f+f,.~.,., 11/.\1f~ Oh++C

t\. +11) "'f.rA'r II "')Jlo-r tD')1:I\-') 0&.~000"" 1.tJ.

"tD')1:1\- +~1."7. h~Oll& f.}>I1)"" 1I)~1 Ol\f. fhOf,.
.}>II)"" o"'');;:l&r (}l& I\f. "'f.tD(}19'" II

5. Persons arrested shall not be compelled to make confes-
sions or admissions which could be used in evidence
against them. Any evidence obtained under coercion shall
not be admissible.

6. Persons arrested have the right to be released on bail. In
exceptional circumstances prescribed by law, the court
may deny bail or demand adequate guarantee for the
conditional release of the arrested person.

Article 20

Rights of Persons Accused

1. Accused persons have the right to a public trial by an
ordinary court of law within a reasonable time after
having been charged. The court may hear cases in a
closed session only with a view to protecting the right to
privacy of the parties concerned, public morals and
national security.

2. Accused persons have the right to be informed with
sufficient particulars of the charge brought against them
and to be given the charge in writing.

3. During proceedings accused persons have the right to be
presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law
and not to be compelled to testify againstthemselves.

4. Accused persons have the right to full access to any
evidence presented against them, to examine witnesses
testifying against them, to adduce or to have evidence
produced in their own defence, and to obtain the
attendance of and examination of witnesses on their
behalf before the court.

5. Accused persons have the right to be represented by legal
counsel of their choice, and, if they do not have sufficient
means to pay for it and miscarriage of justice would
result, to be provided with legal representation at state
expense.

6. All persons have the right of appeal to the competentcourt
against an order or a judgement of the court which first
heard the case.

7. They have the right to request for the assistance of an
interpreter at state expense where the court proceedings
are conducted in a language they do not understand.

Article 21

The Rights of Persons Held in Custody and Convicted
Prisoners

.

1. All persons held in custody and persons imprisoned upon
conviction and sentencing have the right to treatments
respecting their human dignity.

2. All persons shall have the opportunity to communicate
with, and to be visited by, their spouses or partners,close.
relatives, friends, religious councillors, medical doctors
and their legal counsel.

Article 22

Non-retroactivity of Criminal Law

1. No one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on
account of any act or omission which did not constitute a
criminal offence at the time when it was committed.Nor
shall a heavier penalty be imposed on any person than the
one that was applicable at the time when the criminal
offence was committed.


1K"t t..1..t./.\ ";J~"" ;Jtl.ffJ <h1'C{i ",h/\ l?i .,.1 lillY?; Ii."" Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21,( August 1995 - Page 8

~. ftLU h'}+1\ '}D-/1 h'}+1\ li fi.'iC9" f J.':C1.i: h+LRoo
0:\ 1\ f fDtf) ~ "I 1\+h It if. fD f,9" 1\++ tf}lD- 11lD- iIl:J> O?. 1T'i
h+11 hJ.':C1.i: 0:\1\ ffDtf}lD-~"I +LRO?.~'-'" f,'il'PA::

h'}+1\ 7;f
0 h'} J.':fD'}:lA J.':;JO?. ~tf}'-'"/11\oohA hit-

0?'}~lD-9" 11lD- OfD'}:lA ~"Ili r~ rCq.-,.. ool1l'-'" +h{\
f 00 QJ,l7i' OIT ~ lD-It~ '1'4-+ ~ ~i: O+l;J 1 ill 0'-'" fDf,9" 0 ~,

0+1\ ++ 0'-'" fD'} 1: A 'h '} 1. 1li hf, h 11/19" fDf, 9" h f,+ tf}9" ::

h'} + 1\ 7;0-
fhllCli fOOAit9" /19" 0011'-'"

li' 0?'}~lD-9" 11lD- 1111q'C hll';'li OOAit9" {}oo- foohOC

0011'-'" hl\lD- ::

~. O?,}~ lD-9" 11lD- f t.l1-,} /111()li h t\.fto:y. It"':y. 001l.y.:y. ;J C
O+tf}tf}oo o-~~ O~' fO?lt1."I 0011'-'" hl\lD- ::

[. 0?'}~lD-9" 11lD- 00?'}~lD-9" /1CJ:t. Ol1l1q'C~i: 'hlD-~li

fO?"Il'-'" 0011'-'" hl\lD- ::

h') + 1\ 7;i:- -
f'h IrA~'-'" 0011'-'"

0-1t-9" 119':y. 0 ~ "I ~.-,.. ~ irA liTlD- ; 0 ooith I\TlD-9"
O?,}~ lD-9"q f, ~.-,..A ~~.-,..1tf,1.l"l 0 ~ "I 'h irA l' O:J>f,1. l"l 1\

T'PA :: OtLU l1J.':OHCf 01lth.C f lIth.ll1l1 f 0+1\9" f OP~f

O*'}* f OYf,O?'i'-'" f OTI\-tit f 00?'"r0t.'C hOOtf}'I' f OVlI'-'" f

O'-"'lD-A J.': fD f, 9" 0 1\.1\ h
*

9" 9"h '} 1'-'" A ~ ~.-,.. It f,1.l"l 119':y.

o-It- 'hlrAli r"QJ,l1'T' f~"I 'P/1'-"'li fO?"Il'-'" 0011'-'" hl\TlD- ::

h'} + 1\ ?}':&
f"lA ~f,fD'-'" foohOCli fooillO~ 0011'-'"

li' 0?'}~lD-9" 11lD-f"lA ~f,fDi: f "II\'C~i: . foohOC 0011'-'"

hl\lD- :: f,U 0011'-'" oo'i ~1 f1.i: ~ l1lD-~i:li ,}lIli:

h00 00 Coo C 'h '},It 0-9" 0"1 A f,tt ~lD- 11\ '}lIl'-'" h 00 1"H
f 00 ill 0 ~ 001l'-"''} 1it'-'" ~ A ::

~. 0?'}~lD-9" 11lD-O"lA fO?.1\4-TlD-li fO?.RR4-TlD- . OT{}~
f O?.A it TlD- 1.11 ~ f1.9':y.f 'h '} ,It0- 9" 0-1: t\. c;:'} f 0-1: t\. t100-~
h. 7i,}li Oh.t\.h'-"'C'~h ooUf~19':y. f0?.11.C;JTlD- "ITf.
~.y.:y.hf,1.L';'9" ::

[. foo,}"Ir'-'" l1l\rAtf}'i:y. 'h~tLU'} 001l.y.:y. fO?hOCli

fO?/1hOc "I1..~ hl\l1TlD- :: h{}1~~ o-~~9':y.l1.LiIl';'li

1Ith.t.'C 1.U,}~'-"''} f f ~"H1I,} 111\9" f fD'}1:A'} Oooh
I\hA' mS'}li f~"HlI,} flfPt.A o-~~ OOOillO~ fDf,9"

f t\.fto:y.'} OOll'-"'li ~, ~.-,.. OO?{}hOC ql\ 0?9':y. I\f, 0+00

l1li: "HC"HC ~..,:y. ool1l'-'" itAIT~ O{}++C f'h HlU
001l.y.:y. hill:J>+9" t\.11.'O hf,:y.A9" ::

li'

h'} + 1\ 7;1.
fYf,0?'i'-'" f f'h 9" ~'-"'li f h 00 1\ith'-'" ~, ~.-,..

O?'} ~lD-9" 11lD- fO? 1111 : f ~ t\.li 'h li fY f,0? 'i'-'" ~, ~.-,..
hl\ lD-:: f,U 0011'-'" O?'}~ lD-9" 11lD- f00 lilllD-'} Yf,0?'i .-,..
fDf,9" 'h9"~'-'" f00111 fDf,9" foo+OA f Yf,O?'ii:'}li

2. Notwithstanding the provisions of sub-Article 1 of this
Article, a law promulgated subsequentto the commission
of the offence shall apply if it is advantageous to the
accused or convicted person.

Article 23

Prohibition of Double Jeopardy

No person shall be liable to be tried or punished again for an
offence for which he has already been finally convicted or
acquitted in accordance with the criminallaw and procedure.

Article 24

Right to Honour and Reputation

1. Everyone has the right to respect for his human dignity,
reputation and honour.

2. Everyone has the right to the free development of his
personality in a manner compatible with the rights of
other citizens.

3. Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a
person.

Article 25

Right to Equality

All persons are equal before the law and are entitled without
any discrimination to the equal protection of the law. In this
respect, the law shall guarantee to all persons equal and
effective protection without discrimination on grounds of
race, nation, nationality, or other social origin, colour, sex,
language, religion, political or other opinion, property, birth
or other status.

Article 26

Right to Privacy

1. Everyone has the right to privacy.This right shall include
the right not to be subjected to searches of his home,
person or property, or the seizure of any property under /
his personal possession.

2. Everyone has the right to the inviolability of his notes and
correspondence including postal letters, and com-
munications made by means of telephone, telecom-
munications and electronic devices.

3. Public officials shall respect and protect these rights. No
restrictions may be placed on the enjoyment of such
rights except in compelling circumstances and in accor-
dance with specific laws whose purposes shall be the
safeguarding of national security or public peace, the
prevention of crimes or the protection of helath, public
morality or the rights and freedoms of others.

Article 27
,

Freedom of Religion, Belief and Opinion
1. Everyone has the right to freedom of thought,conscience

and religion. This right shall include the freedom to hold
or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice, and the


1K" ii tofot.fA ~;M-r ;JltfIJ -hTl: li ~Ih~ Ili IUfn Ii,"', Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21 st August 1995 - Page 9

h9"~i:1 t\1I3F CD~9" ht\.f\or ;JC Ooolf1 O~~ CD~9"
O..,A fOl/9"t\h f foohr"A t foo+..,OC J f"7it+"7C

CD~9" f 00'" t\ R' 0011""1 1t}"":t' A II

e. Oh1+R' ~ 1o-it h1+R' e f+m+ltlD- h1f.+mO+ If'i~ ~ -
f'/~"7'i"" +h:t'r-r '/~"7'i:t'TlD-1 t\"7it~~""tj t\"7f.

t.1:"" fD?1 it r!l, TlD- f'/ ~"7'i"" ""9"tJ C""tj f hit +.&;f.C
+1:"7"" "71:1:9" ~ri\h- II

r' "71'1 lD-1 9" It lD- fD?LA 1lD-1 h 9"~"" t\ 00111 1 t\ lD-1
~,~..,. O;~~A CD~9" ot\.i\ u-~:t' O"7it1f.'(- OO1f.1I CD~9"

oohAhA h~3FA9" II

!!. CDi\}!rtj :I1;J'C 1f""'H.+r Oh9"~:t'TlD- ooltl"" f'/~"7'i

:t'TlD-1 tj f 00 At}9" P' ~ 9"'" 'l C ""9"U c:f 000 it m""

A}! 3FTlD-1 f"7Itf.'" 0011"" h i\ TlD- II

~. '/~'i""1tj h9"~""1 foo..,t\R' 0011"" fL1f.1I fD?rt\lD-

f:l111111 f.tJ1~"" t lti\9"1 : m.tj"1 t ""9"tJC""1 t f:l111111
flf"t.A u-~:t' t ft\.f\or tl.1r1 ooltl:t''C ooll+r t

~'~+r htj 001..,P''''' h'/~"7'i"" ~, 001f~1 t\"7l;J1T

OD?CDm. :111r ~lftj A II

t,1+R' i)'i
Oitll,)tj i\~ itt\D?LROO-CD1~f\or

j). i\...,.r-*1 'lRf.+3FTlD- f}t\9" h+~ it9"9"~+r htj Ot\.f\or~
fi\...,.r-*1 :I11r OltlD- A"f: i\~ f+LROO- CD11:f\or

+1It\lD- f+CDlt~""1 CD11:f\or ; fltlD- HC f"7T~"" :

1 t\ lJ'.C'(- flf""" ~fIJ"" h C9"~ f oolD-lt.(- t 0 hit1.&;"f: It lD-1
fooltCDC : CD~9" i\.ltrOf}'C f'(-lIf.'l .(-C1,.+r1 OLROO-

ltsPr i\~ hit OI/~lrO O~C;J h~:t'1.(-9" II 0:11..,
hlD-'I.1.lB- h~A9" Ir~ O"71'1lD-9" f001..,P''''' ht}A

lD-1t~sPr 09":I1l""CD~9"O~~C:t' h~;J.t\~9" II
~. htLtJ Oi\~ f+f.~11lD- h1f.+mO+ If'i : OH.tJ h1+R'

1o-it h1+R' ji f+m+""'''''1 CD11:f\or t.R'oolD- flf"""
~ fIJ"" t\ + telf. 'l TlD- ltsPr C,) It 11tit.-r ~fIJ i:1CDf.,).(-"'/.
Ah R'~ },itt."" fLl7i7it\lD- ~ri\A II

hlJ'.A u-t\""

Yolf"h t.lt.I'C 0011+r

t,1+R' i)'i!
fhoot\t)h-}- htj Ult1l1 o~, foo111tj foo..,t\R' 0011""

ji. OI/1'1lD-9" ltlD- 1t\OI/19" flJA:P 111~"" fooltt\lD-1 hoo
t\t}h..,. t\00111 ~ri\A II

~. "71'1 lD-9" ItlD- 1 t\ "719" fIJA:P 111~..,. 0 It{l-1 f 00'" t\R'
~,~..,. ht\lD- II ~tJ ~,~..,. 001C lD-itT9" Ir~ h01C lD-6f.h
CDIt1 It~Y.l'" 0"" O:PA9" Ir ~ 0 R'"'.~CD~9" 0:11""00"" :
OP'~ TOrO ooAh m~9" OoolmlD- O"71'1lD-9"
f"7lt/,.6l>}. HYo: "71'1lD-19" f}~~"" ool~tj Olto{}foolt
rOlto{}t foo+OAtj f"7lt/,.,Q."" ~'~+r1 1t}"";J-A II

r. fTl..ittj ft\.f\or oo1tj'1 -OH-'!1 : h1Jtu-9" fP'~ TOo{}
t.m/,. ~,~-). +l;J°l(1).A II fTloit ~,~..,. O+t\~ fD?h+

l\'''''1 oo-n+r Im:PAi\A :
0) f~Y.:D?1 9"Cool,. O"71'1lD-9" OOAh- f+ht\ht\

oolf~ 1 :

freedom, either individually or in community with others,
and in public or private,to manifest his religion or belief
in worship, observance, practice and teaching.

2. Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-Article 2 of
Article 90, believers may establish institutions of
religious education and administration in order to
propagate and organize their religion.

3. No one shall be subject to coercion or other means which
would restrict or prevent his freedom to hold a belief of
his choice.

4. Parents and legal guardians have the right to bring up their
children ensuring their religious and moral education in
conformity with their own convictions.

5. Freedom to express or manifest one's religion or belief
may be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed
by law and are necessary to protect public safety, peace,
health, education, public morality or the fundamental
rights and freedoms of others, and to ensure the indepen-
dence of the state from religion.

Article 28

Crimes AgainstHumanity

1. Criminal liability of persons who commit crimes against
humanity, so defined by internationalagreements ratified
by Ethiopia and by other laws of Ethiopia, such as
genocide, summary executions, forcible disappearances
or torture shall not be barred by statute of limitation.Such
offences may not be commuted by amnesty or pardon of
the legislature or any other state organ.

2. In the case of persons convicted of any crime stated in sub-
Article 1 of this Article and sentenced with the death
penalty, the Head of State may, without prejudice to the
provisions hereinabove,commute the punishment to life
imprisonment.

PART TWO

DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS

Article 29

Right of Thought, Opinion and Expression

1. Everyone has the right to hold opinions without in-
teference.

2. Everyone has the right to freedom of expression without
any interference. This right shall include freedom to seek,
receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds,
regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print,
in the form of art, or through any media of his choice.

3. Freedom of the press and other mass media and freedom
of artistic creativity is guaranteed. Freedom of the press
shall specifically include the following elements:

(a) Prohibition of any form of censorship.


1~ X Aofot.lA ~;Jt"" ;JU,ffJ 'k'fC ~ ~,h(L If; 4>1 lillit?: ~'9'" Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21
st August 1995 - Page 10

t\) f c"h1111"}'1':"9" fOl/..oPt\h-r oPl~ fOl/'?1 -r iJY:
A"} ::

2' t\YolfOttt.f\.11£ P'C,}'}' hilt...I\1. flf). oPl~sP"f 1 u"n"f'i

hoPt\i1h.y."f O~., oP"}7i/,,7it.rlD-"} t\OI/l:n'l' (l.flA Tloil

0+*9"~i: f hrPt.C ~.,~-r'i f+t\I~ hil+ ff.y."f fOl/il+

'i1Y: "f/r';r h"}Jt'illD- fc"h'? 'I'O:J> f,Y-l'?/\;rA ::
?;. OoP"}'?P'-r 1"}Hl1 fOl/..i1~Y: OJf,9"OoP"}'?P'-r 'k'l''I'C

P'C f/\ oP1'i~ l1tr~") f+/\f~ hil+ ff.y."f"} /\OI/il+

'i1Y: OOl/..fil"f/\lD- o-);;rh"}JtoPt. f,Y-l;JA ::

i' h HLU oPl1.y."f 11.,0 I\.II}Al1rlD- fOl/."f/\lD- fU"l1'i
oPl~ fOl/'?1-r ~"~-r Ohil+"(l111£ f,Hi:'i I\.filh-rA
00l/.."f/\lD- hil+"(l111£ lD-m.-r !\.1;r hf,111lD-9" 0 01/..A
oPCU I\f, +oPilC+lD- OOl/..OJfficc"h1"f 117 f,1f'iA ::
fOJII}.y."f"} Y-U"}~-r : f(llD-"} ttl1C'i oPAi19" il?"

/\oPmO:" f\.I1A c"h;J1£1Y-nr OHLU oPl1.y."f I\f,!\.Y-~11-
f,"fl\tt- :: f{l1C~-r :"il"."sP"f h"}Jto-9" (l11'}1£ ttl1C")

fOl/.H.. fhY-1111f, oP'?/\6liJ.sP"fOc"h'?fOl/..h/\htt- f,1f'itt-::

'to 0I/"}~lD-9" ,L;J hl\f, O'''m'''(}.-r oPl1.y."f hm:J>".9" l1Y:

fOl/..II}t\. c"h;J1£1y-n"f"}'1'1" h+11 Oc"h'?+mf-t 1\.1f"}
f,"fl\A ::

h"} ". "'. «!j

foP(ll1(l.o 1 (ll\0I/1£ (lA~ fOl/Y:l'? ~"~-r'i M1i:;r

fOl/:"l'O oPl1-r

li' 0I/"}~lD-9" (llD- h"-/\o"f ;JC OoPlf") oP"'~f "f,1I 0(ll\9"

foP(ll1(l.o 1 (ll\0I/1£ (lA~ fOl/Y:l'? ~"~-r'i 1 hl1..f:;r

fOl/:"ll1 oPl1-r h/\lD- :: hl1.-r lD-6J.bfOl/..Y-l1- ill1(ll1sP"f'i
(ll\OI/lf (lAb:"f 001/.."}"''''''(}'l1rlD- n;rsP"f 0c"h1l11 h"}:"

il:J>~ I\f, "f'?c h"}~f,t..'I'cr /\OI/Y:l'? OJf,9" OoPi1,h..('

I\f, f /\ il.O(l11OJf,9" (l1\01/1£(lA ~ (ll\ 9"")1 .e..lfOtt t.f\.fl£

oPl1.y."f"}'i f c"h1l11"}flfO t.A o-);;r h "}~f,'I'(}. /\OI/ilmO:"

h'?l1l1 l1\rlD- P'c'}.y."f I\.Y-~11- f,"fl\tt- ::

~. f,U oP'O-r fOJII}.y.:f."} 1.U"}~-r 1 f(llD-"} ttl1C'i oPAi19"

il9""} /\ oP m 0:" : fin C~.}. :,. il ". "sP:f' h"} Jt 0-9" (l11'}I£
tt.OC") fOl/. ~ h- f hY-11 11f,oP'?/\6liJ.sP"f"} /\oPhl\hA f\.I1A

OOl/.OJm'c"h1"f oP(ll-r '''mf-t hoPlf"} hf '('"}9"::

h ")". '"
all;

~

foP.(>.I,,'l-r oPl1-r. .

-'"}~lD-9" (llD- /\0I/"}~lD-9" ,}I\OI/ OOl/..,OC foPY-t.~-r oPl1-r

h/\lD- :: 1f'i9" h'?l1l1 ft\lD-") c"h'? OoPlI}il OJf,9" c"h1

oP"},?p':rl£ P'C'}i:"} 0c"h1 OJ'I' oP"}1Y: /\OI/~lil f+oP(lli:

OJf,9" f + m'"
(}..}") +°1 11I,,'}' fOl/..f t.9" p,. Y:C'f:.y."f f+h

/\h/\' f,lr'it\. ::

1',"}".
'"

@~
foPHq'OJC ~.,~.}

li' 0I/"}~lD-9" h. -rV'*'
fl£ OJf,9" 0c"h;J1£ oP"}1Y: U1~i: lD-il'l'

f0l/..1~ flD-lif.b tL;J OoPlmlD- fU1~i: hi1I1Q foPHq'OJC'i

foP'i ~f n;r foPoPill'} : h"}Jto-9" 0t../\1lD- 1.tL hU1C

foPlD-II}"" ~"~-r h/\lD- ::

!{. 0I/"}~lD-9" h.-rV'*'fl£ OJ1. U1cr foPoP/\il oPl1"" h/\lD- ::

(b) Access to information of public interest.

4. In the interest of the free flow of information, ideas and
opinions which are essential to the functioning of a
democratic order, the press shall, as an institution,enjoy
legal protection to ensure its operational independence
and its capacity to entertain diverse opinions.

5. Any media financed by or under the control of the State
shall be operated in a manner ensuring its capacity to
entertain diversity in the expression of opinion.

6. These rights can be limited only through laws which are
guided by the principle that freedom of expression and
information cannot be limited on account of the content
or effect of the point of view expressed.Legal limitations
can be laid down in order to protect the well-being of the
youth, and the honour and reputation of individuals.Any
propaganda for war as well as the public expression of
opinion intended to injure human dignity shall be
prohibited by law.

7. Any citizen who violates any legal limitations on the
exercise of these rights may be held liable under the law.

. Article 30

The Right of Assembly, Demonstration and Petition

1. Everyone has the right to assemble and to demonstrate
together with others peaceably and unarmed, and to
petition. Appropriate regulations may be made in the
interest of public convenience relating to the location of
open-air meetings and 'the route of movementof demons-
trators or, for the protection of democratic rights, public
morality and peace during such a meeting or demons-
tration.

2. ,This right does not exempt from liability under laws
enacted to protect the well-being of the youth or the
honour and reputation of individulas, and laws
prohibiting any propaganda for war and any public
expression of opinions intended to injure human dignity.

Article 31

Freedom of Association

Every person has the right to freedom of association for any
cause or purpose. Organizations formed, in violation of
appropriate laws, or to illegally subvert the constitutional
order, or which promote such activities are prohibited.

Article 32

Freedom of Movement

1. Any Ethiopian or foreign national lawfully in Ethiopia
has, within the national territory, the right to liberty of
movement and freedom to choose his residence, as well
as the freedom to leave the country at any time he wishes
to.

2. Any Ethiopian national has the right to return to his
country .


1Jt"Hi ~1.t-A );MT ;IlL", -liTe Ii )dd'L I~4>, Iiln '-r- Federal NegaritGazeta - No.1 21stAugust 1995 - Page 11

h,)"'1\ .nf--
ffl. ..,~.'t ODi1"'~

Ii. "7') ~ tD-9"" 1\..'tf"* 1'e/1\. .'tf"* 1'e.'t hL.+~/hL.+ ~
tD-~ 1\..'tf"*''e tJ."'~-f:,)/tJ...,~.'t'P,) A.1L~ mf;,'"
A.'t1L~ hf;,~A9""/h.'t~A'" :: 1\..'tf"*''e/1\..'tf"k
1'e.'t tL;J h~I\ V1C tL;J ;JC f"7.L1\ODtD-/f,...'tL1\ODtD-
;Ji1;F 1\..'tf"*''e tL"'~-f:,)/tJ...,~.'t'P,) hlia+C,.. :1
"7')~tD-9"" 1\..'tf"*''e tL;J f1\..'tf"*' tJ...,~.'t Oib..,
f"7.1ia11tD-') ODi1.'t . 1'O:P'i" 1':"9"" f"7"'1.'t ODi1.'t
h/\tD- II

.

"7')~(o.9"" tL;J 1\..'tf"*''e tJ."'~-f:,) fOD/\m'l' ODi1.'t

h/\ tD- II

1\..'tf"*' hh~1.+;FTtD- ~I\'" h+~ ia"''''~'''~ ;JC
O"7f;,:I"l') OD')11: O"7.mlf) ib.., 'h'i" 0"7.1.~1'" P'CIi.'t
OD(al.'t f 1\..'tf"* 1 tJ..., ~..,. 1\tD-~ 01 C (a9'~ A.(aT
f;,~I\A::

I-

r-

§-

h')+1\ .no--
f ;Ji1;F . f..,A'i" fo.+(al1 ODl1"'~

i. Oib.., h+m(a~tD- f ;J11;F iJ1:"7. f1.lfl-m')p.~'i" (\.,.~
onc . 011th.C . 011th.l(a11 mf;,'" O'f;,"7'i.'t A~~.'t
"f;,1.l"''lTtD- f"7"''l.'t'i'' o.+(al1 fODODial.'t ODl1-r

hl\TtD- :1 0;J11;F hL~~9"" . 0;J11;FtD- nOD')'i" O~:f 1.tL

M1-A ODl1.'t hl\TtD- .:1 O~:f'" 1.tL fA~~,) ODl1-r'i"
1':",.. 'h')JLhOC f"7.11.C~ 1:');J1.sP~ f;,1.~1;J/\- :1

I-~ ;J11;F 0+ ;Jfl9'~ ~''i'' ~/\- L:I" 1: I\f;, 11;F f;,OD(al:1'A:I

r- 0. + (a11 f..,l1l+(al1 f+t..1'~ OD(al:1''e OD~7i ~tD- :1

h..,l1l+(al1'i" hOD')"'P'-r 1'0:1" f"7"'1-r ODl1.'t hl\tD-::
§. Oib.., O+I\f;, O"7.nlHltD- OD(al.'t O'f?i'i-r . O'libA

fib.., P'CIi"'~ I\f;, 1'ODiaC1'tD- I\"7.L?~ ;Jl1;FsP"f
'htD-:"'i" f"7.(a1' ib.., A.mlf) f;,~I\A I:

~- f;,U ib1 OD,)"'P'.'t f..,A 'h'i" fo.+(al1 ib..,') O+ODl\h+
O+h&.ta~9'~ L:I"1: O'f;,"7'i"'~ mf;,9"" O'libfte"f Cho)"f
OD(al.'t OD.';1.'t') hf;,hl\hA9"" :11fC"U~ OCh..,f;,m(a'i"A:I

h ')+1\ .nl:--
f(\"'~ ODl1.'t

Ii- (\.,.~ f;,U Ch1 OD'}"'P'-r Ohl;J1If)TtD- 0D1)"'~ 1'0

:l"9'~ OODm+9"" l11: hm')p."f ;JC 'hh-A ODl1-r
hl\TtD- :1

I. C\.,.~ OltU ib1 OD,)"'P':" 0+1. ~11tD- OD(al-r 0;J11;F
hm')p.~ ;JC 'hh-A ODl1-r hl\TtD- :1

r. (\.,.~ 00:1'~~.'t'i" OA~~-r OOD:1'f:1'TtD- f1.l(a'lTtD-')

f :1'~h :"Cia h"'9"".'t tD-ia1' 0"7ia1'l-r f;,U :"Cia 'h')JL:1'l

9""I\TtD- O+Q;)."7~ f 1:;J~ 'hC9""~9'~ +m:l""7. fODIf')
ODl1.'t hl\TtD-:: OltU Oh-A f"7.m(a~-r 'hC"'~9'"f lil\"7

07'I\-I:ta'e . 0"7..,0&.1f.'i" 01\.fI'i"7.1'e ODiafl"f 'h')JLV-9""
OOD')"'P'.'t 'h'i" O..,A '''*IfU~ tD-ia1' (\.,."f hm')p."f ;JC
O'hh-A ~-r +m.';.';~'i" ".l}:1't..'h')JLIf). 1\"71:l'" 'h')JL~A

A~ .'th-l-r I\ODiam-r ~tD- :1
§. (\.,.~ hO):( 'libA +1\iJ'i fODI\"':" ODl1:1'TtD-') OD')

"'P'.'t "7iahOC hl\O-r :1 c\"'~1 f"7.Q;).ck).mf;,9""
Ohtal\TtD- mf;,9"" OhiJ9""C'hTtD- I\f;, ~-r f"7.1iah-r/\-
Cho)~ . mo)~'i" A"7P.~ f+hl\h/\- 'i"TtD- :1

Article 33

Rights of Nationality

1. No Ethiopian national shall be deprived of his or her
Ethiopian nationality against his or her will.Marriage of
an Ethiopian national of either sex to a foreign national
shall not annul his or her Ethiopian nationality.

2. Every Ethiopian national has the right to the enjoymentof
all rights, protection and benefits derived from Ethiopian
nationality as prescribed by law.

3. Any national has the right to change his Ethiopian
nati onali ty.

4. Ethiopian nationality may be conferred upon foreigners in
accordance with law enacted and procedures established
consistent with international agreements ratified by
Ethiopia.

Article 34

Marital, Personal and Family Rights

1. Men and women, without any distinction as to race,
nation, nationality or religion, who have attained
marrigeable age as defined by law, have the right to marry
and found a family. They have equal rights while entering
into, during marriage and at the time of divorce. Laws
shall be enacted to ensure the protection of rights and
interests of children at the time of divorce.

2. Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full
consent of the intending spouses.

3. The family is the natural and fundamentalunit of society
and is entitled to protection by society and the State.

4. In accordance with provisions to be specified by law, a
law giving recognition to marriage concluded under
systems of religious or customary laws may be enacted.

5. This Constitution shall not preclude the adjudication of
disputes relating to personal and family laws in accor-
dance with reljgious or customary laws,with the consent
of the parties to the dispute. Particulars shall be deter-
mined by law. .

Article 35

Rights of Women

1. Women shall; in the enjoyment of rights and protections
provided for by this Constitution, have equal right with
men.

2. Women have equal rights with men in marriage as
prescribed by this Constitution.

3. The historical legacy of inequality and discrimination
suffered by women in Ethiopia taken into account,
women, in order to remedy this legacy, are entitled to
affirmative measures. The purpose of such measures shall
be to provide special attention to women so as to enable
them compete and participate on the basis of equality
with men in political, social and economic life as well as
in public and private institutions.

4. The State shall enforce the right of women to eliminate the
influences of harmful customs. Laws, customs and
practices that oppress or cause bodily or mental harm to
women are prohibited.


1~' I~ ~lo&.IA ~;J&"" ;J11.t'J <h'l'C ~ ~,h~ If; +1 Hifft '}.9".

?;.

Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21st August 1995 - Page 12

'k'

0) ,."f flDILf: tt:P f: hOO-I\- ff.OOlD11 hlj:!;JC 5.

fO?'1lT 0011T h"T~ :: flDILf.' tt:Pf: C1100T

"":t f9"TIP&.~'} P'&. v-);;r f f"":t'} m. ,}"T f

f,fi'l'" '} e; f 0..,. (a{}-'} f,U')" T h'19" T ~ it 'I' flO?it
1f1T fI,fi'1 f.lD(ae;A ::

t\) flDILf: &.:Pf: fI,fi'1 flOIJ..lD(a"~ OO(a~T hOO-I\-

f f. 00 lD11 hlj:! ;J C f OIJ..(a'I' fh C'111 e; tt:P f,:')

IL~Q.9"Cf."f"A ::
,."f fl11m.&.'e fAO?T 7'ILla.9>"f ,,:,. f:e; flTc.'~h"'"f

6.
If'1~Te; htt~K9" f n.,.t\f. f ,."f'} '1':"9" nOlJ.."h-

Tc.'~h"'"f OltflT~'} n.,.",,,,, v-);;r h'}~(am- foomf:"
0011T h"T~ ::

,."f '}.n~T fo?lj:lrT f fO?it.,..&;f.C f foo~llJmC f
foom4>9"e; fO?it.,."t\lj: 0011T h"T~ :: O.,.t\f. OOI..T'}

noom4>9" f nO?it.,."t\lj: : flO?it.,..&;f.Ce; floo~llJmC

~'lf.' hlD'}P."f ;JC },h'A 0011T h"~~ :: h,}~v-9"
~Cil,} nOlJ..OOt\hTnhh-A"T foo;rfT 0011T h"T~::

,."f f.}>'fCf f P' II' hf.:1T f fh h-A hlj:!e; m-~;r'}
fO?it.,."t\lj: MrA 0011:" h"T~ ::

,."f nhC'111e;e; fllDlLf.: 9"h'}!T. fOlJ..f.CitflT~'} 1-.&;T

t\ooh"hAe; m. '}.,:t'T~'} t\O?itmfl.}> fOlJ..!it"fA

fo.1'(a11 9"llJ); T9"uc.1': oo~jf he; h.}>9" fO?'1lT
0011T h"T~ ::

?:.

t.

it.

h,} 4>?\ (/17:
~

f ,fi'le;:" 0011T

Ii'
O?'}?f~9" ,fi'l,) fOlJ..h,,, t\-T 00111'-"f h I\-T ;
0) n,fif.lDT footfC :

t\) it9"e; Itol"T fO?o11T:

ill) lD"ft~'} lDf.9" n,fi°l fO?ltf.'1 0011T !"T~'} (asP"f
fO?lD.}>e;fh.,fI-'}9" h'}h11i]o. fO?'1lT f

(0) 1-AI..,:'} hOlJ..nH.nu- AO?P."f foomn.}> f flT9"

UC'I:: nm.e;~e; flf.U'}.,1: "f. '1-'&;T fOlJ..!f.CfI-
P'lr9>"f h'}~lPlr !t\001f.f: lDf.9" hOOP'&.T

foomn.}> f

IJ.') n.1'9"UCT 0..,.'.)', lDf.9" n,fi'le;T O?ltf. 'I.! ",:1:
qo':'-" ~il 'I' fIh i] t\- h OIJ..&.K9" lDf.9" h "lhi]); e;

h.o.n'}'e hrr., .}>fJ)'1'"'l
fOOl',} ::

~. ,fi'lc;.1''} fO?oot\h1: hC9"jf~"f flOIJ..lD(aJ;.nT 'Ut. floo'}'1

P' :J-,£ lDf.9" n'1A fn1 hf.-Ir1T .,.:l:qo"f f fllj:Cf: o..,."f:
nhit.,..&;f,C flt\P'AllJtf"f lDf.9" n,fi'1 h~tJ;\. hi]"T

f,n'le;T f,U,}"T n4>f,9"T":" 00;r(a11 ht\flT ::

e. O)fJ)T h'l'&.9>"f f nO?~OIJ..! lDf.9" floo:l::l:OIJ..! .,.:l:qo";f'
fO?:,.r;.: noo'}'1p"1' hC.&;;r f«t!f:1- lDllJ.,."f f noo'}

°1P':'- lDf.9" nOlA h~t\ O?~ .+'} .,.:l:qo"f lDil'f f0lJ..11-
OJllJ.,."f hh -Pct9>"f .,.t\f."'~ 00!11 ht\ flT~ ::

!!. h;J.n:F ~61!' f"'lDt\J;. ,fi'le;T n;J11:F h"'lDt\J;. ,fi'le;T

;JC hit.A 0011T h"T~ ::

?;. OO'}olP'T t\h~t\ O?~.+'} A~ 'fn:p !f.C'1"T-PA ::

n'l-~&.:F fOlJ..! f.'1,n.1-'} P'C'}T fO?_!oo:F~e; fOlJ..!

il4.~ h '}~v-9" f.U'}" :J-T~'}e; T9"UC;rT~'} fOlJ..!

1..9"J;. "':l:qo"f h'}~oo(a~1: !n~;r;rA ::

(a) Women have the right to maternity leave with full
pay. The duration of maternity leave shall be
determined bylaw taking into account the nature of
the work, the health of the mother and the well-
being of the child and family.

(b) Maternity leave may,in accordance with the
provisions of law, include prenata11eave with full
pay.

Women have the right to full consultation in the
formulation of national development policies, the desig-
ning and execution of projects, and particularly in the
case of projects affecting the interests of women.

7. Women have the right to acquire, administer,control, use
and transfer property. In particular, they have equal rights
with men with respect to use, transfer,administration and
control of land. They shall also enjoy equal treatment in
the inheritance of property.

8. Women shallhave a right to equality in employment,
promotion, pay, and the transfer of pension entitlements.

9. To prevent harm arising from pregnancy and childbirth
and in order to safeguard their health, women have the
right of access to family planning education,information
and capacity.

Article 36

Rights of Children

1. Every child has the right:

(a) To life;

(b) To a name and nationality;

(c) To know and be cared for by his or her parents or
legal guardians;

(d) Not to be subject to exploitative practices,neither to
be required nor permitted to perform work which
may be hazardous or harmful to his or her education,
health or well-being;

(e) To be free of corporalpunishment or cruel and
inhumane treatment in schools and other institutions
responsible for the care of children.

2. In all actions concerning children undertaken by public
and private welfare institutions, courts of law, adminis-
trative authorities or legislative bodies, the primary
consideration shall be the best interests of the child.

3. Juvenile offenders admitted to corrective or rehabilitative
institutions,and juveniles who become wards of the State
or who are placed in public or private orphanages,shall be
kept separately from adults.

4. Children born out of wedlock shall have the same rights as
children born of wedlock.

5. The State shall accord special protection to orphans and
shall encourage the establishment of institutions which
ensure and promote their adoption and advance their
welfare, and education.


1Jr xr ~1.~A. ~.?~+ .?It.1fJ., C Ii ~"'(&.x~ .,., xun ,.,.. Federal NegaritGazeta - No.1 21stAugust 1995 - Page 13

h")"'1t c9~

ti::"ih f07..,1':" 00-0:"

i. ",")r;:tD-r iltD- O~C.(' I\.lDiI") f"7..1'1tD-") ~~ I\ti:c.('

aT lD~r I\/\.I\ Oih.., f.c;:-S~:" FAtI'f") I\+ilmtD- hitA
f07:t-l-o'i tD-It1 lD~r ti:c.(' f07..,1':" 00-0:" hl\tD- :1

I. OtLU h")"'1t ")o-h h")"'1t Ii f+OOl\h+tD-") tD-"1 lD~r
ti:c.(' I

v) ",")r;:tD-r ",...oc fh'1I\rf:") f;1to lD~r f..,A
...:t-r OOOlDhA .

1\) ",")r;:tD-")r 0-.('") lD~r +oo,,"~ ...:,,'1" 11\:ftD-")
il9»'f f"7..lDh A ..,I\iI-o ID~r fo-.('") h'1 A

foomf:t-'i f07..,,.:,, 00-0:" hl\tD- II

h")"'1t c9:!;

foorlT'i foooolT 00-0:"

i. ",")r;:tD-r h.:"f"A-l«f tJ.;J 0.,.1\'1" . onc . O-oth.C .
O-oth.lil-o . OJ':J-. mt")* . OV~'r:" . 07"I\-I:it lD~r
O/\.I\ hOOl\ith:" lD~r O/\.I\ h*rl\~ f+ooill+ A~~:"

"~~l"'O:" f"7..h+ft-:" oo-o-fT hft-:" I
v) O+...:J- ~'i O~,~:,. oooltl'f:ftD- +lDitf"T h"7it

:-s~:,. 0;"11-0 .,...c;~ hh+.c;~c foo"+ti: .

1\) ".('''7.tD-!:!;'00:'' lI.'l"1\ Oih.., 00 ill:" f oorlT'
th) O"7'i:ftD-r foo")..,F:" ~lJr Of1.tJ.tD- O"7..it¥.('

rc6li). foorlT'i foooolT II rC~tD- o-ft-

h+ti:. Oo-ft-r ~ boA~:" I\~ f+ooill+'i O"7..h...c

.('r" hil tl'fT 00 toQJ: L:Jt ~") O~, ~:,. f"7..1A
JtO:" "''''':'''i f"7..ilT 00"") hl\O:" I:

I. 07"I\-I:it.('C:E--fT' OlPto+7fT . 0")"'.(' . OhlP~9»T'i

n""'l
",... 0 to:" 1\+,,:,. t.': .('C:E-rf: f"7..m~"'tD-")m:"1\ 1\'i

A ~ fh'1A~:" ooh~C:" f"7..1":1.1\"7")~tD-r iltD- 0ti:I\1rf:

h'1A foo.,") oo-orf: f+hOl 011"") hl\O:"::
r. OtLU h")"'1t ")o-h h")"'1t I O+OOl\hrf::" .('C:E-"'T tD-h...

I\:)I\~~:" f1:J-9»Tf"7.it¥~ rC~9'T ~''i 1-..'l"htoll.lce
O.,~ 00")1.(' ~~"'''7ft- ::

§. ftLU h")"'1t ")o-h h")+1t I ~'i r .('");11.9'Tfih1l-o")
T:t-r il4- '11\ 0-1:J- f"7. ~bo ~h h"~ .(' lh Oih" '1ce

.('C:E-"'T I\~ +~"'''7. ~"'ift- ::

h")+Y\ c9i}

f-oth.C"T . -oth.lilf1T . ih1lf1T 00-0:"

Ii. "7")r;:tD-rf h. :"f"A-1 -0th.C .-oth.lil-o . ih"-o f to""")
".('A Oto"" foomil") ~hhOD1")mA 11\tD-oo-orf: 0"7'i
:ftD-r ooAbol1\ 1~-o f+mO.,. ~tD-II

I. "7")r;:tD-r fh.:"f"A-l -oth.C . -oth.lil-o . ih1l-o ml:
")*tD- fOO'i1C . fOD"'ti: . *")*tD-") f"7"~'" 7..'i '1ihl\-")

fOD"'I\1t . M~OC'i f"7h4-4-:" ~")Jlo-r :J-~bo") foo")

h'1h-O 011-0:" hl\tD- I:
r. ",")r;:tD-r fh.:"f"kl -oth.C . -oth.lil-o . ih1l-o to""")

f"7"'+.c;"C "...ft- 00"":" hl\tD- :: ~u OIl :" -oth.~ .
-oth.lilo- . ih1l0- Oil~lO:" ODAh, r.('c to""") f"7.1h
+.c;.('CO:" oo")"'F:J-ce +!1:"7:" f"7**r 7..")Jlo-r
OhAA'i 04..1-..toA hh+.c;"C"T tD-hT "7.tJ'ice tD-hA'i
f",..,1':" 011-0:"")lm:J'AI\A :1

Article 37

Right of Access to Justice

1. Everyone has the right to bring a justiciable matter to, and
to obtain a decision or judgementby, a court of law or any
other competentbody with judicial power.

2. The decision or judgementreferred to under sub-Article 1
of this Article may also be soughtby:
(a) Any association representing the Collective or

individual interest of its members;or
(b) Any group or person who is a member of, or

represents a group with similar interests.

Article 38

The Right to Vote and to be Elected

1. Every Ethiopian national, without any discrimination
based on colour, race, nation, nationality, sex, language,
religion, political or other opinion or other status, has the
following rights:

(a) To take part in the conductof public affairs, directly
and through freely chosen representatives;

(b) On the attainment of -18 years of age, to vote in
accordance with law;

(c) To vote and to be elected at periodic elections to any
office at any level of government;elections shall be
by universal and equal suffrage and shall beheld by
secret ballot, guaranteeing the free expression of the
will of the electors.

2. The right of everyone to be a member of his own will in a
political organization, labour union, trade organization,
or employers' or professionalassociation shall be respec-
ted i{he or she meets the special and general requirements
stipalated by such organization.

3. Elections to positions of responsibility within any of the
organizations referred to under sub-Article 2 of this
Article shall be conducted in a free and democratic
manner.

4. The provisions of sub-Articles 2 and 3 of this Article shall
apply to civic organizations which significantly affect the
public interest.

Article 39

Rights of Nations, Nationalities,and Peoples

1. Every Nation, Nationality and People in Ethiopia has an
unconditional right to self-determination, including the
right to secession.

2. Every Nation, Nationality and People in Ethiopia has the
right to speak, to write and to develop its own language;
to express, to develop and to promote its culture; and to
preserve its history.

3. Every Nation, Nationality and People in Ethiopia has the
right to a full measure of self-governmentwhich includes
the right to establish institutions of government in the
territory that it inhabits and to equitable representation in
state and Federal governments.


1~ Hi t..f-o&.A, ~:J&"" ;>,l.llJ <h1'C: ji ~thl\ Hi <1'1Iilf"it%~.,... Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21 st August 1995 - Page 14

4. The right to self-determination,including secession, of every
Nation, Nationality and People shall come into effect:

(a) When a demand for secession has been approved by a
two-thirds majority of the members of the Legislative
Council of the Nation,Nationality or People concer-
ned;

(b) When the Federal Government has organized a
referendum which must take place within three years
from the time it received the concerned council's
decision for secession;

(c) When the demand for secession is supported by a
majority vote in the referendum;

(d) When the Federal Government will have transferred its
powers to the Council of the Nation, Nationality or
People who has voted to secede; and

(e) When the division of assets is effected in a manner
prescribed by law.

5. A "Nation, Nationality or People"for the purpsoe of this
Constitution, is a group of people who have or share a large
measure of a common culture or similar customs, mutual
intelligibility of language,belief in a common or related
identities, a common psychological make-up, and who
inhabit an identifiable, predominantly contiguous territory.

Article 40

The Right to Property

1. Every Ethiopian citizen has the right to the ownership of

6' 0I/1i1tD-9"fh.:,.r-k/ ".;J fO'A 111l:"I1t\0.:"oolf.,.joolfc;. private property. Unless prescribed otherwise by law on~
f,hflCt\;J-Ajf,hflCIt;J-A :: f,tJ 0011:" f ih1f111 '1'''''9'' account of public interest, this right shall include the right to

t\oomfl"" flt\.1t o-);;J- flih.., hitI1A+lD(}~ 1:lit 111l:" acquire,to use and, in a manner compatible with the rights of
other citizens, to dispose of such property by sale or bequestfoo/1fe; fl111l:" foom"'9" lDf,9" ft\.f\o"f1 tl.1"f 0011-f"f
or to transfer it otherwise.

hiti1A+:Pl~ 1:i.it111l:"1 fooi'iT t fOl/tD-litlDf,9" flt\.1t
00111: Mit+Itt\CJ: 0011-f"f1 /11:";J-A :: 2. "Private property", for the purpsoe of this Article, shall

mean any tangible or intangibleproduct which has value ande t\tLtJ "'1"'1\ ~1t0i/ "f..,A 111l:"" OI/t\:" orni1tD-9":.
is produced by the labour, creativity, enterprise or capital ofh.:,.r-k/If tI.;J lDf,9" ih;J1f (}tD-~:"flih.., f+(}tlJTtD-
an individual citizen, associations which enjoy juridical

h. :"r-k /If OI/..,flt-:" lDf,9" "'..,1111fl"'ItTtD- o-);;J-sP"f
personality under the law, or in appropriate circumstances,

flih.., fl+t\f fl;Jt- f1'fll:"I1t\0.:" h1JtIf.,. f+L.,.Y.ltTtD-
by communities specifically empowered by law to own

OI/..,fll(}P"f fl1-Afl;J-TtD-t flooCJ:mC "ff\o;J-TtD-lDf,9""
property in common.

fli11;;J-ItTtD- /tC..~:"+QJ,I1~ flf~e; f+QJ,I16£"~:" ml1f,
3. The right to ownership of rural and urban land, as well as ofItf,tj ltD- €I';J /t\tD- tD-m.:" ~tD- ::

all natural resources, is exclusively vested in the State and in
[. f1mC9" In fh+O? oot..:,.e; f+LTC: U11:" 11t\0.:"~:"

the peoples of Ethiopia. Land is a common property of the
0011:" f001..,,,.,:,.e; fih1f11 11:F ~tD- :: 001..:" Mf,i'fT Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia and shall not
fOl/f,t\lDT fh.:,.r-k/ 11th.c:"ft 11th.l(}p"fe; ih1fP"f f;Jt-

be subject to sale or to other means of exchange.
111l:" ~tD- ::

4. Ethiopian peasants have right to obtain land withoutpayment
2' fh.:,.r-A'/ "'C(t "'1.c:"f 0010:" fl~' M"'1:,.e; hOOt..;J-TtD- and the protection against eviction from their possession.

/t\oo~"'A 0011;J-TtD- f+hfll ~tD-:: "'L1.ROD-1fl+oot\h+ The implementation of this provision shall be specified by
1fC1fC ih.., f,lDtlJA :: law.

?;. fh.:,.r-k/ Hltif"f t\"'fI1"li9" If~ t\hCi'fftllJ.m"'OD-fl:" 0010:"
5. Ethiopian pastoralists have the right to free land for grazing

fl~' M"'1:" t foom"'?'"'1 hOOt..;J-TtD- /t\oo~..c;"'A and cultivation as well as the right not to be displaced from
0011:" "'ItTtD- :: 1fC1fC "'tC.."ROD-flih.., f,lD(}e;A :: their own lands. The implementation shall be specified by

}. fool..:" 11t\0.:"~:" fh.:,.r-k/ 11th.c:"f t 11th.l(}PTc;
law.

ih1fP"f oolf.,. h 11.+mfl.,. Iftj 001..,,,.,:" t\..,A I1t\U11-f"f
6 Without prejudice to the right of Ethiopian Nations,

flih.., fltllJ.lD(}1 hCJ:/ flOOI..:" foom"'9" 0011;J-:ftD-1
.

Nationalities, and Peoples to the ownership of land,
/ith11CItT'P A :: "'C1f~ flCh'"f,lD(}e;A I: government shall ensure the right of private investors to the

use of land on the basis of payment arrangements es-
tablished by law. Particulars shall be determined by law.

2' f11th.C: 'flth.l(}P"f t ih1fP"f ft-it1 iJ1:A flt-it fOOlD(11

hith 0011mA 0011:" h".,I,. Itf, ftllJ.tD-t\tD-;
U) f0011mA l' /tJ: fl11th.Ct fl11th.l(}{t lDf,9" flih1f{t

f ihO' "'tD-'1J. 9"hC 0.:" flo-t\:" Y'it+i1 f 1:9"6 1:;Jfj:

+"'I1f,~:" 01/"'11: iLl;J1T ;
t\) f t..lot-fto 001..,,,.,:" f11th.C t f11th.l(}{t lDf,9"

f ih1f{t 9"hC 0.:" tD-It); fl1.l(}tD-flY'it:" ~oo:,. 1.tI.

tD-it1' t\m/cttD- lIth.C t 11th.l(}11 lDf,9" ih1f11
ih 1f{l tD-It); iL/ 1.1,.1: :

d1) f0011mfto l' /tJ: flih1ffl tD-It);tD- fl"'111t6l>l. 1:9"6

iLY.1CJ: ;
00) ft..lot-fto 001..,,,.,:" 0011mfto1 t\OOlmtD- lIth.Ct

'fl,h.l(}11 lDf,9" ih1f11 9"hC 0.:" ".,AtlJ.,.1 iL/it

lh.fl :

lP) fliho, fltllJ.lD(}~tD- oo(}l:" f111l:" hCJ:CJ:A iL1.l..,

~tD-::

?;. fltLtJ ih1 001..,,,.,:" tD-itT "11th.C t lIth.l(}11 t ih1fll"
OI/t\:" hILtJ "'1'f\o f+1t\RtD-1 I1tJCf, ftllJ./ltf, OI/..,fll(}l1

~tD- :: (14- /t\ f ;JI,. ml1f, ftllJ.!1RI1C"" l1ihA lDf,9"

.f'ooltltf, A9"f."f /ItTtD- : t\. ..,11{tfl:" ftllJ."fftofl:" f;Jt-

*1* /ItTtD- t f;Jt- lDf,9" f+tfoo1. ihAtD-e; "'t\111t\tD-
ftllJ./9"~. : f""~ APe; "'11:"1:" /ItTtD-e; fl"'11tfi1tD-

fl+//H ooAh~ 9"1:C fOl/.tj~ e;TtD- ::

"'1'" 1\ '!j

f1'fll:" 0011:"


1K' Xl; t..fot.l\ ~;1t"" ;1,1f1l <h'l'C!i ~(hI1. Xl; 4>1 Hifif% q.9".. Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21stAugust 1995 - Page 15

'to 1P/1er i\.Tf-kf«£ O,..AO-l: I OJy,er 011"(1- OOUI..T "y,
t\ 0IJ.1 ~ 11OJ« cJ:0IJ. 1 1IlT OJy,er t\ OIJ.f ~C1 OJ« cJ:0IJ. ou 7i7i A
OD-~ OU1lT ht\OJ« :: Y,U OU1lT foui"i'1' I fout\OJ'1' I

flP/ OJ«lil I foul.. T 1-1Il:J>OIJ.~-I: fl cJ:l '1' 111l-l:1
fIP/11}TI 11t\0':1~~-I:1 fIP/tfOJC OJy,er fill} h~f fOUlllf~

ou1lT1 fI1T;f'A :: 1IC1fC h~.~U~OD-O,'h"l y,OJlI.e;A ::

f"lA 111lT l1t\o.T~T OU1lT h1~1-1Il0~ lflf t ou1

"lr'T t\,'h1111 '1'~er hil~-"1. lflf flf110J« 1-ouflJflJ:';
111} O~ Y:OIJ.f oouh~A f"lA 111lT1 t\ouOJ«lI.Y:

Y,"f"A::

~.

h1~'" ~li
fi\.1'1lfOlJ. I flP/..,o~«£e; fl1,'hA OU1l.y."f

Ii. 1P/1~ OJ«eri\. T f-k f«£ 0U1{;-I: OJ«il '1' OIP/1~ OJ«er
fi\.1'1lflP/. h1~il:J>"" foull.lP/~Te; t\OU1-.&;~{;fOJ«foul.
1Il0J«1 r'~ four'II'T ou1lT ht\OJ« ::

~. V-~er i\.'''' f' k f«£ ou 1-'&;~.(; f OJ«1 t r' ~0J«1 e; OD-f OJ«1
fouerl'1' OU1lT ht\OJ« ::

[. fi\.Tf-A'f U1"f v-t\:. OOU1"lr'T 11"11 00lJ.11~~

IP/"'O~«£ h1A"lftn.y."f Oh h-A ~T foulll~er ou1lT

h" TOJ« ::

Q' OU1"lr'T fmS I fTerUCTe; Ibftn"f flP/"'O~«£ h1A"lftn
.y."f1 t\,'h1111 t\1P/~l.'0 Of1.'f.OJ« hf{;Q.oul fOlJ.~Y: U1IT

Y,ouY:I1A ::

~. ou1"lr"'" fhl1A he; fh/Jerr: ,...&;1-q."f1 I hl.;J«£f11e;

ft\m,,'f: OJy,er ft\hl}.&;1. f~~ ,'h'le;T1 t\1P/cJ:cJ:erc;

t\OUC'&;T fU1{;-I: fi\.1'1lfOlJ. h~er O~~~OJ« ~ljf h1h

'0110. f.V~C;JA ::

i' OU1"lr"'" t\r'~ h(J1"fe; t\"f"'lq."f r'~ t\OU~lIlC

fOlJ.f il "f A T t\. fl Y, h 1-" A : h 1 Jt v-er 0 OIJ.fl1'l~0J«

fr'11' "C~ OJ«il'1' fr'11' /JY:A t\OU~lIlC fr'~ Tr:"l~
qu"f1 fmflJA I Tr:~h.y."f1 fl1~'&;A ::

'to OU1"lr"'" t1.1"f 1Il:J>1P/.r'11' flP/"l1T /JY:"TOJ« hfll.4.

h 1Jt ~Y: t\1P/Y:l."lhil~"1. hCerjf9'"f1 Y,OJil.&;A::
.

~. 101..9'"fC;
""1

i\.Tf'kfOJ«f1 Of1.UOJ« hf1-7i7it\ flP/.

~Y: ~r: t\oulfC flP/.fil"f"TOJ«C; t\erCT 11~l."'T hil1-

tp"'/..;JC 1-ouflJflJ:'; flr~ 1-10. tp;J t\erCT OJ«{f]..y.Y:TOJ«

flP/"l'Y'1' ou1lT h"~~OJ« :: OU1"lr"'" fi\.1'1lfOlJ. t flP/..,O

II' «£e; fA IP/ T 7' t\. fl 9' 1~1 0 OIJ.1- A er 0T 1.U 0 H. U l}"1P/
ououll'.1. ht\OT ::

!t. ou1"lr':" fl1,'hAc," f;h~h ~C{\"f1 fou1hl1h1le; t\r'~'1'
01le; t\il7~CT OUiltj~4-.T hil1-tp/JP flP/ Y:l."l

~"k ~T
ht\OT ::

i',1 ~
'"

Pie

flPll'-I.q."f OU1lT

Ii' U) f4.'O{;I1e; fh1A"'l\o..,. lPll'1-q."f I 101..9'"f I fhcif
IPII'.,.q.1' : lbl\o1' f111lC lPll'1-q."f I h1-OJlI.~

f~"~. ~T ~ljf O;J."f f t\:.e; f r' II' 1Ill1fTOJ« fOlJ.~~

y.'''~~0J« fOU1"lr'T lPll'1-q."f f r' ~e; fi\.1'1lflP/.

V-kJ'9'"f1 t\1P/"li7iA OIP/..,OC fOUY.~~T OU1lT

h"~~OJ« :: y,u OU'OT flP~1-~ 1P/"'0~T1e; Ibftn"f

1P/..,0/1'T1 flP/~/I'~f. T I hhlP{;9'"fe; '1'~IP/T0J«1

hlP/. ~ h- Ibftn"f Y.~c"f:i~"f ;JC fou Y.~~C OU1lT1

fl1:";f'A ::

7. Every Ethiopian shall have the full right to the immovable
property he builds and to the permanentimprovements he
brings about on the land by his labour or capital. This
right shall include the right to alienate,to bequeath, and,
where the right of use expires, to remove his property,
transfer his title, or claim compensation for it. Particulars
shall be determined by law.

8. Without prejudice to the right to private property, the
government may expropriate private property for public
purposes subject to paymentin advance of compensation
commensurate to the value of the property.

Article 41

Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

1. Every Ethiopian has the right to engage freely in
economic activity and to pursue a livelihood of his choice
anywhere within the nationalterritory.

2. Every Ethiopian has the right to choose his or her means of
livelihood, occupation and profession.

3. Every Ethiopian national has the right to equal access to
publicly funded social services.

4. The State has the obligation to allocate ever increasing
resources to provide to the public health, education and
other social services.

5. The State shall, within available means, allocate resources
to provide rehabilitation and assistance to the physically
and mentally disabled,the aged, and to children who are
left without parents or guardian.

6. The State shall pursue policies which aim to expand job
opportuniti~s for the unemployed and the poor and shall
accordingly undertake programmes and public works
projects.

7. The State shall undertake all measures necessary to
increase opportunities for citizens to find gainful em-
ployment.

8. Ethiopian farmers and pastoralists have the right to
receive fair prices for their products, that would lead to
improvement in their conditions of life and to enable
them to obtain an equitable share of the national wealth
commensurate with their contribution. This objective
shall guide the State in the formulation of economic,
social and developmentpolicies.

9. The State has the responsibility to protect and preserve
historical and cultural legacies, and to contribute to the
promotion of the arts and sports.

1. (a)

Article 42

Rights of Labour

Factory and service workers, farmers, farm labourers,
other rural workers and government employees
whose work compatibility allows for it and who are
below a certain level of responsibility,have the right
to form associations to improve their conditions of
employment and economic well-being. This right
includes the right to form trade unions and other
associations to bargain collectively with employers
or other organizations that affect their interests.


'/?'!:,!, tI..~.t.t:\ ~:Jt,} ?IL"I ''''re?i ~<h(1.it, '~1 iiH:'w% 'HI", Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21" August 1995 - Page 16

~,

1\) WW.it t.'}<f>1.' (II) l',t'OOl\h1:"" I'lvlr"';;: het:I\."f

F' /.. "'I''''''''',
{,Q.""{~ TI..;J'r{J}<", 1'''7f1''7'''' oo-fH

t.IVt:{J}< ,:

d1) {no,it t.","'''''
(II) },c,' (I\) uPfll."" 'hm':"<; Ill'f..}

uP.fI-I'."f l\uPiIl"'''''I'°,/."ftr'''' flID","1F"'" lP/,..t-7f'"f
fl,).°1 y,mfl<;I\' ::

uP) {I.-I";1" lPlr't-?';';'j- /\-t,oollllY, F'lr .t,oollllY, hlj:Y

1'''7°rr.} uP'fI;F':w" I"hnfl'" ~{J}<::

1~'lr.t-7f''''''' flt.°lllfl' l'.t'OJfI~ I'F'I;' fll}.} f)l.et:'''' J 1'00

'11<;:;' 'I.II. : flI'1.lL{J}< hh'~,I' :1(: l'''7.flm' I'~l.lj:..,. <I><:'"f:

.\'.ooOJ'II l'''7.h6.AIl~:w'I';''''II'n fll}".} 'hV;'v-"" m,,<;"7<;

t,Y.:J I''''IN'.eitl'F'/'. t,t)IH1,I''''I''11'''' uP'fI""
t.,,:f{J}<::

},~llU'} OD'fI-I"1' '/'°1'11r'P. l\"7f.:l."1I'''7.wm' ;"'11' flltU

t,}<1>"" ",o'it t.",<1>""~ uPfll.'''' 'h{J}<:"<; ,1'11-'''''', t1D-fH"1'
lIY,"''',fI. N'm<l>fI''''' (}y,H' 1'11'/,."';;: "'I..,fl/,."" iII\"7.**

OO-fl""<;, I'.:I/.. Y:ef.:e itl\"7.I1't~'n"" F'Cl}"" y,Y.~"1;JI\'::

1:'

t,H'1.' 0;1'

I'A"'/'} uP-fl""

{i' 1'h..H'A'.1" ;"'11f1"f flt.iIl."'''Y,'''' If~ nh.,"'r-A-,I' ,l'ho
'fI,h,C.'.}', : .nd1.l.fI{J".}', : 'h'ml".1" n.t-<;mA n.e V-);;t'
J':{D"} 1''''1 ,'i i\' A

lj
1'''7,1'*c'r 'h.I":'I'''' 1''''I°rr..,. uP-fl,"'r{J}<

I"hnn", ',w' ::

1I.1"f n'fI,h./'.'P. A"'I''''l'lIDlI.t'lj: fI.,.I\Y,"" t.IlA I'If~fl""",

"'I..,fll.fI'fI 1'''7.
uP 1\h": /'l\..fl.9'1'<; TC::f.h-l'."f "y, IIlIIl

~:{J}<",'h",.ltflm. l'uPml':" uP.fl.} t."r{J}<::

lID'}OIF"} lI'MII" t"t'l':' Y.I.~' 1''''I.11J~:{J}< it.,...,..H'."f.,..
,,.,,

1''''I..I''J!.e:J~:{J}< "rn:H.""', I't.,.}r-A'y", 1'''7,1'*C<r

},.~'1'''' lID'IH. 1'''7..l''ilh'flo;. uP""} t.I\Il:f{J}< ::

I'Ao'H 'h",'PiI,4'(J. 'Pl.,- ,}""'I1'1L1'f", 'h~'1''''<; uPfll.;t''P.
l~" 1-1'.."f "'1".'1-""" Y,1f<;' A ::

Ii'

e'

~.

t,H'1.' ..ji!
ft,l1tlf1, ,(',u",H' uP.n.'"

~, /J."..,.. fI9"''j- ",1..U<;' iIIS"7 nlf~ t.l1lJfl. fuP<:'e uP,n.",
t,

"

:,: {J}<::

lID","IF"} fI"'I..I"I1'tP,:':ciJ.Teollr'l°"f .,..h",,1''''' N'6.
,,-,,,,,. (,IY,"" ~,c.'t,:':rD' f.t'~I)tFf{J)< fl9'"f v-I\' floo",

"IF"'" {H: },CP,;J' my, 1\.<\ t.11Il fl. uPII'Pmc", m..,..e
.t'(/IJ("lIl:'; I',n I'nt/.fl OJy,.,..

lb" t."7/"1iJ!' "711117i
{''''''rr:,. uP'fl'} t.,,:f{J}<::

11,

""~/..l':' tdr'}

l'uP'}"I!":" t,m."'",c

t,}<f>1.' .ij 1:

F'C'H' llD",°IP"'"

1't...''''I''A'! b...I!../,.I\'P. J.'..'l°h/..fl.,I''P.
'ID","II";t. ;J'e"o,/:} ;"'P. ~lD' ::

/.T'fll\..h F'C'H

(b) Categories of persons referred to in paragraph (a) of

this sub-Article have the right to express grievances,
including the right to strike.

(c) Government employees who enjoy the rights

provided under paragraphs (a) and (b) of this sub-

Article shall be determined by law.

(d) Women workers have the right to equal pay for equal

work.

2. Workers have the right to reasonable limitation of
working hours, to rest, to leisure, to periodic leaves with
pay, to remuneration for public holidays as well as

healthy and safe work envirpnment.

3. Without prejudice to the rights recognized under sub-

Article I of this Article, laws enacted for the implemen-
tation of such rights shall establish procedures for the

formation of trade unions and for the regulation of the
collective bargaining process.

Article 43

The Right to Development

I. The Peoples of Ethiopia as a whole, and each Nation,

Nationality and People in Ethiopia in particular have the
right to improved living standards and to sustainable

development.

2. Nationals have the right to participate in national

development and, in particular, to be consulted with
respect to policies and projects affecting their com-

munity.

3. All international agreements and relations concluded,

established or conducted by the State shall protect and

ensure Ethiopia's right to sustainable development.

4. The basic aim of development activities shall be to

enhance the capacity of citizens for developement and to

meet their basic needs.

Article 44

Environmental Rights

I. All persons have the right to a clean and healthy

environment.

2. All persons who have been displaced or whose livelihoods

have been adversely affected as a result of State program-

mes have the right to commensurate monetary or alter-

native means of compensation, including relocation with

adequate State assistance.

CHAPTER FOUR

STATE STRUCTURE

Article 45

Form of' Government

The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia shall have a

parliamentarian form of government.


1~ 11, ~~t.t\ ~;Jt-r ;JIL"1 <II'!'!:?i
~,hl\. Hi '1'1 Ii!I.!t1, ~'9'"

Federal Negaiit Gazeta - No. I 21"
August 1995 - Page 17

h14'K' '?il
f /.,.YvI..A \1Af\o"f

Ii'
f/.,.Yvt.(\' {/D1"1P"t' Il\1Af\o"f f-tCP4'l

.,w-
"

~, \1Af\o"f f"'l. CP4'~t'1l;"1t11 M4..tC
I 1:11: I "'11.,t' 'he;

.tJ'1: liS'> 11
{/D{/DIII t'

.,w-
"

h14'K' "i~

f /.,.Yv/rA {/D1"1r.-t' Milt'

Ii' fh.H'k, /.,.YvtA'C Yv'f"\1/rIt,'C
tTlIc\.\1 Milt'

f"'l.h-t".t'
e;:fw-

"
ii' H"1/rS'> hAA

~. fh4.C hAA
[, fh07/r \1AA

g' fM.':"'l.' \1AA

~. ffl-"'1lt. \1AA
}. f0.17i1...A/ 1I \1AA

'1.'f1.o-11l1,h.~"f
I lI,h.l(\(\"fe; ;"1I(\"f \1AA

t. f ;1?"o.II ;"11 (\"f \1AA

U' f tltU ;"1111 \1AA
jI. 1ltt.1I h14>K'10-11 h14>K' ii f-t{/D/\h1:t' \1AI\-"f w-lI'I'
-

f-t\1-t1:t' 1I,h.~"f I 11"':l(\(\"f '
;"1I(1"f IlO71;;:w-?"

2.

'UL ff{,.lt:fw-1 \1AA f071:1:?" {/D1It' M:fw- "
[. f"'11;;:w-?" lI,h.C I 'll,h.l(\l1 '

;"1111 f/rfl-1 hAA

f{/D{/DlIlt' (/D11t' P"l.. 'IS'>f"'l.w-/\w-
;

0) f'iJAA (/D{/D1Ilt' 'I' ,<l:w- 1l11,h.~
, 1l1l,h.l(\0-

OJS'>?" 11;"110- ?"\1C 0. t' 11"'/\ t'
V'lI-t;;: 1:?"II

-t4' 11M t' 07"111: Itl;1'1 'l'e; 'I'
,<l:w- 11K'""If:

"hAI\- ?"hC o.t' It4'C11
;

/\) 'I"<l:w- f4'lll/\t' fhAA ?"hC o.t' 'I"<l:w-

ll1.l (\ w- Ilh 11: '}(/Dt' 1.tL w-1I'I' /\m f 4'w-

11,h.C' 11,h.l(\11 OJS'>?" ;"1111 ;"11 11 w-
it);

It, f./r 1:
'

.

tit) hAA f{/D{/DlIlt' 'I' ,<l:w- 1l11,h.~ I 1l11,h.ll'lo-

OJS'>?";"110-;"1111 w-it); Ilhllll""l 1:?"II 1t1.'11f:;
(/D) fhAI\- ?"\1C o.t' P"AIfJ.,.1 /\mf4'W- 11,h.C I

'O,h.l(\11 OJS'>?";"1I11It,lIlhll
;

w) 0;"1111 w-it); f"'l..tmlw- h"lll hAA '1',<1:

O7:"l11 it,lI.tA'1W- 04''I';t- fh.H'k, /.,.Yv/rll'C
Yv.,.,\1/rIt,'C tTlIc\.h hilA 1t11'1

.,w-
"

g' fh.H'k, kYv/r"'C Yv'f"\1I..It''C tT'Ilc\.h Mllt''hb-A
{/D11t'e; P"A1fJ1 hll:fw-

"

h14'K' "it
fhM/\A /\w-tO"f

ii' fhAf\o"f1 OJ(\1 Il"'l.{/D/\ht' '1',<1:
f-t.,it 'h11.11''' II~

Il"'l.{/D/\h;t-:fw- \1AI\-"f lI?,,?,,"t' S'>.t'l."'1A"
f"'l.{/D/\h

;t-:fw- \1AI\-"f {/D1ID7D7t'\1A:F I\- f/"'f../"
11.,. ?"\1C 0. t'

f;"1I1I1 h(\4..tCe; If:II1t' {/D(\lt' IlO71:l"1 S'>OJlIe;A
,I

~. 0tt.1I h14'K' 10-11 h14'K' ii {/Di\lt' f4'lll
11,. ho-/\t'

'}{/Dt' IlAOI\m 1.tL w-1I'I' Ilkf../"
11.,. ?"\1c o.t'

f (/D(;I;\,l7i w-it); S'>(\ 'l'0;t- A "

Article 46

States of the Federation

1. The Federal Democratic Republic shaH comprise of
States.

2. States shaH be delimited on the basis of the settlement
patterns, language, identity and consent of the people
concerned.

Article 47

Member States ofthe Federal Democratic Republic

1. Member States of the Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia are the following:
1) The State of Tigray
2) The State of Mar
3) The State of Amhara
4) The State of Oromia

5) The State of Somalia
6) The State of BenshanguUGumuz
7) The State of the Southern Nations,Nationalities and

Peoples
8) The State of the Gambela Peoples
9) The State of the Harari People
Nations, Nationalities and Peoples within the States
enumerated in'sub-Article 1 of this article have the right
to establish, at any time, their own States.

3. The right of any Nation, Nationality or People to form its
own state is exercisable under the following procedures:
(a) When the demand for statehood has been approved

by a two-thirds majority of the members of the
Council of the Nation, Nationality or People concer-
ned, and the demand is presented in writing to the
State Council;

(b) When the Council that received the demand has
organized a referendum within one year to be held in
the Nation, Nationality or People that made the
demand;

(c) When the demand for statehood is supported by a
majority vote in the referendum;

(d) When the State Council will have transferred its
powers to the Nation,Nationality or People that
made the demand; and

(e) When the new State created by the referendum
without any need for application,directly becomes a
member of the Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia.

4. Member States of the Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia shall have equal rights and powers.

Article 48

State Border Changes

1. All State border disputes shall be settled by agreementof
the concerned States. Where the concerned States fail to
reach agreement, the l,Iouse of the Federation shall decide
such disputes on the basis of settlementpatterns and the
wishes of the peoples concerned.

2. The House of Federation shall, within a period of two
years, render a final decision on a dispute submitted to it
pursuant to sub-Article I of this Art:;:;1e.


'IX' Ii 4..Y.t.A ~;lt'1' ;lIL"1 '111'C:?i
~,h(L I?; 1>1 :uni!'~ 'H".

h'}4'7\ "i!1

eM h+<"1

Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21" August 1995 - Page 18

fi'
f~Y..IAt. oo'}"1l1T eM hT"'1 h"tll hOIl ~ID- :1

g. fM.lI Mil hT"'1 M1"H'.e t-,,"'} Ot-,," f"'1l1T.I\~C

oo-lr P'Ann f.<: l.'PA :: 11C1I~ 0:t."1 f.(/J(t<;A ::

(, fh.ltll hOll h+<"1 hllT.I\~C Ttn~"1: h~Y..t-lr oP'}

"IP"} f.tr<;A ::
~, fh.ltll hOIl "'P~9':f OILU

"'1
oo'}"IP'T OT~"111D"

oo{\l.T O~Y..t-lr f"'1I'O T(/Jqr-:f 9"hc Il.T f.(/JMh'::

f,' fM':"'1..! nAA
; fh",A"li1"T h:"C(1'} (/Jf.9" fTIt-r~

tHIT htn:J'<f>9",}<; fooi't(tlrT'} .,..I\r-:f OToohhT t
},'}.ltIJ-9" h.ltll h~1l 0"~"'1..! hAA ooVA f"'l.1~

000"'" f"'1.."{\' IJ-h"I:'} f"'1..!lITi'ti\~ hi\T.I\~t-'f
",..I\f-:f'} OTOOhhT !hlD- A¥- '1':"9" J'.tnO:"h;t-A ::

11e11~ 0"'''1
f.(/J(t<;A ::

9"lJt-'t- h9"lIT
fP'A~'}h(/J:J'4'c~<;h't-'t-A

h'}4'7\ ~
M P'A~'} hql\T h(/J:J'4'C

fi' fh.TN,! t,.Y..t-I\'f Y..'f"ht-I'I.!'f ~T-I1f1..h O~Y..t-A 2.
oo,}"1P'T<; OhAiI":f fT'P4'l. ~ID- ::

g. f ~Y..t-fl' oo,}"1I"T<;hAiI":ff"'''I
hID-(;!;\.~T t f"'''I

hllt.K"'1,"T<;f.l\~~T P'A~'}M:f1D-::
(. f~f"l,"fI' oo,}"1I"T h't-T:;: fl"Ant'} hqA f~Y..t-lr

oo'}"1P'T f"'1I-I1 T(/Jqr-:f 9"nC Il.T ~(IJ<::Ttn~"1:9"
hV1~1: "'11-11 ~ID- :: fhAA h't-T;;' fl"Ant'} hqA

fnAlr 9"hC Il.T ~ID-; Ttn~~1:9" fI(/Jhfl.1D-hAA "'11-11

~(IJ<::

11' hAI\":f: OhAA~T<; nAiI":f Mt..I\1. "'lID- 0"'l.!1~
h:f1D- fhllT.I\~C ~ch<::f f.'P4't-lr :: "'11ft' 011:"1':;:

fMT.I\f.C ~ch :f 04'-r;t- f.i'tT't- "'}~ h1l:"T:;:

~Ch<::f 04: I"A~,} f.l\ntA ::
(;. fnAA 9"nC Il.T OnAl\- I"Ant') lie II"'"

.,..I\r-:f fh

A fl. f"'''1 hlD-'''-
hqA 'lID- :: r.wn

"'1
oo,}"1I"T

oo(tl.T O"'1~l."1 fhAfI',} ;,,', oo,}"1I"T !".?7fA I

!K~:J'A : !?\'1II\A ::

'[;. fhAA oollT.I\~C fnAh' h't-T:;: f"'''1 MltK"'1..
hqA

~(IJ<::

'k' fhAA f.l\~~T I"Ant'} f't-C~ Il.f-:f -I1:F 'lID- ::

t,. f~f"l,"fI' oo'}"1I"T<; fhAh":f P'Ant'} ntLU "'1
oP'}

"IP'T "'(/JlIS:A :: h~Y..I,"lr oo'}"1I"T fT{\tnlD-

P'A~,} OhAiI":f oohOC hfl.nT :' hhAiI":f f1'(ttnlD-

P'A~'} O~f"l,"fI' oo,}"1I"T oPhOC hhOT ::

ii' f~Y..lrA oo,}"1P'T OILtJ "'1
oo'}"1I"T h,}4'7\ ~~

\H.{\tn""'I"A~,} ~<; '''''1Il~:f ~,}.I\i\t.l\1.~1: hhAiI":f

(llD-hN; fI..(t-r f.:fl\A ::

Article 49

Capital City

I. Addis Ababa shall be the capital city of the Federal State,

2. The residents of Addis Ababa shall have a full measure of
self-government. Particulars shall be determined by law.

3. The Administration of Addis Ababa shall be responsible
to the Federal Govemement.

4. Residents of Addis Ababa shall in accordance with the
provisions of this Constitution, be represented in the
House of Peoples' Representatives.

5. The special interest of the State of Oromia in Addis
Ababa, regarding the provision of social services or the
utilization of natural resources and other similar matters,
as well as joint administrative matters arising from the
location of Addis Ababa within the State of Oromia, shall
be respected. Particulars shall be determined by law.

CHAPTER FIVE

THE STRUCTURE AND DIVISION OF POWERS

Article 50

Structure of the Organs of State

1. The Federal democratic Republic of Ethiopia comprises
the Federal Government and the State members.

The Federal Governent and the States shall have
legislative, executive and judicial powers.

3. The House of Peoples' Representatives is the highest
authority of the Federal Government. The House is
responsible to the People. The State Council is the highest
organ of State authority. It is responsible to the People of
the State.

4. State government shall be established at State and other.
administrative levels that they find necessary. Adequate
power shall be granted to the lowest units of government
to enable the People to participate directly in the
administration of such units.

5. The State Council has the power oflegislation on matters
falling under State jurisdiction. Consistent with the
provisions of this Constitution, the Council has power to
draft, adopt and amend the state constitution.

6. The State administration constitutes the highest organ of
executive power.

7. State judicial power is vested in its courts.

8. Federal and State powers are defined by this Constitution.
The States shall respect the powers of the Federal
Government. The Federal Government shall likewise
respect the powers of the States.

9. The Federal Government may, when necessary, delegate
to the States powers and functions granted to it by Article
51 of this Constitution.


1Jt lit ~10~-/:\ .,;J&T ;JnlfJ <h1'CIi .,,,,(\ Hi <1>,Iitfft 'i''''' Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21
st August 1995 - Page 19

h1~1\ lib---
f ~Y..IrA 001..,,,.,:" "., A 1f)1'i"

.,..., 11C

b' ih1
001..,,,.,-1:1 f.m11:J>A ; f.hl\hl\A ::

i. frJ1~-I:1 hm:J>I\f.fhJl'iOlJ.t fOlJ"'rOIr«£'i" f AOIJ:"
;rlLiL t it:"Iri::(S iJ~Y: !CDIf)A ; !itL1\OIJA :1

r' fmS t f:"~tJC:"
t fllihA'i" :f'~I'1«£ ~Cit t fllf.1it'i"

i:h'if\oj{ rJ1C h+~ OOOO"t;=9'T'i" OO(}l:f'«£ f;rlLiL

00/\ h.! 9' T1 !CDIf)A ; !itL1\OIJA ::

~. frJ1~-I:1 f4.f.'i"1it: f11"11 t fCD-6f.hh,1ii'it:"001:"

;rlLiL9'T1'i" it:"Iri:j{9'T1 !CDIf)A ; !itL1\OIJA :1

~. foo(..:" t f.,.L1'e rJ11:"'i" f:f'~h ~C{\T hm:J>~~'i"
'I'0:J>1 O.,.ooi\h.,. ih.., !CDIf)A :1

:&. frJ1C'i" fih1l11 foohl\h!'i" f~tJ1~:" h1-'l0-9" f~Y..
irA 001..,,,.,:" f;rlLit ~f.A !~Ir~A ; f.ooIrA:1

;k 11Ja.Ir«£ 111h1 !it"'~Y:IrA ; 11"11 !:t-OIJA ; f.0

~IrA : fCD-6f.h~1"~'i" f11"11 ACD-CD-1'1f.~lf)mIrA::
hAf\oT hCD-it1' ~1~T iti\OIJ.O~~O:" o-~:f' ih..,'i"
OOOO~! !CDIf)A :1

~. fCD-6f.h"'1j.~:" ;rlLiL 1 f.CDit'i"A; ;rlLiLCD-1~ !itL

1\OIJA ! ~i\~ h+~ it~~H'-"T1 f.'P'PI\A ; !RY::J>A ::

y. fhfC: fllftC t fllihC oo~~..,. ; f;rit:f''i'' fi:"'l1,w.~
. h. 7i1 h1A..,f\o.y.T h1~tlo-~ o-i\:" CDf.~ ho-i\:" Ol\f.

hAf\oT1 fOlJ.!1'i"j. hCD-1r0011f.T1 !it4.4.A ; !it.,.~
Y:IrA ; f.~lf)mIrA ::

I' i\~Y..Ir~
001..,,,.,:" O"'(}m-:" f10. ~1~T hAA

°1'OC'i" ~l'l' f.1'I\A : !it"'~Y:IrA ; f~1..IrA

001.., ".,:,. O~:,. ! l:J>A ; !RY::J>A ; ! it.,.~ Y: irA :1

Ili' 0-/\:" CDf.~ ho-i\:" Ol\f. frf). hAf\oT1 fOlJ.!it"'"it~
CDf.'}" f.'10C "'7i;J~ frf). CD1t1T'i"rJf.~T1 hm:J>~~

f.CDit'i"A ! !it"'~Y:IrA :1

I~' OhAf\oT ool1hA fOlJ.~l"'1 f1..,Y: "'1j.~:"'i" fCD-6f.h

1°1Y:1 f.OOIrA ! f.~lf)mIrA II

Ir' O~Yo'"A 001..,,,.,:" 11"11 f.,.**tJD<o h1Y: CDf.~
hh1f.' hAA Ol\f. fOlJ.7itt:)'fh1A..,f\o:" .,.*iJOT1
!it"'~f.""A : !it4.4.A ::

I~' hhAA h~~ Ol\f. flr~ fR1':f' oo~tt:lit iLl ;J'I'~
OhAi\' ooit.,.~y:C '}'!~ oo(}l:" frJ1~-I:1 foohl\h!
;}f.A .f(}OIJIrA :1

I~' OfLtJ ih1 001..,,,.,:" f.,.l;J1m-:"1 f;ri\-t11 0011.y.T
/\OIJit~.R~ hitLI\'l frf). f;ri\-t11 Y:C~.y.T1 h1-'l0-~
~C6l>J.1 OOlJ.ooi\h:" ih1T !CDIf)A :1

I:&' OrJ1~'1: Ohm:J>I\f.~ lr~ O"'CD(}). frJ1~-I: htt:f\oT
fhit:f".\f. 'lit htp~ !CD-~A ! h'P~1 !~llA :1

I'L' fn..,.,.", 'I'!~ f.CDit'i"A :1

I~- fh,~"'t.. 7i1'i" f ;rit7'C'''' ! CD~ rJ1C foo..,o.!'i" foo
CD-6l>J.'''~f'T1 : iti\it~"'?fT'i" iti\ ;ri\-t11 'I'1~~:"

f.CDit'i"A : f.OOIrA :1

Ij/- f ~.mlr'i" f f.'C(}:" 00'0.y.T1 f.L~~A ; f.m11:J>A:1
~. tl1f.' CD'}'fOOi\h.! ~l~9'T'i" f'llt ~ooC !CDIf)A :1

~li' flOC oo.,,~! iti\00!1I ih.., !CDIf)A :1

li-

h1+1\ 2~
f h A A "., A If)1'i" .,..., 11C

Oih1 001..,,,.,-1: i\~1..'"i\' 001..,,,.,:" O.,.i\f. CDf.~

i\~Yolri\' 001..,,,.,:"'i" i\hAf\oT 0;J1r O..,A1\ !A"'(}m
"., A If)1 f h A A "., A If)1 f. rf'i" A :1

Article 51
Powers and Functions of the Federal Government

1. It shall protect and defend the Constitution.
2. It shall fonnulate and implement the country's policies,

strategies and plans in respect of overall economic,social
and development matters.

3. It shall establish and implement national standards and
basic policy criteria for public health, education, science
and technology as well as for the protection and
preservation of cultural and historical legacies.

4. It shall fonnulate and execute the country's financial,
monetary and foreign investment policies and strategies.

5. It shall enact laws for the utilization and conservation of
land and other natural resources, histortical sites and
objects.

6. It shall establish and administer national defence and
public security forces as well as a federalpolice force.

7. It shall administer the National Bank, print and borrow
money, mint coins, regulate foreign exchange and money
in circulation; it shall determine by law the conditions and
tenns under which States can borrow money from..
internal sources.

8. It shall fonnulate and implement foreign policy; it shall
negotiate and ratify international agreements.

9. It shall be responsible for the development,administration
and regulation of air, rail, waterways and sea transport
and major roads linking two or more States,as well as for
postal and telecommunication services.

10. It shall levy taxes and collect duties on revenue sources
reserved to the Federal Government; it shall draw up,
approve and administer the Federal Government's bud-
get.

11. It shall detennine and administer the utilization of the
waters or rivers and lakes linking two or more States or
crossing the boundaries of the nationalterritorial jurisdic-
tion.

12. It shall regulate inter-State and foreign commerce.
13. It shall administer and expand all federally funded

institutions that provide services to two or more States.
14. It shall deploy, at the request of a state administration,

Federal defence forces to arrest a deteriorating security
situation within the requesting State when its authorities
are unable to control it.

15. It shall enact, in order to give practical effect to political
rights provided for in this Constituion,all necessary laws
governing political parties and elections.

16. It has the power to declare and to lift national state of
emergency and states of emergencies limited to certain
parts of the country.

17. It shall detemine matters relating to nationality.
18. It shall determine and administer all matters relating to

immigration, the granting of passports,entry into and exit
from the coutnry, refugees and asylum.

19. It shall patentinventions and protect copyrights.
20. It shall establish unifonn standards of measurement and

calendar.
21. It shall enact laws regulating the possession and bearing of

anns.

. Article 52
Powers and Functions of States

1. All powers not given expressly to the Federal Government
alone, or concurrently to the Federal Government and the
States are reserved to the States.


1K' tt ~I.~A .,:M.}- :Jtt,tlJ <liTeh .,,,,1\It .,., IuIn ~-,..- Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21'I August 1995 - Page 20

I- OltU h"}+:t "}o h"}+:t Ii f+m+ftm- ~"}1.+mO+ If'i'
fh t\t\-:f P' t\ tfJ"}Cj +..,11C f"7.h+ It-"""} 1m.cJ>t\ 1\t\;
u) t-"'"} ot-'" ",...+J;1.C"} ~I\'" 11.1.1 ht\I\'e 00"'+

J;.("C 1'P:"t-t\ ; f ih.., fOl\f,~"" fftL ~O..,. l..'fOht-

ltl'e P'C~"" f,1~11t\ ; f,U"} ih1 00"}"'P'''''
f,m-o.cJ>t\ ; f,hl\hl\t\ ;

it) f~t\t\ ih1 oo"}"'P'''''Cj /bt\-:f ih1:f"} ImtfJt\ ;

''''
L:tD7 t\ ;

tit) fht\lt-"} fhJ''i''7. . f"7"'Ot-'eCj ft\"7"" 7"l\.lt .

"'''''t-~~Cjb:''.(''lmtfJt\;I'''L:tD7t\;
(0) f~1..t-1t- 00"}"'P''''' 0"7.1mtfJm- ih.., ooftl.""

oo~""Cjf+LT~U-o~"}I"'+J;.("t-t\;
IV) it h t\ It- 0 +m ft ~m- f1 It 9'""}1i£"h t\t\ ..,-0 CCj ;J-h...

f,TI\t\ ; f,ftO...I1t\ ; fht\lt-"} 01:"" ImtfJt\ ;

,"'L:tD7 t\ ;
I.) fh t\ It-"} 00'" +J;.("C IVt-+7f:f h... +J;1.CCj f P' t-

o-).;J-sP:f 0 +00 it h + a..., 1 mtfJt\ ; ,"'L:tD7 t\ ;
1f'i9'" ith"}.(" f P' t- 001.-0 f"7.1"'Lt\ 7- f ""9'"UC"'"
fp't\mCjCj ft\9'".(" ooooH~sP:f hhm.cJ>I\f, fU1~-f:

ooooH~sP:f ;lC f++t-I.~ OOlfCj:fm-") f"7I.;J1T

~I\k~"" f,'iCO;J-t\ II
ft) fht\lt-"} f7"l\.'" ~f,t\ 11.t-"Rt\ ; f,oot-t\ I fht\lt-"}

ftl\9'"Cj K'I';J-I"'m-o.cJ>t\ II

9'"b t-tt. (" ,.
"'itd..1..t-1t- 00"}..,P''''' 9'"hC fl.-f:f

h"}+:t ~f
f ~1..t-t\ oo"}..,P''''' 9'"hC fl.-f:f

f ~1..t-1t- oo"}..,P''''' o-it"" 9'"h C fl.-f:f f,'i~;J- t\ ; ~ ~It U9'"
f ih1l-o +mt}r-:f 9'"hC fl."" ~Cj f ~1..~ 7i"} 9'"hC fl."" Cj:fm- II

h tt.t\ h"}.("

fa. 11-0 +m t}r-:f 9'"hC fl.""

h"}+:t Iii)--
fa. 11-0 +mt} r-:f 9'"h C fl."" h 111\""

Ii- fihll-o +mt}r-:f 9'"hC fl."" hfll\"" ; o-It- h+tt. . ~, .
+T+~ : ""hht\~ OIf~Cj .("9'"iJ O"7."'TC O"7.ft1'O""

P'C~"" Ofh9'""''''' ~ooi: Oihll-o f,ool.tfJlt- II

!l- f9'"h C fl.i: h 111\"" 0 h "}.(" f9'"C6l8J.h t\ t\m-'" T h /bt\-:f
+ m J;J; ~ sP:f 00 t} h t\ h -0 1\6l8J..("9'" iJ 111 + m J;J; ~ h i'i

CjI.-

0"7. If") O'r f9'"C6l8J.P'C~..,. f,oo I. tfJIt- II f + t\ f m-h t\ Cj

''''
Lt\;J:f1f' t\ +-0 t\- f;J-oo ~11:fm- he; l}-0 th.1. ft p:f~ c;

ih1lP:f 09'"C6l8J. fih1l-f1 +mt}r-:f 9'"hC fl."" hl1t\
f,lfc;lt-II 1IC1I~ oa..., f,mftc;t\ II

r- f9'"hC fl.i: hl11\"" ckTC f ih1l-o -o.,..,."}c; ot\ ~ ""'-"'1.""
m-ht\c; f"7.fttfJ:fm- hc;l} -f1th.l.ftP:fc; ihllP:f"} ckTC

ooftl."" 0"7.("1..., h~f~ f"7f,Ot\T If'i hH.U m-"'1'hc;l}

-f1th.l.ftP:f h~ f"71"}'" 00+006l8J. f,'it-TIf't\ II 1IC1I~

Oa..., f,1. ~1;Jt\ II

2. Consistent with sub-Article 1 of this Article, States shall
have the following powers and functions:

,

(a) To establish a State administration that best advances
self-government, a democratic order based on the
rule of law; to protect and defend the Federal
Constitution;

(b) To enact and execute the State constitution and other
laws;

(c) To formulate and execute economic, social and
development policies, strategies and plans of the
State;

(d) To administer land and other natural resources in
accordance with Federal laws;

(e) To levy and collect taxes and duties on revenue
sources reserved to the States and to draw up and
administer the State budget;

(t) To enact and enforce laws on the State civil service
and their condition of work; in the implementation of
this responsibility it shall ensure that educational;
training and experience requirements for any job,
title or position approximate national standards;

(g) To establish and administer a state police force, and
to maintain public order and peace within the State;

CHAPTER SIX
THE FEDERAL HOUSES

Article 53
The Federal Houses

There shall be two Federal Houses: The House of Peoples'
Representatives and the House of the Federation.

.

Part One

The House of Peoples' Representatives

Article 54
Members of the House of Peoples' Representatives

1. Members of the House of Peoples' Representatives shall
be elected by the People for a term of five years on the
basis of universal suffrage and by direct, free and fair
elections held by secret ballot.

2. Members of the House shall be elected from'candidatesin
each electoral district by a plurality of the votes cast.
Provisions shall be made by law for special representation
for minority Nationalities and Peoples.

3. Members of the House, on the basis of population and
special representation of minority Nationalities and
Peoples, shall not exceed 550; of these, minority
Nationalities and Peoples shall have at least 20 seats.
Particulars shall be determined by law.


1K" ~li A..~Ir/.\ ~;M-r ;m.fIJ -h'l'C li ~mf1. I?;+, Iitfn 'i.9'". Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21stAugust 1995 - Page 21

~. frhc 0.-1: "111\"" fool\~ ~1Ii1 "'CDt}f'T Cf':f~ ::

"'1V'1 ;J-:f~r ;

V) /\~1 oo'}"'P-I: ;

/\) /\~1f~; 'hCf'

dt) /\~/\. Cf':f~
i1;F ~1fCf'A ::

~. D'/'}~~r frhc 0.-1:"IlA Orhc 0.-1:~it1' W'7J'tm~
f:riJ CD'f,r "it.,. If"" rh'} ,,,,, "~h(}itr:: "it.,.~1.t.'e
'hCr)fr "~CD(}f:O""r ::

}. D'/'}~~r frhc 0.-1: "IlA hllf: CD'}1:A f1.L1\lJO 'h:P:
hij;'}:P: t}A.,.

'"
Oit.,..,.C 1/\ lJOhC 0.-1: L~ f: "~/lIlJO ;

OCD'}1:AlJO"~h(}itr ::

~. D'/,}~~lJO flJOhC 0.-1: "IlA foo~m~ ~1Ii1 "00~;J-
11lfJ0"" 'lit o~.., oo(}~"" hlJOhC 0."" "11A '1-1:~CD1~A::

"
,}"'1\ '11:-......

f ~1Ii1 "'CDt}f'T lJOhC 0."" PAlfJ'}Cf' .,...,IlC

li' f ~1Ii1 "'CDt}f'T rhc 0."" OttO ~1 oo'}"'P"" oo(}~""
/\~Y..t./\. oo'}"'P"" O"'(}m~ f PAlfJ'} hAA ~'ff'}
ICDlfJA ::

~. OttO ",}"'1\ '}o-it ",}"'1\ li f",oo/\h"'~ "m~"~
f:'};J1. 'h'}1."'mO.,. If'i f f~lIi1 "'CDt}f'T lJOhC 0.""
OOlJ.h.,.,,''''' ~~f'T ,,~ lICllC ~.., ICDlfJA ;

V) foo/o""Cf' f.,.L1'C' Vi1"" ; 'h'}Jtv-lJO f:'} oc "'i'f;J~

CD~r h",}f: hAA O,,~ fOlJ.J'it.,.ltit-r CD'}Jf"fCf'
V~.f.T "m~.,.r'} O.,.oo/\h.,.;

/\) OhA""T oot}hA fOlJ.'i ~~'} f'}..,f: A~~1' :
'h'}Jt v-lJO f ~6J.h '}..,f: ..,'}1- 'I"",} 0"'00 /\ h.,. ;

dt) f"fC: fll~CCf' fll~C oo~~..,.; f7it;J-Cf' f-f;t\.1'100-

~h. 'ii '} "1
A.., "".y. T'} 'h '} Jt v-lJO v-/\..,. CD~lJO h v-/\

..,.

O,,~ hA""T'} fOlJ./1Cf'1- "~t. 00'}1f.T'} 0"'00
/\h.,. ;

00) OttO ~1 oo'}"'P"" f"'1.'11~""'} f7/\i:t} 00i1.y."f

"L?tRlJO,} 'h'}Jtv-lJO lJOC6bJ,.'}O.,.oo/\h.,. ;

IP) fit °1'1"" 00i1""'} ; fi\.r..,t.."ii'} ; f ;rit7C""'} ; CD1.

V1C f(1D",o./Cf' foo~6bJ,. ~~f'"f'} 'h'}Jtv-lJO fit1..,.

"i'fTCf' f7/\i:t} 1'1~'1"" ~~f'"f'} O.,.oo/\h.,. ;

~) "'}f: CD1' foom'} 00/\h.1 1.~)fCf' f'llt .,.ooC'}

o.,.oo/\h.,. ;

(1) f Lmt.Cf' f P'11'Oi1 ooi1.y.T'} o.,.oo/\h.,. ;

i'i) f(OC oo"'~1 00 11I,} O.,.oo/\h.,. ::

. f' flPt."'~ ~~~ ~.., J'CDlfJA ::

~. f'}"'f:~'" (1'1f:) ICDlfJA ::
~. fCD'}1:/\~ 00:"6bJ,.~.., ICDlfJA :: ~O 'h'}1."'mO.,. If'i

h A"" T 0 ~Y..t.t\o oo"'}.., P"" f CD'}1: /\ ~ oo:"6bJ,. ~..,
O..,A1\ IlA"'i'iL~ ~~f'T ,,~ ~.., fD'/~lfJ"" PAlfJ'}

~'i t.:flf' A ::

}. "'}f: fi\.1'1'iOlJ. D'/"'O~(}i1,} /\ooij;mC f1.IlA O~Y..t.A
oo'}..,p..,. ~.., 'h'}JtCDlfJ":f~ fOlJ.J'it1f:P" /\oorrCf':f~

o~Y..I.:ii~ lJOhC 0.'''' f;J-OO'1Il:f~ f~""dti1dt.C
~o)T'} ICDlfJA ::

4. Members of the House are representatives of the
Ethiopian People as a whole.They are governed by:

(a) The Constitution;

(b) The will of the people; and

(c) Their Conscience.

5. No member of the House may be prosecuted on account of
any vote he casts or opinion he expresses in the House,nor
shall any administrative action be taken against any
member on such grounds.

6. No member of the House may be arrested or prosecuted
without the permission of the House except in the case of
flagrante delicto

7. A member of the House may, in accordance with law, lose
his mandate of representation upon loss of confidence by
the electorate.

Article 55

Powers and Functions of the House of Peoples'
Representatives

1. The House of Peoples' Representatives spall have the
power of legislation in all matters assigned by this
Constitution to Federal jurisdiction.

2. Consistent with the provision of sub-Article 1 of this
Article, the House of Peoples'Representatives shall enact
specific laws on the following matters:

(a) Utilization of land and other natural resources, of
rivers and lakes crossing the boundaries of the
national territorial jurisdiction or linking two or more
States;

(b) Inter-State commerce and foreign trade;

(c) Air, rail, water and sea transport, major roads linking
two or more States, postal and telecommunication
serVIces;

(d) Enforcement of the political rights established by the
Constitution and electoral laws and procedures;

(e) Nationality, immigration, passport, exit from and
entry into the country, the rights of refugees and of
asylum;

(f) Uniform standards of measurement and calendar;

(g) Patents and copyrights;

(h) The possession and bearing of arms.

3. It shall enact a labour code.

4. It shall enact a commercial code.

5. It shall enact a penal code. The States may, however,
enact penal laws on matters that are not specifically
covered by Federal penal legislation.

6. It shall enact civil laws which the House of the Federation
deems necessary to establish and sustain one economic
community.


1K"~~ ~1.t.A ~;J6+ ;'J1i"l "''I'C li M,I\. Ili .", Ijifft
~.,... Federal NegaritGazeta-No.1 21" August1995-Page22

1.' f4..1.6-A OD1"1P':"
j

f1J1C'I fih1,..1 ODMI11
j

f1.tJ1~H" fl"l\.it :'>f..A "U.:O::"1 f..mit'lA" 11P'6-

"L~~"7:f1D- 1.11: f"'l.;t"~ ODavl.;t"'£ ftL-)':f1 Ml~'£

OD11""':f'l f1J1C1 1.U1H f"'l.H1< ~f"':f 1\.111\-1:

IffJ6-A j MLI\1. >'C9"~9'':f >'1Jlmc'l~ 11.C;1A "
:to 11"1+;t:le l1"'ODI\I1"'1D-ODc'Il:" fM=f'>.f..1.tL '-'I')':

IID-~A
j fih"l "itL~"'l.1D- f"'l.fmffJlD-1 f"it=f'>.f..1.tL

"'P)': "'ODAh"" f..mit'l A "
i!' f"'l.tit:"C'':f 9"hC 11:" 11"'l.!+C11I\:" fih"l I.t:"

ODc'll.:" fp1C~:" "'P)': IID-~A
"

I' fIJ1~-I:1 "m'+l\.f. fh.tt'i"'l.
I f"7"1I16-'£ I fA"7:"

1"1\.1\.9'':f1'1 it:"6-1::(9'':f1
j f4..f..'I1it'l f11"11

1"1\.1\.1 1~1:""A
j

11"111
j f11th.6-'£ 111h "it.,..1\

1.C1; flD-"1" MIf~1'1 AID-ID-'I'1 11"'001\11'" 1IC1IC

ih"l ImffJA
"

Hi' 1\4..1.6-A 001"1P':" 11.,.11I\1\1D-f111.9"1"1"
hAA

"I11C'I ;t"tJit f..'I'I\A
"

f 4..1.6-A OD1"1P':" 11:(t
1~1:'+A

"
I!!' fih"l "itL~"'l.1D- "ilA f"'l.'P'P1\:f1D-1 ~1\9" ""'<j:

it9"9"~""':f 1~1:'+A "
Ie' f 4..1.6-A OD1"1P':" <j:C1: 11:" .I\~':f1

; f"'l.tit:"C'':f

9"hc 11:" MI\:"1
j ftt"'l.1i~C'':f1

j
f'P'I1D- t.Jl"'C1

>.1-'l.11-9" fl\.I\-':f jfOD;t":f1D- l19"tJC 11-1: oo;t1.:"
11\11:"1 I1I\P'AffJ'i':f jfOD:" 1~1:.+A

"
Ii!' fc'l11~'£ OD11""':ftt"'l.1I1 19:...,A

j P'AffJ1'1 "'''I11~1

l1ih"l f..mit'lA
"

Il;' fih1f11 >'111 milt .,.9:M 19:...,A
j .,.9:ou-1 f"'l.OD~

"111\:"1 f..ODCffJA I f..c'lf.."7A "
P'AffJ1'1 "'''I11~1

l1ih"l f..mit'lA
"

n;. 11"71;;'ID-9" tJAA c'l1I~'£ 0011""':f I\.ffJl\-' hAi\-

1:C1.-I:1 "7409" "f..':fA I\."'C
j 116-1\-M"1IH'I 11\

hAi\- L.+ 1: "'111.1D- >'C9"~ >'1Jlmc'l1: 1\4..1.~ 11~

9"hC 11:"'1 l\ih1f11 .,.milr-':f 9"tJC 11:" f;16- it11M

'1'14: ,"'CI1A
; 11.,.1.l.c'In:" ID-l!):.ooltl.:"l\hAi\- 9"tJC

11:" ODOD ~1 f..lt ffJA
"

I?' 9"hC 11-1: m:"l\f.. "'l.tit:"~1 >''1 l\.I\-':f f4..1.6-i\-

OD1"1P':" I1I\P'AffJ'I:"1 it 'I'14: fOD'I'6-:"' fih"l

"hL~"'l.1D-1 "ilA "av6-C fODODCODCP'A,q1 "itlD-"
I:t. itih"l "itL~"'l.1D- "ilA 11"'c'lm "71;;'1D-9" P'AffJ11\f..

f9"hc 11-1:"111\:" 11"11: Y'it.,.;;, 1:9"6 I\.mf..4: 9"tJC
11-1: .f.mlIA

"
9"hC 11-1: 11~~ I\,P, fODODill1c'I

"itLI\1. ODitl\- f;t"flD-1 >'C9"~ foolD-c'l1: P'AffJ1

"it ID-
"

Ii!' 9"tJc 11-1:1 f"'l.OD~ "L "'11'\.' 9"h:"A "L
.,.11'\.

.f.ODCffJA j it9"hC 11-1: P'6- f"'l.lhLA"':"1 9:"'l.'

1./LI'£ tt"'l.1:9'':f I'P:"/",A
"

"1.,.;t I/i
fl"lti:il P'AffJ1

7. It shall detennine the organization of national defence,
public security, and a national police force. If the conduct
of these forces infringes upon human rights and the
nation's security, it shall carry out investigations and take
necessary measures.

8. In confonnity with Article 93 of the Constitution it shall
declare a state of emergency; it shall consider and resolve
on a decree of a state of emergency declared by the
executive.

9. On the basis of a draft law submitted to it by the Council of
Ministers it shall proclaim a state of war.

10. It shall approve general policies and strategies of
economic, social and development, and fiscal and
monetary policy of the country. It shall. enact laws on
matters relating to the local currency, the administration
of the National Bank, and foreign exchange.

II. It shall levy taxes and duties on revenue sources reserved
to the Federal Government, it shall ratify the Federal
budget.

12. It shall ratify international agreements concluded by the
Executive.

13. It shall approve the appointment of Federal judges,
members of the Council of Minsiters, commissioners, the

Auditor General, and of other officials whose appoint-

ment is required by law to be approved by it.

14. It shall establish a Human Rights Commission and

determine by law its powers and functions.

15. It shall establish the institution of the Ombudsman, and

select and appoint its members. It shall deermine by law

the powers and functions of the institution.

16. It shall, on its own initiative, request a joint session of the

House of the Federation and of the House of Peoples'
Representatives to take appropriate measures when State

authorities are unable to arrest violations of human rights

within their jurisdiction. It shall, on the basis of the joint

decision of the House, give directives to the concerned

State authorities.

17. It has the power to call and to question the Prime Minister

and other Federal officials and to investigate the Ex-

ecutive's conduct and discharge of its responsibilities.

18. It shall, at the request of one-third of its members, discuss
any matter pertaining to the powers of the executive. It

has, in such cases, the power to take decisions or

measures it deems necessary.

19. It shall elect the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the

House. It shall establish standing and ad hoc committees

as it deems necessary to accomplish its work.

'Article 56

Political Power

l19"hC 11-1: "111\""'1. OD"'ODAj, 111 f I"lti:il 1:C)'::" mf..9"

I

A political party, or a coalition of political parties that has the

ffJ9"6- 1:C~"'':f f4..1.6-i\-1 001"1P':" fih"l "hL~"'l. "ilA greatest number of seats in the House of Peoples' Represen-

11.6-'JfAII1.6-'Jff\o ; .f.OD6-A/f..OD6-i\-
"

tatives shall form the Executive and lead it.


1A" 3'1: IJ.&-IA ~:M:t- ,;Jlt.tlJ .'I'C Ii ~"'c\.!?;"" !iifft ".,.. Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 2111August1995 - Page 23

~ 'J'"Jt !lj
lll\ ih.., M~-'C1.""

9'"tlC 0.-1: oPtiC' f.,.1l0l/070T ih.., I\V1~-I: T~fl-'C'JT I\A,c-7
f,"'Cf1A ; T~fl-'C'J-I: O~Ft. ~9'"llT +'iT m-ll-r f,Lc-7A II

T ~fl-'C'J-I: O~F t. ~9'"llT +'iT m-ll-r '1ALloP ih1- OFt.
I\f, f,m-I\A II

~'J+Jt ~:t
f9'"tJC 0.-1: lli1ftf1'if F t. HoP'J

li' h9'"tJc 0.-1: ~f1I\T h..,0I/7i Ol\f, h"'1J. 9'"AI}'" 1-f1't
f,tf t.A II

§. f9'"tJC 0.-1: fFt. 1.tI. hoPllhl9'" wC foPQJ.li'flt9'"'JT
ft"lf "llh ft~ lPl\lt ~m- ; OoP'1hl\-9'" 9'"tJC 0.-1: O"7.wll~m-

1.tI. f~'J'(- wC bltt:T f,lillfA II
(. f ih1li1 ",w'1f-'f 9'"tJC o.T f"7.oPlmm- 1\~9'"llT

l}oP:t'T ~m- ; f F t. HoP). hOl/i1:J>-I:h~ 'J.(- wC OLT

~Jtll 9'"C6l>A.,. '1th.Jl.. f,m 'I' + :J>A II

!!. 9'"tJC 0.-1: bltt:T I\f, 0 "7. (f'J OT 1.tI. f9'"tJC 0.-1: ~L 1-f1't
lli1ftf1 lLmt. f,'fI\A II h9'"tJC 0.-1: ~f1I\T h..,0I/7i Ol\f,
lli1ftq "'JJtmt. hmf<k ~L 1-f1'tm- lli1ftf1 foP'I't.T

"'Y..:t' ~I\OT II
?;- f ih1li1 ",w'1f-'f 9'"tJC o.T lli1ftf19''f O"lAJt f,'1th.-'Ct\-;

(fli9'" 09'"tJC 0.-1: ~ql\T Wf,9'" Ot..Y..t.A f ih"l ~llL~"7.

~'1A 01l"l lli1ftf1 "'JJt1.l"l h"'mf+'i h9'"tJC 0.-1:
~f1I\T h"l0l/7i Ol\f, h1.1~T 1I"l lli1ftf1lL1.l"l f,'fI\A II

~'J+?i ~u
f9'"tJC 0.-1: m-lt~9''f'i fF~ FCI}T 1.'Jf1'f

li- OfltJ ih1 oP'J"lFT O"lA?i 0.,.1\f, '1A.,.1. ~11 Oll.,.+C
OI/'iTm-9'" m-lt~9''f f"7. "'I\I\~T 09'"tJC 0.-1: ~f1I\T
f~i1I\6l>A'(-9'"iJ ~m- II

§- 9'"tJC 0.-1: lll\ ~lPt.~'i lll\ ih"l ~wlIJm- th.1.T 1.'Jf1'f1
IWIIJA II

~1+?i oj:-
1l1\9'"tJc 0.-1: oPO.,.1

li' m""l\f, "7.~llT~ fFAIIJ1 HoP). hOl/I\<k OLT ~Jtll

9'"C6l>A1\0I/'1th..(-09'"tJC 0.-1: L:J>.(- 9'"tJ C 0.-1:
"1 Jt 0.,.1

1\01/.(-l.., f,'fI\A II

~- 01lJ9'"t. foP1..,FT FAIIJ'J fl~ f7'I\1:'1 .(-C:E-+'f
1

1IJ9'"t.~:t'Tm- LCi" 09'"tJC 0.-1: f~0t.Tm-1 ~i1I\6l>A~T

1m- "11.(f~ f"7.~llTC''f 9'"tJc o.T "'OTli Oih1li1
.,.w '1f-'f 9'"tJC 0. T f1l\- f 7' 1\1: '1 .(-c:E-+ 'f "-1\ IIJ9'"t.
oP1"lFT 0~1'(- lt9'"1T 1.tI. m-ll'l' l\oPoPlllT

"'JJt:FA T/ofl-'C1-1: f7'I\1:'1 .(-C:E-+'f1 f,;Ji1tfA II
f 7'1\1:'1 .(-C:E--Hi ~Jtll oP1..,FT l\oPCj;mC Wf,9'"

f~Olm-111J9'"t.~T l\oP+mA '1A:Ft\- 9'"tJc 0.-1: "'OTli
~Jtll 9'"C6l>A f,1.l;JA II

r- OfltJ ~1+?i 1o-it ~'J+7\ li Wf,9'" ~ oPftlT 9'"tJc 0.-1:
f"'O"'~ "11.(f~ hll'(-llT wc f1AOl\m 1.tI. m-ll'l' ~Jtll
9'"C6l>AoP1.l"l ~I\OT II

!!. 9'"C6l>Am- 0.,.m '1''''+ 0 lP 1\It +'1' T m-ll 'I' ~Jt (). f,"h 11i1
",w'1f-'f 9'"tJc o.T Ft.m-1 f,"f.9'"t.A II

Article 57

Adoption of Laws

Laws deliberated upon and passed by the House shall be
submitted to the Nation's President for signature. The
President shall sign a law submitted to him within fifteen
days. If the Presidentdoes not sign the law within fifteen days
it shall take effect withouthis signature.

Article 58

Meetings of the House, Duration of its Term

1. The presence of more than half of the members of the
House constitutes a quorum.

2. The annual session of the House shall begin on Monday of
the final week of the Ethiopian month of Meskerem and
end on the 30th day of the Ethiopian month of Sene.The
House may adjourn for one month of recess during its
annual session.

3. The House of Peoples'Representatives shall be elected for
a term of five years. Elections for a new House shall be
concluded one month prior to the expiry of the House's
term.

4. The Speaker of the House may call a meeting of the House
when it is in recess. The Speaker of the House is also
obliged to call a meeeting of the House at the request of
more than one-half of the members.

5. Meetings of the House shall be public. The House may,
however, hold a closed meeting at the request of the
Executive or members of the House if such a request is
supported by a decision of more than one-half of the
members of the House.

Article 59

Decisions and Rules of Procedure of the House

1. Unless otherwise provided in the Constitution, all
decisions of the House shall be by a majority vote of the
members present and voting.

2. The House shall adopt rules and procedures regarding the
organization of its work and of its legislative process.

Article 60

Dissolution of the House

1. With the consent of the House, the Prime Minister may
cause the dissolution of the House before the expiry of its
term in order to hold new elections.

2. The President may invite political parties to form a
coalition government within one week, if the Council of
Ministers of a previous coalition is dissolved because of
the loss of its majority in the House. The House shall be
dissolved and new elections shall be held if the political
parties cannot agree to the continuation of the previous
coalition or to form a new majority coalition.

3. If the House is dissolved pursuantto sub-Article 1 or 2 of
this Article, new elections shall be held within six months
of its dissolution.

4. The new House shall convene within thirty days of the
conclusion of the elections.


'lK" t)'!! t..Y-ot.&\ ~;M:" ;JltfIJ <h1'C li ~"'{), I?;4>1 liifn 'HI".

~.

Federal NegaritGazeta - No.1 21st August 1995 - Page 24

f Ch1Hl +OJttf"~ ~hC 0.:" h+O+~ 0:\"\ U1~i:,}
ftPJ.oo t-CD- P' A II)'} f,tI f ~ 0 l CD-f r t\ -t tt .("C~:,. OJf,'J"

f r t\ -t tt .("C~.f~ II)'J"II" f" t\ :,. +tM:" f oo'}"lP':"
P't- hOl/hCjOJ'}Cj ~C6l>J. hOl/ttth..(" 0 il +.,.C hJtil

h l' }!~'} .. f.'} f1~'} Cj .("') ;J1.S"~,} 01/CD-II):" OJf,'J" ~t}C
Ch1~,} oo7icCj "77i7iA hf,~A'J" ::

hlf:A u-t\:"

f ~1ot..1i'} 'J"hc 0.:"

h '}.,.'" j;b

f ~Y..t..1i'} ~hC 0.:" ht}"\:"

Ii' f ~1ot..1i'} 'J"hc 0.:" 0~1ot-lt- oo'}olP':" ht}A hAt\<>~
ffll/.1'y..:,. -0th.C'~ .. -Oth.l{tf1~ .. Ch11f1~ ffll/. A h-1':f CD-

hl1"\:" f"7.OJhlt-O:" ~hc 0.:" ~CD-::
~. ~!,}J;,}~ -Oth.C" -Oth.l{t-O" Ch1'-0 o.!'}il h'}.(" +OJttf,

f,til1'A -: O+'IJ.OI/~~ f-Oth.C OJf,'J" l1th.l{to- h'}.("

OI/.t\.V',}. Ch1111 h'}Y: -hlJ."7~ OJh.A f,c:'l1'A ::

f' f &..Yut..1i'} 'J"hC 0.'''' t,t}"\:" OhAA 'J"hc o..f~ f,ool

fill\:' ; fhAA 'J"hC o..y,'f 0 II' t't:f CD-OJf,'J" 0.,.1';1' OCh1111

h,} Jt 00 lm. 001/.(" lOI f ~Y..t..1i') 'J"h Co.:" h t}A h,} Jt
OJhA !Y.C;Jlt- ::

t, '} "'?t' ~~
f&..Yot..'li.,.~he o.-}P'AflnCj -f'°It}C

Ii. ~hC 0.": Ch1 oo'}olP'i:,} foo+C1'J" P'AII)'} f,c:'l1'A::
~. fCh1 oo'}olP':" 1'J;v.:f hfll~ 1,t}'t'} !1.t-~A ::

f' f-Oth.C'1': -Oth.l{tf1~ : Ch11f1~f t-il,} iJY.:A Ot-il fooOJ{t'}

hilh oo1'}mA ool1'-"'} O-f'oot\h+ 0tPJ.~(}- 1'!1:S""f "\f,
OCh1 OO'}OIP'i:oo{tl-'" f,OJilCjA ::

2' OCh1OO'}OIP'i: f+Y."-l1CD- fCh11f1"fhh-A.,:"CjOChllf1"f
OO&..<p.,..r:"\f, f+oo{tl-" h'}Y..''':'' ile h'}Jt{tY..'Cj h'}Jt

J;-OC !_r,e;JA ::

~. h Ch1111 of' OJtt V'1' 'J"h e 0. -.,. ;J e 0 II) 'J" II' f + {tm.:"'}
P'AII)'t-}', !hCjCD-CjA ::

~. 0 h At\u'-}". oott h A t\ 01/.., {t. ht\ 00°1 t}t}.y."f oolj;:"~

f,&.A;JA::

%. fhAt\.."fc,' f&..Yu/rll' oo'}olP"'" f ;Jlr -f'11t\CD- f+OOY.O'

10.S"1' nu-t\i: ootthA ftPJ.hct.&.I\:.n:,.'} ; h'}Jtu-'J"

f&...ro/rll' oo,}"lP"'" t\hAt\.."f y"'''''01/ fOl/.{tl'n:"'} "'ooC
f,OJilCjA ::

~. nChll11 -"OJttv'"f ~he n.-} Chol t\.OJII)"\:fCD- fOl/.1n'
fC'::"ch-nth.C -,.J;v'"f'} f,ll! A ::

ii' OI/'}~CD-'J" hAA f,tJ'} Ch1 oo'}olP''-'' noofllil Ch1

oo'}olP' ;J.'P. P'C'H:'} t,.r,;J "\f, ffl}t\ h,} Y,lf" f &..Y..t-I\:'

oo'}olp':" filA:" h'}Jt-"1 _filA ::

I' f'J"he o.-r:'} f1.t\!f.. 'J:OI/.c.' 1.tJ.!'P. \-101/.-t'S""f !'J:<kOl/A::

Hi' 'J"hc 0.'1: f Ir{t.'} h&:J-I}'tCj 'J"h:"A h&:,.t}'t f,OOCflJA=
f 11"{t.'} f P' II' h&.?t?t'J"Cj fCD-ill' hil+J;1.C 1.,}11

,fOJflJA::

5. Following the dissolution of the House, the previous
governing party or coalition of parties shall continue as a
caretaker government.Beyond conducting the day to day
affairs of government and organizing new elections, it
may not enact new proclamations,regulations or decrees,
nor may it repeal or amend any existing law.

PART TWO

THE HOUSE OF THE FEDERATION

Article 61

Members of the House of the Federation

1. The House of the Federation is composed of represen-
tatives of Nations, Nationalities and Peoples.

2. Each Nation, Nationality and People shall be represented
in the House of the Federation by at least one member.
Each Nation or Nationality shall be represented by one
additional representative for each one million of its
population.

3. Members of the House of the Federation shall be elected
by the State Councils. The State Councils may them-
selves elect representatives to the House of the
Federation, or they may hold elections to have the
representatives elected by the people directly.

Article 62

Powers and Functions of the House of the Federation

1. The House has the power to interpret the Constitution.

2. It shall organize the Councilof Constitutional Inquiry.

3. It shall, in accordance with the Constitution, decide on
issues relating to the rights of Nations, Nationalities and
Peoples to self-determination, including the right to
seceSSIOn.

4. It shall promote the equality of the Peoples of Ethiopia
enshrined in the Constitution and promote and con-
solidate their unity based on their mutualconsent.

5. It shall exercise the powers concurrently entrusted to it
and to the House of Peoples' Representatives.

6. It shall strive to find solutions to disputes or misunderstan-
dings that may arise between States.

7. It shall determine the division of revenues derived from
joint Federal and State tax sources and the subsidies that
the Federal Government may provide to the States.

8. It shall determine civil matters which require the
enactment of laws by the House of Peoples' Represen-
tatives.

9. It shall order Federal intervention if any State, in violation
of this Constitution, endangers the constitutional order.

10. It shall establish permanentand ad hoc committees.

11. It shall elect the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the
House, and it shall adopt rules of procedure and internal
administration.


1~ t)?i A..f..t.l\ ";J~'''' ;J,LIfJ<h'l'C?! ",hlt I?i .,.') Ii/1ft <}.9". Federal Negarit Gazeta - No. I 21" August 1995 - Page 25

i\'}~1\ :Sf

f ~Y..t.. 7i'} 9"h c o..}- i\ 11I\.}-oPlI.}-

ji. Of/'}~m-9" f~Y..t.. 7i~ 9"hC o..}- i\IlA OOf/liTm-9" f9"hC

o.i: illl(a1l I\f. OOf/.(amm- i\ilT !f.}- lDf.9" Y:9"iJ

9"tI'}!.}- i\f.h(ail9" : i\ilT~f.t-1f hC9"~9" i\f.lD(af.:

0 ..,.9" ::

I' Of/'}~m-9" f~Y..t..'ii~. 9"hC o..}- i\IlA hllY: lD,}~A

(&.&.1\9" h~ htt:,)~ ilA-"!tI OilT~C !Il 9"hC o.i:

&.:PY: i\f.!1'9" : OlD'}:€,A9"i\f.h(ail9" ::

)','}~1, XO
- r"

m-l));SJ':fli f P'~ P'Cq..,. f.'}{l:-''',

j!. f~Y..t..'ii~ 9"hc 0..1. 9"AqT -,.Ill}. flPf..cfl.m- hhlll\i:

v-Il'''' Y'ilT~m- f-"1')"" h,}f.lf~ ~lD- :: lPfliTlD-9" m-l));

fOf/.!A&.m- illl(a1l I\f. h-"1'f..}- f9"tlc 0.-1: i\1ll\.}-

hCJ1Of/7iOl\f. Y:9"iJ (&.f."c~,o;F ~m- ::

I' i\1ll\'''' f.:9"iJ oPilm""" fOf/.:}'''Il'.}- Oi\ilA (&.1'-;' ,O;F ~lD- ::

i\,}~1\ ~~
illl O:€.

...,,,

f~Yot..'ii~" 9"tlC 0.""" O:€.'I:') llih1"O -'''lDilf'':f 9"hC 0.''''

OOf/:"I.'O ,fillDilliA ::

i\,}~1\ ~?;

f9"hC 0.": i\&. ""Ill}. P'Afl}'}

{i. f~Y..t..'ii~" 9"hC 0.'1- i\&. "-Ill}. f9"hc o.'l:'} illl(aIlSJ':f
f.oP I,.A ::

9"hc o.'l:'} OaPlDhA m:"I\I\ f i\ilT~f-C P't-SJ':f'}
f.oPI,.A ::

9"hC 0.'1: Oi\llflo:t: I\f. flD(a~m-'} f"tilTIl. '} hC9"~
!il&.1\Of/A ::

I'

c.

i\ '}~ 1, xi
r"

~

illl(allli fP't- tloP'}

{i. f ~Y..t..'ii~" 9"tlC o..}- O.!,}il OqoP.}- v-Il.}- 'Uf. f.(aO(aIlA ::

I' f~Y..t..'ii~. 9"hC o..}- f P'I,. tloP'} i\9"il"'"
qoP.}- f.lfliA::

)', '} ~ 1\ :J;':j;

Ov-Il'f:9" 9°tlC o..y.i- i\IlA aPlf'} flPff.;FA illloPlf~

lPf'}~lD-9" (am- Oi\'}.\': 'In fih1fll TlDilf":f 9"hC o..}- hli

f ~Y..t.. 7i~ 9"hC 0.'''' i\IlA Il.lf,} i\f.:fA9" ::

Article 63

Immunity of Members of the House of the Federation

I. No member of the House of the Federation may be
prosecuted on account of any vote he casts or opinion he
expresses in the House, nor shall any administrative
action be taken against any member on such grounds.

2. No member of the House of the Federation may be
arrested or prosecuted without the permission of the
House except in the case of flagrante delicto.

Article 64

Decisions and Rules of Procedure

I. The presence at a meeting of two-thirds of the members of
the House of the Federation constitutes a quorum. All
decisions of the House require the approval of a majority
of members present and voting.

2. Members of the House may vote only when they are
present in person in the House.

Article 65

Budget

The House of the Federation shall submit its budget for
approval to the House of Peoples' Representatives.

Article 66

Powers of the Speaker of the House

1. The Speaker of the House of the Federation shall preside
over the meetings of the House.

2. He shall, on behalf of the House, direct all its adminis-
trative affairs.

3. He shall enforce all disciplinary actions the House takes
on its members.

Article 67

Sessions and Term of Mandate

1. The House of the Federation shall hold at least two
sessions annually.

2. The term of mandate of the House of the Federation shall
be five years.

Article 68

Prohibition of SimultaneousMembership in the
Two Houses

No one may be a member of the House of Peoples'
Representatives and Qf the House of the Federation simul-
taneously.


1K' ?!1i A..1..t./A~:J&.}- ;Jfl.fIJ -h'l'C Ii ~dtl\!li"" ruIn ,.9". Federal NegaritGazeta- No.1 21stAugust 1995 - Page 26

cr /J (,.r;: (aIl:"

ill\ &Till\. b- T ~Il.';,}:"

h ') + 1\ :J:U

ill\ T ~Il.';,}i:

CHAPTER SEVEN
THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC

Article 69
The President

The President of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
T~Il.';,}i: f~:"f"kf 4..1..("I\Cf1..lfOh(,.l1.fCf&Till\.hCiJ(a

is the Head of State.
ildt.C ~ID- ::

h'}+1\ ~

fT ~Il.';,}i: h(affcr

Ii' I\T~Il.';'}:"~:" hat fOl/:"lil FAtlJ'} fJt1lil "'lDilf"T
crhc 0.:" ~ID-

== .

I' f+lOID- hat OJt1lil "'lDilf"T crhc 0.:"C; 04..1..~ 7i~

9"hC 0.:" f;J(,. ilil(all OU-I\:" YOil.,.;;:Y:9"iJ h"'~1L
T loll.';'}:" f,1YC;A ::

r' f9"hC 0.:" hilA T ~Il.';'}:" lYe:' h"'ODlm f"'lDhI\O:"'}
crhc 0.:" lD'}OCf,1\:PA :1

g. fTloll.';,}i: fF(,. HOD'}ilY:il:" ~OD:" f,1YC;A :: tt'}Y:

(aID-hu-I\:"1.1t Ol\f, I\T ~1l.';'}:"~:"I\.ODl1' hf,TA9"I:

~. f&Till\.b- T~Il.';1:" 9"C6L1OlltJ tt1+1\ 10-il tt1+1\ 1
OD(al:" hR~+ O~I\ F(,.ID-') hODJ:OD-t- Ok:" f;1(,.

illl (aIl ID- 0 "7.lD il ~ID- 'lit ilil (aIl ID- k:" I\Jt 1 OD')"l F i:C;

I\h. :"f"k f Jt 11{1T f 1\1D-1 :J-1~ ~:,. 0 tIIJ.+1'~:" :PI\:"
f,1A1aA I:

ultA fl'l~~ /JilT f/v'i'r-kf 6..f..?t)f!

f..'I"h?l1.ff! t:T'fM.h T~fI.J;1T flootr1 ~?~1

Ifp:rc f".",II'fI=f1 h~"';;: ?t)tl.~T fl;PD?=f~T llOO6.1fr

~A lt1lJllu- ::17

h1+1\ ~jj

fT ~1l.';1i: FA tlJ1C; "'''lllC

Ii' fJt1lil "'lDilf"T1 9"hC 0.:"C; ft..1..~7i~1 9"hC 0.:" 2.
~OD;J-Cf f;J(,. ilil(all f,hr;:;J-A ==

I' OlltJ Jt1 OD1"lF:" OD(al:" f Jt1lil "'lDilf"T 9"hC 0.:"

fR~:PTID-1 Jt1TC; ~I\cr h+lf: il9"cr~.y.T 0~;1&:"

;JH.tlJ flD-~ A :1

r. U1&:I;1 OID-6f!'U1l":T ftllJ.lDh~:"1 h9"lllt~l"::f!i" lbl\-T

ODAiJh"'~T Om:"I\f, "7.~il:"-t- h:"(,.o.~:" f,"{iOl/AII
g. flD-6f!' U1C hcrlllt~l":T1C; fA¥- ODAiJh"'~T1 fit-OD:"

~1I.';0. f,+Ol\A II
~. oJt"l OD(al:" Fie:'TC; 7iAOI/.y.T1 f,(atlJA II

~. 0 m :"I\f, "7.~il:"-t- h:" (,.0. ~:,. 0 Jt "l O"'lD(a~ID- OD(al:"
hlf:.,.;;: flD-:" Y:CC;OI/iJl1 T1 f,(atlJA II

~. oJt"l OD(al:" f,:"C;J- f~C;JA II

Article 70
Nomination and Appointment of the President

1. The House of Peoples'Representatives shall nominate the
candidate for President.

2. The nominee shall be elected President if ajointsession of
the House of Peoples' Representatives and the House of
the Federation approves his candidacy by a two-thirds
majority vote.

3. A member of either House shall vacate his seat if elected
President.

4. The term of office of the President shall be six years. No
person shall be elected President for more than two terms.

5. Upon his election in accordance with sub-Article 2 of this
Article, the President, before commencing his respon-
sibility, shall, at a time the joint session of the Houses
determines, present himself before it and shall make a'
declaration of loyalty to the Constitution and the Peoples
of Ethiopia in the following words:

"I , when on this date commence my responsibility as
President of the Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia, pledge to carry out faithfully the high respon-
sibility entrusted to me. "

Article 71
Powers and Functions of the President

1. He shall open the joint session of the House of Peoples'
Representatives and the House of the Federation at the
commencement of their annual sessions.
He shall proclaim in the Negarit Gazeta laws and
international agreements approved by the' House of
Peoples' Representatives in accordance with the Cons-
titution.

3. He shall, upon recommendation by the Prime Minister,
appoint ambassadors and other envoys to represent the
country abroad.

4. He shall receive the credentials of foreign ambassadors
and special envoys.

5. He shall award medals, prizes and gifts in accordance with
conditions and procedures established by law.

6. He shall, upon recommendation by the Prime Minister and
in accordance with law,grant high military titles:

7. He shall, in accordance with conditions and procedures
established by law, grant pardon.


1K' 'G?: ~Yo"'.A ~;M'} ;JILl'I 'I:'I'L: ii ~(hl1. If; ",') :r:ill'if'!: l}.9". Federal Negarit Gazeta - No. I 21
st August 1995 - Page 27

?"6~.r,: il?",}''''

fih"l hil~.~OIJ.. hl1A

h,}4>'" I:e
ilt\ hil~.~OIJ.~-1- P'AtfJ'}

fi' fh.TV-A'f t..Y..~A 00'}"1P"'" hCj:+~ fhil~.~OIJ.. ~-1-

P'AtfJ'} f+{}mCD- t\m:"I\,e. OIJ..~ilT-re; t\0IJ..~ilTC'1-

?"hc 0..1- ~CD-::

m:"I\,e. OIJ_~ilT-re; fOlJ.~ilTC'1- ?"hc 0.'''' t\ih1111
.,'mI1V':}".. ?"hc 0.'''' 'hn~9''f e;:t~CD-:: fOlJ_~ilTC'1-

?"hc II,'}' hl11\'}- 1100'}'"1P'T .t-"II1~TCD- O,'J~

t\ OIJ..{}m.''''CD-lt); f,'J I,.~I\~, ~T ht\ I1TCD- ::

OILV ih" 00'}'"1p'.1- OO{}lT ott.I\ ht;J,:\'} I1A+m{}~

Oil.t-4>C f m:"I\,e. 0IJ.~il.1'-r f P' I,.UOO,} f ih1f-t1 +mI1V''f

?"hc 0.:" f P' I,. HOO'} ~CD-::

~.

f'

h,}4>'" (f~
f m :"I\,e. OIJ.~il''''-r h {}ff?"

fi' m:"I\,e. OIJ.~ilT-r hih1"O .t-ml1V-'f ?"hc o.T hl11\T
ool1hA ,e.OOlflJA ::

~. Oih11-t1 .t-ml1V-'f ?"hc 0.'''' h-t11\6liJ,004>006liJ,f17CD-

frt\1;1'1 .l':C~T m,e.?" f1'f--1- fTt\1;11 f:C~-f'f foo'}

"1P'T P'AtfJ,} ,e.lhI1A/.elhl1t\- ::

h'}4>1\ 1:0-
fm:"I\,e. OIJ..~il'}--r P'AtfJ'}e; +"II1C

fi' m:"I\,e. OIJ..~ilT-r fU1~i: C6{} ooil+~f:C ; fOlJ..~ilTC''f
?"hc 0.-1. {}-t1ltO,e;f{nc :},e./r'f m:"I\,e. ht,:rr ~CD-::

~. m:"I\,e. OIJ.~ilT-r fOlJ.~il-1-C'1-?"hc0.'''' hl1/r'fi hu-t\i:

?"hc n.-r,:y. hl11\T m,e.?" t\P'~CD- 'O,PT I11\TCD-tt./r'f

'"1t\{}f1'f ool1hA t\ih1J'O +ml1V-'f ?"hc n.T OhaJ:~T
4.

h:"Cf1 i'f.OO.+TCD-'}fil'ltf:.<J>A ::

f' f ih1J'O ,,'ml1V-'f ?"hC n.T fmtfJTCD- ih1'f
; Tt\.""9''f;

oooo~f9''fe; CD-lt);9''f "'''II1~'e ootre;TCD-'} ,e.h;J-+"A;

fl,'J'"1tfJA ::

!!. fOlJ..~ilTC''f ?"hc o...,.'} ,e.OO~A : fil+I1-t1~A:

,e.mhl\A::

~. fOlJ..~ilTC''f ?"hc 0.-1- fmtfJTCD-'} Tt\.""9''f ; ~,}f1'f ;

oooo~f9''fe; CD-lt);9''f +~.~OIJ..~T ,e.h;J-+I\A ::

~. fU1~i:,} fCD-6f!'Tt\."" OOl\,e.~T filL1\OIJA ::

~. i'0IJ..1i~C''f'} t f0lJ6hl\'e m:"I\,e. Cj:Cf:n.T 'Tt..tL~'}Te;
?"hTA 'Tt..tL~'}T'} he;"'Pe; "Jt+C'} ooc{U Oih1f-t1
+ml1V-'f ?"hC n.T i'f.OO.+TCD-'}fil'ltf,.':J>A::

:!. fooil+~f:-r'} P'~ hL~'It?"e; -t1:J>T,e."'tfJm~A ; hil
9.

~.I\1. ftr~ fhC?"T hC?"~9''f'} ,e.mil~A ::

iI' OtLV h'}4>1\ '}o-il h'}4>1\ ~he; ~ h+HlH-rT CD-6f!'ftr~
hc;:+~ fOO'}'"1P'T f iiA (f.oo-f'f') ,e.{}tfJA ::

I' f ih'll-t1 +ml1V-'f ?"hc n.T OOlJ..fmtfJCD-ih'"1 m,e.?"
OOlJ..{}mCD-CD-lt);oorvlT ~?('c;'f'}e; 1iAOIJ-f'f') t\'Tt..tL
~,}i: h:"Cf1 ffltfJA::

Ili. ilt\ U1~i: u-);;J- t OOO'}'"1P'T ilt\+he;m~ +'"1I1~Te;
ilt\m~LT 6:",,'f t\ih1f-t1 +ml1v-'f ?"hc n.T Ofm:"i:

~TCT f4>CI1A :: . "

CHAPTER EIGHT
THE EXECUTIVE

Article 72
The Powers olthe Executive

l. The highest executive powers of the FederalGovernment
are vested in the Prime Minister and in the Council of
Ministers.

2. The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers are
responsible to the House of Peoples' Representatives. In
the exercise of State functions,members of the Councilof
Ministers are co]]ectively responsible for all decisions
they make as a body.

3. Unless otherwise provided in this Constitution the term of
office of the Prime Minister is for the duration of the
mandate of the House of Peoples'Representatives.

Article 73
Appointment olthe Prime Minister

l. The Prime Minister sha]] be elected from among members
of the House of Peoples' Representatives.

2. Power of Government sha]] be assumed by the political
partry or a coalition of political parties that constitutes a
majority in the House of Peoples'Representatives.

Article 74
Powers and Functions ol the Prime Minister

l. The Prime Minister is the Chief Executive,the Chairman
ofthe Council of Ministers,and the Commander-in-Chief
of the national armed forces.

2. The Prime Minister sha]] submit for approvalto the House
of Peoples' Representatives nominees for ministerial
posts from among members of the two Houses or from
among persons who are not members of either House and
possess the required qualifications.

3. He sha]] fo]]ow up and ensure the implementation of laws,
policies, directives and other decisions adopted by the
House of Peoples' Representatives.
He leads the Council of Ministers, coordinates its
activities and acts as its representative.

5. He exercises overa]] supervision over the implementation
of policies, regulations, directives and decisions adopted
by the Council of Ministers.

6. He exercises overa]] supervision over the implementation
of the country's foreign policy.

7. He selects and submits for approval to the House of
Peoples' Representatives nominations for posts of Com-
missioners, the President and Vice-President of the
Federal Supreme Court and the Auditor General.

8. He supervises the conduct and efficiency of the Federal
administration and takes such corrective measures as are
necessary .
He appoints high civilian officials of the Federal
Government other than those referred to in sub-Articles 2
and 3 of this Article.

10. In accordance with law enacted or decision adopted by
the House of Peoples' Representatives, he recommends
to the President nominees for the award of medals,prizes
and gifts.

II.He sha]] submit to the House of Peoples'Representatives
periodic reports on work accomplished by the Executive
as we]] as on its plans and proposals.


'IX-?i~ t..lot.A ~:M"" :,",ffJ ch1'Cl! ~Ih(\ I?; +, Iilfn ~.,... Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21
st August 1995 - Page 28

n. 0 It tJ ih 1 ool..,,,.,:r-Cj0 "'fro:f ih1:f f '''''m-:r-, "'fro:f
"''''I1C':f !hCj~CjA II

Ii:' ih1 ool..,,,.,i:l !h<Ot-A ; !ith<Ot-A ==

ttl4>7\ ~1:

itt\ 9"h:r- Am:" ",e. t1IJ.~it:r-C

~. 9"h:r-A m:"",e. t1IJ.~it..,.?- :
(}) 0 m:"",e. t1IJ.~it..,-?- '1' t\,e..,. ~ f t1IJ.llm-:r-l .,..., 11C':f

!hCj~CjA ;

t\) m:"",e. OI/_~it:r-?-OOl/,e.'i'CO:r-1.tf. .,.h.,.:r- ,e.rvt-AII

~. 9"h..,. Am:" ",e. 01/,~ it..,.?- .,. m~ ~i: t\m :"",e. t1IJ.~it""?-
,e..rCj A I:

ttl4>7\ ~~
ft1lJ.~it,"-C':f 9"hC 0.""

~. f 01/,~it"" r.':f 9"hen.
..,- Im:"",e. t1IJ.~it..,.C J 9"h..,.A

m :"",e. 01/,~it..,.c: 01/,~it..,. r.':fCj 0 ih.., 0 t1IJ.m III 00 lll''''
I\.t\..-:;-ttl)t\..:f ft1lJ.1'f-0'''- 9"hC 0."" ~~ II

~. fOl/,~it..,-r.'-:;- 9"hc 0...,. 'hn~ ~i: t\m:"",e. t1IJ.~it""?- ~~II

f'
fOl/,~it..,.r.."..,'-9"hC 0.'''' t\OI/,mit~~ ~lt); t\ih1f<O "'lDitf-:f

9"hc o..} 'hn~ ~~ I:

1',14>?' ~'b

f 01/.~it"" C':f 9"h co..} "., A flJl Cj .,..., I)C

~. fOl/,~it..,.(~'''''-9"hC0...,-Oih11'0 'f-mitv':f 9"hC 0."" fmlll'
ih1:fCj f.f-llm- m-ltMP';}'- 0".,11' 00"'C101/:f~1 !l;J

°1f1JA: £1P00~!9':f1 ,e.llflJA II

~. fOl/,~it.I;r.':flCj 04>1';J' t\OI/,~it''''r.':f 9"hC 0."" "'m~
fIn, I\.t\..:f fool °1""'''- 1',it"'''-l ttf.l~~"" ,e.mitCjA:
"., &.~~~'} J'it"'I)<O/I'A : ,e.oot-A II

i~' f~foll't\'l 001°1""'''' f}oo;J.'£ O~..,. !tf;J~A J t\ih11<O

'l'mitV'';}'- 9"hC 0...,- .f4>CI1A : fl.?y,..:,.9" "''''I)t-'£~i:l

.fl;J°lf1JA I:

Q' f11tf.OCj f~,e.Cjlit 7't\.fl.l "''''1111''£~'''' !l;J..,flJA :

'Om.II',£ 'nhl !it'I'P'J~..II'A : 'I1U'O !."t-OI/A : h(}1C
(D-it1'Cj h~til!' ,e.O.V.II'A : f~tifb 9"lt'~Cj f11U<O

A~~1'l ,e..y.flJm&-A ::

?;. f t,mlI'C; fh. ~ 1'011 oo.fl.y,:f'l !itm1i.9' b\ ::
j.. fttJl '.OI/,,{",£ : fOl/,., (]&-'£Cj fA 01/"" 7- t\. fl.9':f "nCj it"" t->I;

:{9':fl ,e.H':~A : !itt,7\01/A ::

'b' 1',lY: m1' foot\h.! Y.l~9'-:;-lCj f1.IL 4>ooC !lDflJA II

~~. flJ1~'l:'} f~til!' °n'~"~'''' 7't\.fl. !mflJA : !itt,7\01/A I:
ij. iholCj ".,c'H- oohfl~,'} .fl.:JolflJA I:

I. f1',it~~~,f, '..11. tt'P~ .f~~A : OlltJ ih1 001"'''''''''

(H'Y. ~'11(D- f'UL a'lll ~it1' : f ;J'lD~f.~l fttit:fi).,e.1.IL

1','P~ t\ih'U'O 'l'mitV."}" 9"hC 0.'''' tt:"cn !it?Y,::J>A ::

I~' f{nc~'} 1-P,V'-:;-1 l.Lb9Ur.'OOl/Cj:f~9" 1-P,f-:f ",e. fihol

l<t:" t\l'h11'0 .f-lDitv.:f- 9"hC 0.'''' !4>CI)A ::

I~' f ih11'0 .f-mitv':f 9"hC o.."-Cj m:"",e. t1IJ.~it""?- fOl/,ll
1Il,,},I\.t\..:f "''''I)r.''''''' .fhCj~CjA II

Ii:' fih1Hl ,,'mitf-:f 9"hC n.'''' Ot1lJ.llm~ ".,AflJl oolll""
Y.ln:fl !lDflJA II

12. He shall discharge all responsibilities entrusted to him by
this Constitution and other laws.

13. He shall obey and enforce the Constitution.

Article 75
Deputy Prime Minister

1. The Deputy Prime Minister shall:
(a) Carry out responsibilities which shall be specifically

entrusted to him by the Prime Minister;
(b) Act on behalf of the Prime Ministerin his absence.

2. The Deputy Prime Minister shall be responsible to the
Prime Minister.

Article 76
The Council of Ministers

1. The Council of Ministers comprises the Prime Minister,
the Deputy Prime Minister,Ministers and other members
as may be determined by law.

.

2. The Council of Ministers is responsible to the Prime
Minister.

3. In all its decisions,the Councilof Ministers is responsible
to the House of Peoples' Representatives.

Article 77 .
Powers and Functions of the Councilof Ministers

1. The Council of Ministers ensures the implementation of
laws and decisions adopted by the House of Peoples'
Representatives.

2. It shall decide on the organizationalstructure of ministries
and other organs of government responsible to it; it shall
coordinate their activities and provide leadership.

3. It shall draw up the annual Federal budget and, when
approved by the House of Peoples' Representatives, it
shall implement it.

4. It shall ensure the proper execution of financial and
monetary policies of the country; it shall administer the
National Bank, decide on the printing of money and
minting of coins, borrow money from domestic and
external sources, and regulate foreign exchange matters.

5. It shall protect patents and copyrights.
6. It shall formulate and implement economic, social and

development policies and strategies.
7. It shall provide uniform standards of measurement and

calendar.
8. It shall formulate the country'sforeign policy and exercise

overall supervision over its implementation.
9. It shall ensure the observance of law and order.
10. It has the power to declare a state of emergency;in doing

so, it shall, within the time limit prescribed by the
Constitution, submit the proclamation declaring a state of
emergency for approval' by the House of Peoples'
Representati ves.

11. It shall submit draft laws to the House of Peoples'
Representatives on any matter falling within its com-
petence, including draft laws on a declaration of war.

12. It shall carry out other responsibilities that may be
entrusted to it by the House of Peoples' Representatives
and the Prime Minister.

13. It shall enact regulations pursuant to powers vested in it
by the House of Peoples' Representatives.


1X" t)jj t."f-.,&.A. ~;M"" ,'JIL(f) <I:'fC Ii ~~hl1.If; .,.1 Il1fit?; ~.,... Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21st August 1995 - Page 29

9"/)t-lf. Hm~

ilt\ If.C~ o..,.:f hlD:P4>Ce;P'AllJ1

h14>1\ ~=I;

ilt\ .,., f'&;~""" hilA

ji. .,., f'&;~""" hilA OtttJ ih1 001CJ1P''''' 1-*<#:o:l.A ::
~. f /...Y..t-lt.. 001.., P"'" h r.:1-;;: f .&;~.,..,. hilA f /...Y..t-I\-

m:"I\f. r,:c~ 0."" f.1Ye; A :: f ih1fl1 1-lDl1r-:f 9"hC 0.""

hil~I\1.I'LI fLf11lD- f/...Y..'~A hlf.1-;;: If.C~ 0.""9" I'"
foo"f..oo~f f.~;r If.Cf: 0.'''' OU1~1: 000-1\- lDf.9" Oh~A
h 1 Jlf.'~~ 0 l/-t\"" Y' ilrJ-;;: f:9" iJ t\. lDil1 f.:fl\ A:: 1-.&;~
OtttJ h i),:\1 I1A1-lD"" f /...Y..t-A hlf.1-;;:e; fOO"f..oo~!
f,~;r If.C.r.:o..,.:r P'AllJ1 t\hAA If.C.(' o..,.:f 1-"'1':tA::

r' hAt\":f: fhAA m:"I\f. r,:c~ o..,.:f : fhAA hlf.1-;;:
r,:c.(' n..y,:fc,' fhAA fooJ!..oo~f f,~;r If.C.(' 0."'1'
f.' t-;ftpA :: 11C11-r nihCJlf.lD"e;A ::

9,' f'&;~""" P'AllJ11 hOOf,O;;: If.C.(' o..y,:f lDf.9" Oth'"
foo,&;'Y.),P'AllJ1 tH'''mlD- 1-*9" lD-6J.hfflll.!f,C'" :

OihCJlfr"f. "111 f'&;~"')' P'Cq..,. fDllf.h1-A A ~ If.C.('
0..). lDf.9" 1.'l.f«£ r,:c.(' n.')' hf.**9"9" ::

?;, f ih11'0"'OJI1r-:f 9"hC o...,.c,' fhAA 9"hC o..,.:f Oh14>1\
c!}9.10.il h14>1\ ?; oo,,~.). f'lf.DIl'l..,.e; fl1ihA r,:c.('

0..y'1'1 t\..f*<#:OO-OJf.9" hlD-:"e; t\."m. f.:rl\t\, :: f.tJ ih1

001CJ1P''''' hoo1\f,<#: n~..)' 0001..,P''''' hlD-:,.e; h"'~1-lD-

fL"'~I1~~lD- nO-r f'lf.DIl'l"':fe; fl1ihA r,:c.(' o..,.:f OtttJ

ih" 001CJ1P")' oo,,~.). ~,(D-:"e; hCJ1~1-lD- f.f./~;rl\- ::

)',14>?t' iN!

f'&;~"')' P'AllJ1

ji. O/ e..'~A9" I'" OhAA f'&;~""" P'AllJ1 fr,:c.(' 0..y'1'
'O:I~ ., lD- ::

~. Of'''';;:lD-9'' .e.~;r fDll:'~ f'&;~"'''' hilA hDll1;;:lD-9"

f001CJ1P")' hilA: hDll1;;:lD-9" 1lt\P'AllJ1 I'~ hDll1
;;:lD-9" t\. 1\ rJ-1\ /)'I

.,., .,lD- ::

r' .&;1,-'1'f'&;~"''''
i.CJ1Ilt,;I~lD-1 Ooo-t\. .,.,.,.). !he;lD-e;t\. ::

hihCJl Oil,"4>C 0t\.1\ U,),;J' hf.oo-r9" ::

9.' DIl1;;:lD-9"'&;;;:h'ltJ n;J.:f fH.oot\h1:')' l/-)..+sP:f I1AIY.,

Oili'4>C Oih.., h1-OJ""lD- f m.~;J' /)f,'DI!. hoo .('~ O~.).

h ~,:P.P,. lD,6J!' h'&;~ ., .), P' '~lD- hf.""1 9"=
0) f.&;1,-':f hilrJ-'&;f.C 1'11f}. 0.&;1,-'1' fJlfLTt\.1 thCJl

00,p~'1' 1f~'1' ~,?t'o.1.A lDf.9" 1,AtJ fl'" f P"~

1't\";J'e; :"Alff,:e; h1f1;J-A 11t\" fLlDil1 : lDf.9"

t\) ntJoo9" 9"h1.f')' ",CJ11l-r1 Or"10,lD- l/-).;t" DIlht;

OJ1 hf.:fA9" 'Ot\" fLOJil1 : he;

th) f',.Ilf}.lD- lD-lt). Oih'lI'O rJ-mI1V'1' 9"hC 0."" OJ~9"

OhAA 9"hC n,.Y:'}', hCJ1D1l7iOl\f. ,('9"iJ fL?t.(':" ::

?;. fDll1;;:lD-9"'&;;;: fm-~;J' 00lD-fil>}..ttl. h~'~H9"9" ::

1;, f/ e..'~A m:"I\f. f':C.~' 0.'''' f/ eo'~t\'1 001..,P")'

f'&;~"
.}, hilA fOlJ,f il.J-'&;f:C 0""1 O:f."" t\ih1fl1 1-lDl1r-:f

9"hC o..}, h:"C(1 .filOJile;A : fL~,4>'('9" 0:f.'1:1 .fili''&;

'("~A ::

CHAPTER NINE
STRUCTURE AND POWERS OF THE COURTS

Article 78
Independence of the Judiciary

1. An independent judiciary is established by this Cons-
titution.

2. Supreme Federal judicial authority is vested in the Federal
Supreme Court. The House of Peoples' Representatives
may, by two-thirds majority vote, establish nationwide.
or in some parts of the country only, the Federal High
Court and First-Instance Courts it deems necessary.
Unless decided in this manner, the jurisdictions of the
Federal High Court and of the First-Instance Courts are
hereby delegated to the State courts.

3. States shall establish State Supreme, High and First-
Instance Courts. Particulars shall be determined by law.

4. Special or ad hoc courts which take judicial powers aWaY
. from the regular courts or institutions legally empowered
to exercise judicial functions and which do not fol1ow
legally prescribed procedures shall not be established.

5. Pursuant to sub-Article 5 of Article 34 the House of
Peoples' Representatives and State Councils can es-
tablish or give official recognition to religious and
customary courts. Religious and customary courts that
had state recognition and functioned prior to the adoption
of the Constitution shall be organized on the basis of
recognition accorded to them by this Constitution.

Article 79
Judicial Powers

1. Judicial powers, both at Federal and State levels, are
vested in the courts.

2. Courts of any level shall be free from any interference of
influence of any governmental body, government official
or from any other source.

3. Judges shall exercise their functions in full independence
and shall be directed solely by the law.

4. No judge shall be removed from his duties before he
reaches the retirement age determined by law except
under the following conditions:
(a) When the Judicial Administration Council decides to

remove him for violation of disciplinary rules or on
grounds of gross incompetence or inefficiency; or

(b) When the Judicial Administration Council decides

that a judge can no longer carry out his respon-
sibilities on account of illness; and

(c) When the House of Peoples' Representatives or the

concerned State Council approves by a majority vote
the decisions of the Judicial Administration Counci J.

5. The retirement of judges may not be extended beyond the
retirement age determined by law.

6. The Federal Supreme Court shall draw up and submit to
the House of Peoples' Representatives for approval the
budget ofthe Federal courts, and upon approval. adminis-
ter the budget.


1X" t!) A..1.t./A '1;J~'''' ;JILII) <h1'C:it '1,h(\ I?i .,.1 Iilfft Ii,"',

'to

Federal NegaritGazeta - No.1 21st August 1995 - Page 30

fhAA f~~~"'" "I1I\-T 01:"'" Of hAt\- 9"'hC o.-fT

"OD"11 A :: f Ch1l-fl "'lDl1f"T 9"'hC 0.'''' f t..Y..t./\.'}
fhCJ:.,.~e; fOD1:OD(,.f f.~~ r,:c.(' o.-fT f~~~"'" rAil)'}

f.COlD- I\III/.IP~"'" fhAA m:""" CJ:C.(' o.-fTe; fhAA

hCJ:"'~ CJ:C~-o.-fT fO:l"'" 0IJ1111?f''(all)A ::

"'}+7\ it
fCJ:C.('0.-fT Il)9"'I,. ~..,..e;rAil)'}

{iF ft..Y..t.A m:""" CJ:C~-0.'''' Ot..Y..t.A ~~f"T ""
fO""e;

fODa;a.~7i f~~~'''' rAil)'} "C:~tpA ::

!l" fhAA m:""" CJ:C~'0.-). OhAI\. -,~" ""
fo""e;

fOD£t\.~7t" f~~~'''' p'AIl)'} "C: ~tpA :: 0.,.a;a.0IJ(,

ft..Y..I,.A fhr,:.,.~ CJ:C~-0.-)- f~~~"'" rAil)'} "C:~tpA::

r" OILt} "'}+7\ '}o-ll "'}+7\ fi 'he; !l f"'m+(alD- 0. C:C9"'J
rJ) f t..Y..t.t\- m:"

""
r,:c~' o.'r OD(a~:J-ce f (J'~ f Ch"'1

llU.,."'" 11\0''''') 0IJe;:ftD-'}9"' fODa;a.~7t" tD-"'~

1\0IJ~9"' O(aOC TI\":" fOlJf"'" rAil)'} "C: ~tpA ::

1'C1'~ OCh"'1"lD(ae;A ::
1\) fhAA m:"""

r,:c~- 0."'" OD(a~:J"ce f(J'~ f Ch..,

llU-"')- 11\0:"'} OhAA 1-~f"T f"'(am fODQ;\,~7t"

lD-"'~ 1\0IJ~9"' O(aOC TI\""'" fOlJf"'" rAil)'}

"'j ~tp A :: 1'C11~ nCh'" "lD(ae; A ::

g" fhAA hr,:.,.~ r,:c.v." n.')" OhA/\' hOlJ.C:~tD- f~~~"'"
rAil)'} n.,.a;a.OIJ(, ft..f..I,.A fOD:lOD(,1 ,,~~ lj:C~- 0."'"
f~~~')' rAil)'} "C:~tpA ::

?;" fhAA hr,:.,.~ CJ:c.v.' 0.-)' Ot..Y..t.A fOD1:OD(,1 ,,~~
CJ:C~-0.-)' f~~~"'" rAn,.,. OD(a~"'"OOlJ.(amlD-lD-"'~

""
fOlJ.+COlD- ""'1Il~ OhAA m:""" CJ:C~-0."'" ":J-IA ::

];" fhAA m:""" CJ:C.v.'0.-). Ot..Y..t.A f~~~"'" rAil)'"
OOlJ,(amlD- lD-"'~

""
fOlJ.+COlD- ""'1Il~ 0t..Y..t./\.

m:"""
c,:cy.- 0."'" ":r 1 A ::

"'}+7\ -itli
lll\~~:Y- "11:11:9"'

{i" f t..Y..t.A m:""" CJ:c.v.' 0.'''' T t..tL~'}..,..e;9"'h""'A T t..
tL~'}"'" Ot..Y..t.A OD,}"'1r"'" m:""" OIJ.tll""'C ":"t.o.~"'"
OCh1l-fl"'lDl1f"T 9"'hc 0.:,. ,,"fi0lJt\- ::

!l" t\.I\-T f t..Y..t.A m:""" c,:c~' 0."'" ~~T'} O"'ODl\h.,.

Ot..Y..t.A f~~T "ll'''~f,C 1-11'\ f+~(l-I\""''} 'h'"9'T

m.}>"" III/.t ll""'~ 1\Ch1"0 '''lD 11f"T 9"'hCo."'" ,,:,. Cf1
I"fiOlJA ::

r" fhAA m:""" CJ:C~-0.-).Tt..ll~'}..,..e; 9"'h""'A Tt..tL~'}"'"
OhAt\- C~(a ODll"'~_f...c ":"t.O.~"'" OhAt\- 9"'hC 0."'"
,,"{I"OIJ t\- ::

g" fhAA m:""" CJ:C~' o.:,.e; fhAA hr,:.,.~ lj:C~' 0."'"
4.

~~T OhAt\- f~~T "ll"'~"C 1-11'\ ":"t.o.~"'" OhAt\-
9"'hC 0."'" ,,"fi0lJt\- :: fhAt\- f~~T "ll"'~"C ~Il~
f~~T'} if.OD"'"l\9"'hC o.-f: hOlJ:"~(I- OL"'" f t..Y..t.I\'
f~~T "ll"'~"C ~Il'\ 0~'"9':t:

""
11\lD-'}"ll""lf"'"

ODmf.}>e; "ll""frf:'} hI,."" "ll""f"'" ;JC 00lJ1111

I\hAt\- 9"'hC 0."'" fOlJ:"~-fl ~"L~"'" "1\0"'" :: f t..Y..t. 1\'

f~~T "ll"'~f.C ~Il'\ "ll''''frf:,} OY"ll"'"lDC 1.tf. lD-ll'l'

11"+~0 fhAt\- 9"'hc 0."'" if.ODrf:'}I"'~':PA ::

7. Budgets of State courts shall be determined by the
respective State Council. The House of Peoples'
Representatives shall allocate compensatory budgets for
States whose Supreme and High courts concurrently
exercise the jurisdictions of the Federal High Court and
Federal First-Instance Courts.

Article 80
Concurrent Jurisdiction of Courts

I. The Federal Supreme Court shall have the highest and
final judicial power over Federal matters.

2. State Supreme Courts shall have the highest and final
judicial power over State matters. They shall also exercise
the jurisdiction of the Federal High Court.

3. Notwithstanding the Provisions of sub-ArticlesI and 2 of
this Article;
(a) The Federal Supreme Court has a power of cassation

over any final court decision containing a basic error
of law. Particulars shall be determined by law.

(b) The State Supreme Court has power of cassation
over any final court decision on State matters which
contains a basic error of law. Particulars shall be
determined by law.

4. State High Courts shall, in addition to State jurisdiction,
exercise the jurisdiction of the Federal First-Instance
Court.

5. Decisions rendered by a State High Court exercising the
jurisdiction of the Federal First-Instance Court are
appealable to the State Supreme Court.

6. Decisions rendered by a State Supreme Court on Federal
matters are appealable to the Federal Supreme Court.

Article 81
Appointment of Judges

I. The President and Vice-President of the Federal Supreme
Court shall, upon recommendation by the Prime Minister,
be appointed by the House of People's Representatives.

2. Regarding other Federal judges, the Prime Minister shall
submit to the House of Peoples' Representatives for
appointment candidates selected by the Federal Judicial
Administration Council.

3. The State Council shall, upon recommendation by the
Chief Executive of the State, appoint the President and
Vice-President of the State Supreme Court.
State Supreme and High Court judges shall, upon
recommendation by the State Judicial Administration
Council, be appointed by the State Council. The State
Judicial Administration Council, before submitting
nominations to the State Council,has the responsibility to
solicit and obtain the views of the Federal Judicial
Administration Council on the nominees and to forward
those views along with its recommendations. If the
Federal Judicial Administration Council does not submit
its views within three months, the State Council may
grant the appointments.


'lK' i!j{; ~1.t.A '1;MT ;JIJ."J ~1'L: {; '1,hl\ I~ +? I!if'!f?; ~.,... Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21
st August 1995 - Page 31

~. fhAA fno"!oP6' '-~jf ~C~ o..} J;7r OhAl\- fJ;7r
hi1.,..JW.C 1'11~ h:"~O. ~,.,. OhAl\- 9"hC o..} ~'(i07l\- II

j.. Of.}~W-'" ~~jf f07.1'f- J;7r f"lft Tt\.'}C; fllw-w-C
1'J;~ OO7.noi\h.,..w- fJ;7r hi1""J;~C 1'11~ ~OJ(tC;A II

h'}+", ife
f:it1 no')..,,,...} 1,J;f"r hlf)~ 1'11~ hOJ:J>+C

j!. f:it1 no'}o,,,...} 1'J;f"r hlf)~ 1'11~ mUJ :it1 no'}..,,.,.}

'l'!l:cho:l.A II
I, f:it1 no'}..,,.,.} 1'J;f"r hlf)~ 1'11~ h"'~ h,}~ hf11\.}

~tj~:l'A II hf11\-I:9" f07.h.,..l\-.} C;TW- ;

u) f~'o~A m:"1\~ Ct:C~-o..} Tt..'LJ;'}.} t (toOl'to. ;
i\) f ~1..I,.A m:"1\~ Ct:C~ o..} 9"h.}A T t..'LJ;'}.} t

9"h,.,. A (toOl't 0. I

m) 0:it11oO ""OJl1f-r 9"hC o..} h:"~o.~.} O~ToO

t\.tl' Tt..'tJ;'},}- f07.'(illD' OllD'f oO:J>:f'Tw-C; O,.,~

9"°'f1/,.TW- f.,..no(th~I\TW- i1~i1.} f:it.., f1i\lID'

f9'r ;

no) f ~'ot.. 7i). 9"hC o..} hhf11\-I: ool1hA f"tOJhl\TW-

~i1:'f' (t9'r II
[. f:it1 no')o,,,...} 1,J;f'r hlf)~ 1'f1~ f""~ :"A1'lj:C;'}

i\07~;J11' f07.fi1ri\w- oofJ':"C t\."~;J ~rl\A II

h'}+", 'iff
:it1 no'}o,,.,-I:'} i1i\no.,..C19"

j!. f:it1 no'}
°'"" :f''e hchc 1'J;~ ft ~I't 0~1..t.. 7i). 9"hC o..}

w-I't~ f1~ A II

I, f ~1..t.. 7i'} 9"hC o..} : f:it1 oo'}..,,.,.} 1'J;f"r hlf)~ 1'f1q,

O"t'+C'Oi\.} :it1 00,}"''''71£ 1'J;~ I\~ 01PI\1't +C;.}

OJi11' w-I't~ ~(tIf)A II

h'}+", TO- -
f:it1 oo')..,,.,.} 1'J;f-r hlf)~ 1'f1~ ,.,AIf)'}C; ""o,f1C

j!. f:it1 oo'}..,,,...} 1,J;f'r hlf)~ 1'f1~ :it1 00'}"''''7'e

'"J;f"r'} f07If)~.} ,.,AIf)'} ~tj~fJlA II 0"tf~C1W-
O7If)~:'f- oo(t~.} :it', oo'}o,,,..-I:'} 00""C19" hi1LI\1. (ftj

ftf11w- i\~1..t.. 7i') 9"hC o..} 01'J;~ I\~ fw-I't~ Yl'toO

,+CI1A II

I, 0~1..~i\- 00,}"'''''.}9'' tr~ OhAA :it.., hw-Q;\. hl11\.}

r07. OJm.:it 1r h'LU :it1 oo'}..,,,...} ;JC ~:J>~ C;l\- f"tA
l' f4: ft ~1'tC;1'J;~9" OO7.ooi\/h.,..w- lj:C~'o..} OJ~9" 0f1i\
1,J;~ ft+CoOi\.} bfC9"r.' i\00~g.~7i w-I't~ i\~1..t.. 7i).

9"hC 0."" '+Cf1A II

f' O~C~ o..y."f f:it1
no'}..,,.,.} ""C1'9" 'I'f4: ft~1't t

u) :it1 oo'}..,,,..-I:'} 00'l'C19" hi1&.f\1. (ftj I'tf11w-

ft+C 1'J;~,) i\07.noi\h.,..w- lj:C~ o..} ~OOAI'tA !
Ohlf)~ 1'f1~w- w-I't~ :,.C f.,..(tl f1i\1'J;~ :"t..:f'w-'}

i\~1..t.. 7i). 9"hC o..} 0~"'f1~ O7:"~oO ~rl\A II
i\) f""C1'9" 1'f4: notj~'} foo~O.} ~'}~(f~ 01'J;~ I\~

f"t(tmw-') :it1 no,}"'''':f''e ""C1'9" i\~1..t.. 7i'}

9"hC 0."" i\no~~7i w-I't~ f+Cf1A II
g. f"tno~O""')""~ ""Cq.} hC:".,. i\~1..t.. 7i). 9"hC o..}

f+Cf1A . ftL+~'" """'f1~'e f~C;JA II

5. Judges of State First-Instance Courts shall, upon recom-
mendation by the State Judicial Administration Council,
be appointed by the State Council.

6. Matters of code of professional conduct and discipline as
well as transfer of judges of any court shall be determined
by the concerned Judicial Administration Council.

Article 82
Structure of the Council of Constitutional Inquiry

1. The Council of Constitutional Inquiry is established by
this Constitution.

2. The Council of Constitutional Inquiry shall have eleven
members comprising:
(a) The President of the Federal Supreme Court, who

shall serve as its President;
(b) The Vice-President of the Federal Supreme Court,

who shall serve as its Vice-President;
(c) Six legal experts, appointed by the President of the

Republic on recommendation by the House of
Peoples' Representatives, who shall have proven
professional competence and high moral standing;

(d) Three persons designated by the House of the
Federation from among its ~mbers.

3. The Council of Constitutional Inquiry shall establish
organizational structure which can ensure expeditious
execution of its responsibilities.

Article 83
Interpretation of the Constitution

1. All constitutional disputes shall be decided by the House
of the Federation.

2. The House of the Federation shall, within thirty days of
receipt, decide a constitutional dispute submitted to it by
the Council of Constitutional Inquiry.

Article 84
Powers and Functions of the Council of Constitutional

Inquiry

1. The Council of Constitutional Inquiry shall have powers
to investigate constitutionaldisputes. Should the Council,
upon consideration of the matter, find it necessary to
interpret the Constitution, it shall submit its recommen-
dations thereon to the House of the Federation.

2. Where any Federal or State law is contested as being
unconstitutional and such a dispute is submitted to it by
any court or interested party, the Council shall consider
the matter and submit it to the House of the Federation for
a final decision.

3. When issues of constitutional interpretation arise in the
courts, the Council shall:
(a) Remand the case to the concerned court if it finds

there is no need for constitutional interpretation; the
interested party, if dissatisfied with the decision of
the Council, may appeal to the House of the
Federation.

(b) Submit its recommendations to the House of the
Federation for a final decision if it believes there is a
need for constitutional interpretation.

4. The Council shall draft its rules of procedure and sumbit
them to the House ofthe Federation;and implement them
upon approval.


1K" cJj~ t..Y..t.A ";J~'''' ;JILIfJ <k1'C it ."hll.Hi +,IuIn 'I''''' Federal Negarit Gazeta -No.1 21- August 1995- Page 32

r/}{,.£t.. tt".,C

f.nth.t-ee 7't\.f1. OOCtfsP'fr. q,,"7sP'f

tt '} 4»1\ 'if ~

q,,"7sP'f

!!' OOJ'}<1(JJ-r f
oo'}..,,,.,..,. tt \')A J11 oo'}'" "., of:'} : Iblto'f

J11'f'}r. 7't\.f1.sP'f'} ""{,. ,,~ f1.!(JJ-A O.ltJ r/}t-lf.

n"'OOl\h'I:'-" ooClrsP~'r. ql\OOJsP'f ,,~ 0000i11.''''
ttI\O'-"::

~, O'ltJ r/}{,.£t.. (JJ-i11'Hoo'}",,,,,:,,,, OOJI\:"~,}f.fv-).:t'(JJ-

f ~Yu{,.A oo'}o,,,.,.). lD~r fhAA ooi1''''~f:~'f OOJ/\''''
~Irr. A ::

tt '} 4»
""

'o'j.... ~.
f(JJ-lif.b "'T)',.,,), ooclrsP'.}',

ji' ftt.')'f'A',f'} J1'IfI1"'f' '1':"9u fOOJ"fi1l1l,n:"r. f01&'I:'} /\,q

I\ee",'" fOOJ"fi1h-nc f(JJ-lif.b o'Tf,.,,), 7't\.f1. OOJ{,.oof.: ::
g, foo'}",,,.,,"')''} /\,ql\«r..,,)'r. ~h-A .".,. OOJhnc : 01b/\o1',... . .

O'Jr::}'.'J,p'f:of.OJi1'1'filA,'" tt/\oo",'l-)' ::

e' fO'J&": flD-lif.b"'Tf,":" 7't\.f1. n,'J{,. 'I':"rr. n~h'A
.,,),

I\f. f "'lIP III.'" OOln,'} ~'}Jtv-r Oq/\r tt4»r~ f.l.~

fOOJ,J',l.'J' i1rr.,.y:,}', ftt.')'f'A',f'} 'I':"r fOOJ,!i1h'O~,
IlPlrr.:':W''} OOJ1.;11'1' ::

~, ftt.')'f-A",f'} I\.ql\ee.,,), fOOJ,!i1h'O~r. fJ11W;I;'} 1':"r

fOOJ~IfI.~, q/\r 1',4»c~ J11:f,l; i1rr.,.y,~'.'} OOJhOc ::

4' h')I.IV" O'Jr.:~'r. hlb/\,,',}"r f1',C~&\'}'l'Ir:'of. ,'JC nf'l.lf.W'
~"ff,'J fOl/,"tf.: tt.f1';'OOJ"flf 'HI I.')''.' fJ11fl1'f w'},r.:OOJOOJ"}"
.,,),'} OOJ1AIl-)' ::

%, n'J'Jr:'.}', IIP\,}hA fOIl, "ll' "'lif.b.y'1' lll\OOJlf Olr., oo'}'JJ',:

~,'}Jt"",: '1'1.')' OOJf:I.'" ::

1','},,.
"" 'q'%

foohl\h,f ooclrsP~"

ji' flJ'Jk': foohl\hJ' '''''.If')' f,nth.r::}', : f'nth.l.ll{l'.}" ~,'.'

f J11w'.f,'} OOJ},r.lf .,'tpil? .f\'}""" ~Ir'.' A ::
~, foohl\h.f OOJ,~i1''''C11";'fil?,"(I'OO(JJ-ll.ilA ~tf'.'A ::

i~' foohl\h,f ,p{,.lf')' fO'J/,":'} I\,ql\lf"')' hool1ln:" IH't.L1.

OOJ/, nU,tJ ;',1 oo'}..,p,:" oolll.'''' n1',i1:':';1.~ 'l.if. 1',tp:~

fOOJ,lll1l':"'} "''''I1r:',f' .fhl,"w,l,'A ::

~, foohl\h.f ".{,.ee.,: nOOJ'.':':w'Yu 'l.1f./\J1'J lIP'}"''''''': "''1'11;

~11''.' A ::
?;, foohl\h.f ,p{,.ee'l: "''''f1~,'} h7'/\'I;\'} J','C~:.y:,}'. W'J'ree":"

., If fUr., 1',~\:...'} ,fh '.' W,l; A ::

1','}".?\ 'if:~

7'/\'1;\'} .,h 1}I\OOJsP1'

ji'
oo'}..,,,.,,.,. nYu'lPh{,.f1.,flf ooCtfsP',}', I\~ nooooi1I.'''' J11f(l'

ov-I\.r f,l.~sP'f ".ll',} n".ll' fOOJ"fi1"'p'f:cn,)"} Q.).:"
OOJoo;F:t:.),1',/\0')' ::

!l' OO'}"''''':f' f'Oth.r:~''} : f'n,h.l.ll{l~''} : fJ11W'f'} OOJ'}".),
f"7hOc'.' OIlv- I\~ noooocf11' noo\,}hl\r(JJ- ~ h-A .,..,. :

1','}.f:" ,)''.' OJ'} y.:OOJOOJ~""
,.,.'} fOOJl1l'.'hc ",Yo;" tt/\ 0'''' ::

CHAPTER TEN
NATIONAL POLICY PRINCIPLES AND OBJECTIVES

Article 85
Objectives

I. Any organ of Governmentshall, in the implementation of
the Constitution, other laws and public policies, be
guided by the principles and objectives specified under
this Chapter.

2. The term "Government" in this Chapter shall mean a
Federal or State government as the case may be.

Article 86
Principles for ExternalRelations

I. To promote policies of foreign relations based on the
protection of national interests and respect for the
sovereignty of the country.

2. To promote mutual respect for national sovereignty and
equality of states and non-interference in the internal
affairs of other states.

3. To ensure that the foreign relation policies of the country
are based on mutual interests and equality of states as well
as that international agreements promote the interests of
Ethiopia.

4. To observe internationalagreements which ensure respect
for Ethiopia's sovereignty and are not contrary to the
interests of its Peoples.

5. To forge and promote ever growing economic union and
fraternal relations of Peoples with Ethiopia' s neighbours
and other African countries.

6. To seek and support peaceful solutions to international
disputes.

Article 87
Principles for NationalDefence

I. The composition of the nationalarmed forces shall reflect
the equitable representation of the Nations. Nationalities
and Peoples of Ethiopia.

2. The Minister of Defence shall be a civilian.
3. The armed forces shall protect the sovereignty of the

country and carry out any responsibilities as may be
assigned to them under any state of emergency declared
in accordance with the Constitution.

4. The armed forces shall at all times obey and respect the
Constitution.

5. The armed forces shall carry out their functions free of any
partisanship to any political organization(s).

Article 88
Political Objectives

1. Guided by democratic principles, Government shall
promote and support the People's self-rule at all levels.
Government shall respect the identity of Nations,

Nationalities and Peoples. Accordingly Government
shall have the duty to strengthen ties of equality,unity and
fraternity among them.

2.


1X'.;Jr /...1..t-A ~;MT .:JII.('1<h1'Ci! ~(hl\ If; .,.') wr.tf%~'9'"- Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21st Augugst 1995 - Page 33

h'}4>1\ 'ifu
J\.tt 'i0i/. Hl qltOl/sPT

ji - oP'}olP'-'" o-I\''J'' J\. :"r'~!(J}<!'} fU1ti: f+IIlt-4>oP
"(J}<+:,.e; lJ-fl:,. +1Il:J> 01/.sPT f 01/.tI' ~ 0 :,.') oP'} 1 1.:'
foP4>f{) :.,ltk~:" ht\O:" ::

!l- oP'}olP':" fJ\.:"r-~!(J}<!'}'} fJ\.tt'iOi/. o-).;rsPT t\0I/7i
i"iA ~ irA "f.;A ~ '}Jt 'i (,.:f(J)< t\0I/1.:'l...,e; lJ-fl:" fj::"dttf

Otl'~ oP'}11.:' fOl/.h~t.I\'O:"'} o-).;r fOl/oP;F:f:" "'Y.,;r

ht\O:" ::

r- f+t. 'f~e; 1l(J}<lit--iihf.;J ~ '}~f.f.C{) oPhlthA e; hf.;J(J}<
ll.f.C{)'J" t\'l-11(J}< ~C~;" OCD:"i: ~'}Jtf.C{) OI/f:l.°l ::

~- 0~1.:'1:" CDf.~It t\4><t--Odt.~T : -fldt.l.llf1T : ih1lf1T
oP,}"'P':" A~ 1.:';Jfj:!f.C;JA ::

~- oP'}"'p'.1' oP/..:,.'}e; f+t.'I'~ U-fl:"'} Oih1l-fl {)'J" Of.
l';J'(J}< {)C 00I/1.:'l..., t\ih1lft f ;J(,. 'f:"'J"e; ~1.:'1:"

~ '}Jt(J}<1\, fOl/1.:'l..., :.,ltt- ~.1'ht\O:" ::
J;. flJ1C AOI/:" Tt\.ll.sP:fe; T~..,t-tJPT 00l/.";J~0:" CD:":"

oP'}olP':" ih"HO''} Off.l.}f(J}<OI/It+fj: ht\O:":: f ih1l-fl'}'J"
fAOI/:" ~'}:"{):J>(l.sPT oPY.-,fj:ht\O:" ::

't- oP'}olP':" OU1C J\.tt'iOl/.!tfe; OI/'"IOt-tf AOI/:" ~ '}:"{):J>(I.
(J}<{)'I'(I.1"T hCD')?,i' ;JC n~ IrA~:" fOl/.It+~O:"'} 0-).;"

fOl/oP;F:f:" ~ltt.~:" hl\(H, ::
;S- oP,}"'p':,. flP(,.+~(J}<'} ih1t-fl m. '}~:,. : f.tn~:"e; f~~

J'.l.}f t\oPlIln:" oPll}C ht\O-'" ::

}, '} 4>1\1
OI/'"Int-tf ~h qltOl/sPT

ji- flJ1ti: },:"'J" nt.4>Y. oPlIl'} o-I\-'J" J\.:"r.~!tf f:"'J"

UC:": flll.e; h1A..,t\":": f,}~,U (J}<"/:foP'it!: f'J"..,-fle;
fOl/'"IO(,.~ tp{):,.e;~ '}Jt 'i l.(J)<f.f.l.;JA ::

!l- '''''J''UC-} nOl/e;:f(J}<'J"l.-'f: h"/f.0I/'i-1' : hTt\1:t) hoP

Mlhf-:-'-' ~e; hl1ihlttf 'h'JiJ'isPT ~'Otl'~ oP'}1f.'
oPt)dt..r... },t\0:" ::

}, '} 4>~'1ji
l1ihA ~h qltOl/sPT

fi- oP'}"'p'-1' oPlll._-1'tf oP-,H,:f'}e; ll-nqtf h-flc'} : y"tJP
h(,.ll. '}e; ih1 oP'}OIP'-f:'} fOl/f.:J>l.~ l1iht\"Te; AOI/f..T

O~ irA ~-1' ~ '}Jt 1t\-n-t:e; ~ '}Jt! f.'1' foPC~:" ~ltt. ~:"

},t\0:" ::

flJ1C f.t.t.'I'~ U-01',:-'-''}e; f;rth :"C(\T'} oPlIln:"

foP'}"'p':,.e; fO-I\''J'' J\.-1'r.~!tf "'Yo;r ~(J)<::

oP '}°1P' -r h:" 'J" 0 t.4> Y. oP III '} h. ~'I' 0 -fl'} : It f.'} ()e;
-t;h'it\"1('} fOl/{)~~')' °IYo;}' ht\O:" ::

!l'

r'

h,}4>~'1!l
fht)I1Q Y.u'}~.1''l'0:J> qltOl/sPT

fi' oP'}olP")' o-I\-'J" J\.-)'r'A'_ftf '}~ue; m.c;O'J ht)I1Q ~'}
Jt 'i l.(J}<foPll}C ~ltt. ~:" ht\n:" ::

!l' OI/'}~(J}<'J" fh.tt'iOl/. AOI/.1. ~C'J"}f fht)I1Q(J}<'} f.U,}~:"

fOl/!e;;J oPtI''} ht\n-)' ::

Article 89
Economic Objectives

1. Government shall have the duty to formulate policies
which ensure that all Ethiopians can benefit from the
country's legacy of intellectual and material resources.

2. Government has the duty to ensure that all Ethiopians get
equal opportunity to improve their economic conditions
and to promote equitable distribution of wealth among
them.

3. Government shall take measures to avert any natural and
man-made disasters, and, in the event of disasters, to
provide timely assistance to the victims.

4. Government shall provide special assistance to Nations,
Nationalities, and Peoples least advantaged in economic
and social development.

5. Government has the duty to hold, on behalf of the People,
land and other natural resources and to deploy them for
their common benefit and development.

6. Government shall at all times promote the participation of
the People in the formulation of national development
policies and programmes; it shall also have the duty to
support the initiatives of the People in their development
endeavourS.

7. Government shall ensure the participation of women in
equality with men in all economic and social develop-
ment endeavours.

8. Government shall endeavour to protect and promote the
health, welfare and living standards of the working
population of the country.

Article 90
Social Objectives

1. To the extent the country's resources permit,policies shall
aim to provide all Ethiopians access to public health and
education, clean water, housing,food and social security.

2. Education shall be provided in a manner that is free from
any religious influence, political partisanship or cultural
prejudices.

Article 91
Cultural Objectives

1. Government shall have the duty to support,on the basis of
equality, the growth and enrichment of cultures and
traditions that are compatible with fundamental rights,
human dignity, democratic norms and ideals, and the
provisions of the Constitution.

2. Government and all Ethiopian citizens shall have the duty
to protect the country's natural endowment, historical
sites and objects.

3. Government shall have the duty, to the extent its resources
permit, to support the development of the arts, science
and technology.

Article 92
Environmental Objectives

I. Government shall endeavour to ensure that all Ethiopians
live in a clean and healthy environment.

2. The design and implementation of programmes and
projects of development shall not damage or destroy the
environment.


1X' @! t..1..&./:\ ";J&'-" ;JILtfJ <h1'Cii "ch~ I?;4>1 Ilifit% '}.,..,

f'

Federal NegaritGazeta - No.1 21st August 1995 - Page 34

g,

f t"h1f1l '} f" 1111{l feU'}
~..,. ffIIJ.00" h"" T t\.fl.S T

C''''

Ir'r 0 fIIJ.H', ~ O""tj FIr I\f, 0 fllJ.lD-A0"" 1.H. ffIIJ.00"

h+lD- t"h1.,1l o-l\- oltO',} h'}Jt 1A?\ 001.1 , ""0""
::

OO'}"'FTtj H.1r "111l{l!rlD-'} foo'}hllhll ..,Y..:t"

""
IlrlD- ::

'r iJIrC': "F
(,.. ,,') f:

A ~ A ~ .f.;'};YI.9'r

"'}cJ>?, 1£
it" "itrt.\f, 1.tl. h'P~

h' 0) f(J)Jif!> lDl..('" fL!."J'I''r lDf,'r t"h1 00'}CJ1F:t"'f
FC,}~'} "",;1 I\f, ffll/. TA o-);:J' fLhfl.""tj 0+"
oof.lD- ft"h.., OI/ithOC FC'}"" "00cJ:cJ:'r ffll/f,;FA

fLrf'} : fll/tjrlD-'r f'~&.TC' "1.;1 fLY ;J'I''r lDf,'r

f t"h1Nn lI1.'} ~.}.".V.;J I\f, ffll/. 'I'A 07i:t" fLhfl."" :

f&"Yo/r'" 00'}CJ1F'}' ffll/.tit""r.>r 'rhc fl."" f"it

:fi,\f, 1. tI. "'P~ f 00 p.'} 1
CJlFA fI)'}

""
lD- ::

,,) f"'&.''C.' "f.;1 fL.f;1'1''r lDf,'r ft"h1"'0'} f,U'a""

"".;J 1\" ffll/.''A (1'li:J' fLhfl.'}' fhAA ooit'~'«;f:C'r
OhAI\:t:lD- f"it:':t.\f, 'UI. "'P~ t\.!lD-n. f,rl\t\. ::

'IICII';. hA""~" g.U'} t"h1 oo'}oIF:" oofl.l..'}

nOl/J~'I.CJlnfll/..fOJ({1,:flD-t"h1 00'}CJ1F-fr f,lDfl.tjA ::

n'lU "'}cJ>",. '}O.it "'}cJ>"" fi (0) oofl.l.."" ffll/.:t"lD~

f"it:':\,1.,r" '1.11."'P~ :

0) f tn',H. "'OJI1\"~" 'rhC fl..}. nF Ir I\f, 11" 'UI.
f:J'OJ~~:lllf~ n:J'OJ:~: n"cll it'r,}'}' fI.'}:J',}, lD-it'l'

"t"h',H. "'OJ\'1f:.}".'rhC fl.'}' OO""I...n""O.} :: h'P~:
O,.n"Hl "'lDl1\':'}" 9uhC fl..}, o-",} Y'it,~;;: .f.:'riJ

,"c"Ilf,~'}' ttl\.,-r OJ-'t.flD-~ f,7ilrA::
,,) hl\f, O'}o'it ",,}cf''''' (0) itC fTtncJ>fl.lD-h,}".,~tnOcJ>

Iftj : f t"h1Nl "'OJ\'1\"1' 'rhc fl..}, OF Ir I\f,

IlAII'HH' OJ"".}. ffll/.:J'OJ~ f"it:f\,1.f, 'UI. "'P~

"t"h'If.n "'OJI1\':'}" 'rhC fl.'} 00""1..'0 !"O.} "'P~:

n:J'OJ~~ O"Ft. ",'rit.} cJ>tj.}lD-it'l' ~lD-::
nfll/.tit.}c.'~'. 'rhc n.'r f"'.V.~11lD- f"it:t:t.\f, 'UI. "'P~

O'rhC 0.": '~cJ>Ilf,~'r \'l.,-r 0:\1\ t\.cf>f, \'fII/.r"lD- hith
it.r:it.}. OJt,.}. ~lD-:: f ,.n1H."'lDl1\"1' 'rhC fl..} Oo-".}.
y'it',.;;: .r:'riJ ",}.f.;,} f,.,it:':\,1.f, 'UI. h'P~ O\'''lr'}' CD';'

n'''''.;1;1f11/.h'}-'t:J'''.it t\..fr.CCJl f,1'I\A ::
0) f,.,it:':\,1.f, 'UI. h'P~ nfll/.:J'CD~O'}''UI. ffll/.tit'}C'1'

'rhC fl..}. nfll/.,fOJfI':':lD- ".'}{l1' oofl.l..'} f01C'}
fl.I\'rli t"hAlD-tj : f cn1Hn feU'}~.}. : t"hCJltjFC'}'}''}

fOi/ithnC FAfI)'} f,'j I.'PA ::
,,) ffll/.tit')'r.>1' 'rhC n.'}' FAff)'} 0t"h1 00'}CJ1F''':

f.,. cJ>00tn..}.'} oofl.l..:J''f f 7'''''':l1tj f Y..'l"hlrfL

oo.n.y:.}".'} :f"it:':\,1.f, '1.11."'Pn.'} "fll/CD~ 'rh'}!.}-

frf~CD''} .,.'«;f, "OI/itOJ".r..''~&.I\'I.(ftj 0'~11lD- f.I..~:

hith fII/',f: t\.f.Cit ffll/.1'A ~lD- ::
dl) ffll/.tit'}'r.>1' 'rhc n.')' O"itr\,1.f, '1.11. "'P~ itC

ffll/..fCDff):t:lD-f:,}."J1.9'~',tj ffll/.OJit'«;rlD- hC'r~9'r
Ofll/c;:t:lD-'r 1..11: O'lU t"h., 00'}CJ1F'}' ,.,'}cJ>?\ fi : I~;:
~?; htj @j '}o'it ,,'}cJ>?\ fi htj ~ \"~cJ>ootn,.}'}
00'0.y:.}'. ffll/.1y.'n' t\.rn. "f,1't\.'r::

~,

r'

Q'

3. People have the right to full consultation and to the
expression of views-in the planning and implementation
of environmental policies and projects that affect them
directly.

4. Government and citizens shall have the duty to protect the
environment.

CHAPTER ELEVEN
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

Article 93
Declaration of State of Emergency

1. (a) The Council of Ministers of the FederalGovernment
shall have the power to decree a state of emergency
should an external invasion,a break down of law and
order which endangers the constitutional order and
which cannot be controlled by the regular law
enforcement agencies and personnel, a natural disas-
ter, or an epidemic occur.

(b) State executives can decree a State-wide state of
emergency should a natural disaster or an epidemic
occur. Particulars shall be determined in State Cons-
titutions to be promulgated in conformity with this
Constitution.

2. A state of emergency declared in accordance with sub-
Article I (a) of this Article:
(a) If declared when the House of Peoples' Represen-

tatives is in session,the decree shall be sumbitted to
the House within forty-eighthours of its declaration.
The decree, if not approved by a two-thirds majority
vote of members of the House of Peoples'Represen-
tatives, shall be repealed forthwith.

(b) Subject to the required vote of approvalset out in (a)
of this sub-Article, the decree declaring a state of
emergency when the House of peoples' Represen-
tatives is not in session shall be submitted to it within
fifteen days of its adoption.

3. A state of emergency decreed by the Counci I of Ministers,
if approved by the House of Peoples' Representatives,
can remain in effect up to six months. The House of
Peoples' Representatives may, by a two-thirds majority
vote, allow the state of emergency proclamation to be
renewed every four months successively.

4. (a) When a state of emergency is declared,the Council of
Ministers shall, in accordance with regulations it
issues, have all necessary power to protect the
country's peace and sovereignty, and to maintain
public security, law and order.

(b) The Council of Ministers shall have the power to
suspend such political and democratic rights con-
tained in this Constitution to the extent necessary to
avert the conditions that required the declaration of a
state of emergency.

(c) In the exercise of its emergency powers the Councilof
Ministers cannot, however, suspend or limit the
rights provided for in Articles 1, 18, 25. and sub-
Articles 1 and 2 of Aarticle 39 of this Constitution.

..


1K"c!j?; t..1at.f:\ .,;JtT ;JltffJ <l:1'CIi "Ihlt!?;.,., !itffi 'J.9". Federal NegaritGazeta - No.1 21stAugust 1995 - Page 35

1:' 0 U1 &-1: fn IVft.\1- 1.H. n 'P ~ 0 ""l.;J--(I)~O'-'" (I)~'-'" f ih lI-fI~
"'(I)t)f-T 9"hC 0.'-'" hnl1l\-I:lJ' hih.., l1t\oo- 1sPT oPC(O

f""l. oP Y.'11:ffD- 1111'-'" n 111\'-'" 1 1\-'-'" f n i\:ft.\1- 1.H. n 'P~
nL~R9" oPCO'I& (1C.(' 1'J:~OtJA :1 (1C~ n'P~ Oih1f-fl

"'(I)t)f-T 9"hC 0.'-'" O""l.RY.'~O'-'" 1.H. 1-'J:'J:OtJA II

1;' fni\:f'J.1-1.H. nCP~ n&.~R9" oPCO'I& (1CY.' f""l.h".I\-'-'"
P' A tIJ') 'I ~I\ &.~.,..T n I\"~' :
lJ) 0 n i\:ft.\1- 1.H. n 'P~ 9"h '} 1'-'" f ;J--11-t-'-"''} .., t\ 11(1:y.

i\ 9" 0 n') Y.' (I)C '1..II. fD-i\1' 1-~ 0tJY.'l..., 'I f ;J--11-t-O.-,..'}
9"h'} 1'-'" oP'" t\ 1\ :

t\) Oni\:f'J.1- 1..1. n'P~ (I)~'-'" f""l.(I)l1~'-'" hC9"~

sPT 00tJ'i":ffD-9" l.',Y.' n.l1-f1~ce nt\oPlT'i":ffD-')

oP.y.tlJmC'i" oPh:J'-J-A .:

tit) OtJ'i":fCD-9" fni\~~t.\1- 1.11. n'P~ hC9"~ n.l1-f1~ce

oPlr).'} l1.19"'}0'r m~l\1- 0tJ.~i\'-"'-t- (1)1-9" f""l.~i\

'~'c:':f'. 9"hc o.'~' hC9"~fD-') h'}"t1i\".t)hA lJl't-fl

oPi\m:" :
oP) Oni\:ft.\1- 'UI. t,'P~ hC9"~sPT n.l1-f1~ce Y.'C1.'~'

fOl/.&-'~'oo-'-"''}lJct\. t\r,:c.('h,}"t"'C~ 0tJY.'l."': .
IP) f ni\:'~t.\1- 'UI. t, 'P~ h '}"t "'1'A t\ih1f-fl "'(I)t)f-:y.

9"hc 0.'-'" 1'1<1: l1..,.c.o 1t\fD-'} ni\""f'-'" t\9"hC
0.-1: 0tJ~l.'0 ::

t, '}.,. R' 'H!

f~1-'i",} i\ OJ("J.'} OOl/.oPt\h'r

{i. f&..Yo/I't\. oP'}o'P''-''''i'' hAt\"T OihO' f-J-l1f\l.:ffD-'} ~I\&.~

.f.:}'.'i" -J-°,'Ir.':Y.t\OtJh'i"(I)'} fOl/.1i\&.A;J~~fD-'} (1)".1. OfOh-

1\:'~fD- 1-i''ir':'i''I\': tr(:-~ 0tJ'i":ffD-9" hAA OfD-hA'i" t\0I/.&.

1.'oPfD- .",0,I1C fOtJ..fi\&.A 1fD- (1)(,1.1,"'1\ i\9"9"~'-'" h"'t\
n.,.c fD-hA'i"fD-') Ol1mfD- (l)1') 1-'(i&.'i"A II

g, f&..Yo/I't\. oP,}"'P"~' t\hAt\..'.f, f"'oPtlJm~ h.('1'-'" h,}~~'-'"..
t)Alr~ ni\"''''c t\ni\~~'J.1- '1..11.hC~:J' : t\oPA{\ 0tJ'J:'J:9"'i"
t\AOtJ.~. OtJi\~&..f t\hAt\..':f'. .n.r:c9" Ir~ hC~:J' l\.l11'

1-:Y'I\A :: f &..Yo/I'I\'oP'}o'p"r hAt\..:y. t\""l.1i\&.A;J:ffD-
(JJ(,I.). fOl/..ff.C1fD-'} .f.:10tJ nOl/.oPt\h'r 1."t'r'i" ~1'1'C

fOtJ.f.:l.°' p'Ann 1-C:-l.'PA ::

t, '}"'1.' 'j i:, ~.~
f'i,1-'i",}i\ ',O,'} n""l.oPt\h'r

f&..Yo/I't\. oP'}o'p"r'i" hAt\..'.}'. f""l.'P"'l.fD-'} f&..Y../r.A n~l.
~:f.:,. f-J-h.,.t\ f10. hCj;r':A _ff.C;J1\-:1

n'}'" '"
j1;

f &..Yo/I'A oP'}.., P':,. f ::I--hi\'i" f..,-flC P' A tIJ'}

{i' f&..Yo/I'A oP,}"'P':,. n(l)(,I.1.'i" 10. tJ:P~T 1\1- f7-9"-t-h

"'l.1' : :J'hi\'i" "'''''T tJr':1sPT 1-1'I\A I 1-l1ni\I1A II
!{, n&..Yo/r.A oP'}..,P''-''''i'' n~t\9" n"'~ Y.'C~""T "''''tIJ&sPT

1\1- f P' II' o,.nc 1-1'I\A : 1-l1ni\I1A::

r' n&..Y..II'A oP,}"'P"~' 11t\0.'-"'~'-'" P'C nIT). fAOtJ'-'" Y.'C
~.y,:r. 1\1- f'}o,.(' :'.cr,: ..,-flC : fP'/r. ..,-flC : f7i11iJ.h'i"

f lb tJ"1- i\ :J'tJ i\ 1-1'1\A : 1-11n i\I1A :1

9.' n.nth.Il'ce ft\..".& h'i" "'t\..'f ftJY.'A oo-h/r. 10.sPT 1\1-
:J.tJi\ 1-1'I\A: 1-l1ni\I1AI:

5. The House of Peoples' Representatives, while declaring a
state of emergency,shall simultaneously establish a State
of Emergency Inquiry Board, comprising of seven
persons to be chosen and assigned by the House from
among its members and from legal experts.

6. The State of Emergency Inquiry Board shall have the
following powers and responsibilities:
(a) To make public within one month the names of all

individuals arrested on account of the state of
emergency together with the reasons for their arrest.

(b) To inspect and follow up that no measure taken
during the state of emergency is inhumane.

(c) To recommend to the Prime Minister or to the
Council of Ministers corrective measures...ifit finds
any case of inhumane treatment.

(d) To ensure the prosecution of perpetrators of
inhumane acts.

(e) To submit its views to the House of Peoples'

Representatives on a request to extend the duration
of the state of emergency.

Article 94
Financial Expenditures

1. The Federal Governmentand the States shall respectively
bear all financial expenditures necessary to carry out all
responsibilities and functions assigned to them by law.
Unless otherwise agreed upon,the financial expenditures
required for the camying out of any delegated function
by a State shall be borne by the delegating party.

2. The Federal Government may grant to States emergency,
rehabilitation and developmentassistance and loans, due
care being taken that such assistance and loans do not
hinder the proportionate development of States. The
Federal Government shall have the power to audit and
inspect the proper utilization of subsidies it grants to the
States.

Article 95
Revenue

The Federal Government and the States shall share revenue
taking the federal arrangement into account.

Article 96
Federal Power of Taxation

1. The Federal Government shall levy and collect custom
duties, taxes and other charges on imports and exports.

2. It shall levy and collect income tax on employees of the
Federal Government and international organizations.

3. It shall levy and collect income, profit, sales and excise
taxes on enterprises owned by the Federal Government.

4. It shall tax the income and winnings of national lotteries
and other games of chance.


1K'.;)?; t..Y..t..A ~:M'}' :IlL'" 'hTL:?i ~thlt Hi .,., Xiif'«"%~'9'" Federal Negarit Gazeta - No. I 21sl August 1995 - Page 36

?;. OhfC: ntln-c'I Otli'hC '}'I..'H17'C'} 10.$PT I\~ :l'hil

~1'I\A : ~(tOiltlA II
}. O~lot.A oo')..,,,.,.}. tlt\o.'}~"'" ".,c 0"'l.1J. o."'T'I

t\.t\..-:;, ').nl"'T 1(1. I\~ °NtC ~'1'I\A : ~(tOiltlA ! h./..~

~mil'l A II

:k f~YDt.A 00')"'''''''''' hl11\'}' h"'l.(ttp.:fm- ~...pf,-:;'' h1AoI

t\-.y'T fOlJ,ooHIJ: hCt:!$P~"'} ~mil'lA : ~(tOiltlA II

~. flfDlf7'A ..J'hil ~'1'I\A : ~(tniltlA II

V,' f~YD/..A f'I;9"-oC 'li.f6J.1'4>l1' ~1'I\A : ~(tOiltlA II

h'}4>",11..
fhAA ooil,,.J.;.f.:e'.)'. f:J'hil'l f..,-ftC ".,AffJ'}

ji. hAt\..:y,: nhAA ooil"'J.;.f.:C'I n.f..'c~'}' +4>ffJt$PT I\~
f"., (,.. °l.n C ~1'I\ t\. : ~(t 0 il tl ", II

§. foo(..."f. oom4>OIJ,! hC~.f ~OJil'l'" : ~(tniltlf\a II

e. nOlA fDl/_fC(a.' 01tHIl'}' ".,1.. 0I/1n/...} O+1.t.:4: 10("
$PT I\~ fhC7i ".,1.. 'U1. °l.nc ~1'I\'" : ~(tOiltl'" II

~. OhAf\a nOlJ:ff. "'''(t.n '1."JY..$PTI\~ f'}Ol.f..' ."f.cCt:",-oC'I
f'li!6J.I' :J'hil ~1'I\'" : ,e,(tniltl'" II

?;. nhA'" m-il'1' Om-lJ I\~ hOlJ,f.lol '}/..'}il7'C"'" nOlJ.1~
'UI. I\~ °l-oC ~'1'I\t\. : ~(tniltlt\. II

5
}. nhAA ooil'''J.;.f..'C nOlA tlt\o.."f'~"'" ilC

11'" o."'T'I t\.t\-T
.

'}-ol"'-:;' 00lJ.1~ 1n, I\~ °l-oC ~'1'I\'" : ~(tniltlf\a !

ntlt\o..}'~:J':fm- ilC
'I'"

0..,.-:;,'1 t\.t\-T ')-ol"'-:;' I\~

h.t.~ !ilhCt:I\f\a II
:k nhAA ooil+J.;.f..'C tlt\o.'}'~'}' ilC 00lJ,11' fAOIJ"'".f..'C~T

I\~ f'}..,..r.: ""'cc,: : f".,l.. °l,nc : f7i!6J.I'' h.h"'~il :l'h(t

~'1'I\", : ~(t n il tl f\aII
~. nh,}4>~ :t~'}o-il h,}4>"" i~ f+m4>(tm- h,}f.'''mn4>If'i:

nOlJf).f..'') "., t.$PT I\~ fOlJf)f:,} 1n, °l-oC : fr.' !IVt'l

foo(.."'" h.(...~ hCt:!$P'.f.~1'I\'" : ~(tOiltlf\a .11

iI' nhAA ooil+J.;.f..'C hl11\'}' h"'l.(tm. &..:J>p..T'I h1A..,
t\-"'T fOlJ,OO~'1J:hCt:!$P-:;'~mil'l'" : ~(tOiltlf\a II

!. hf.') f"'l.1~ fr.'!lL-t hC~! ~mil'l'" : ~(tniltlf\all

h') 4>
""

:~~
f ;J/.. f:l'hil'l f..,-oC ".,AffJ'}

ji. f~lot.A oo,}"''''''''''' hAt\"T n;J(... 00lJ.!*'h,,-:fm-
f AOIJ"'"f:C~"'T I\~ f'}'" f: ...,.Cc~°l-oC : f"., t. ..,-oC :
f7i!6J.I'' fh.h"'~il :J'hil n;Jt. ~1'I\'" : ~(tOiltl'" II

§. n.f..'C~"'T f'}..,.f.." ...,.CC~I\~ h'l Otlt\ hh(a.f"'iT f""'C~

.f..'c7a'I\~ °l-oC'I f7i!6J.I' :J'hil n;Jt. ~'1'I\'" : ~(tOiltlt\'I:

e. nhCt:+;;: fOlJf).f.."')"., I..$PT'I 00lJ'I:fm-9" fb""'r.'lL f9"'

f ;J1f ".,I..$PT I\~ f1n. °l-oC'I fr.'!lL-t htt:!$PT n;J/..
~'1'I\f\a: ~(tniltlf\a II

h,}4>~ jil

+t\~+m- ill\A+(tm. f :J'hil h'l fOl-oC ".,AffJlfT

mUJ i'h1 00')°1".,"'" +"~"'m- !A+(tm- ..J'hil'l"'-oC fooffJA
".,AffJ'fT') n"'l.oo"h."f' f ~Y..(.. 7i~ 9"hC 0.""''1 f i'h1i-o

+ml1f"T 9"hC n."'" n;J/.. il-o(ttl Oo-t\"'" V'il+;;: .f.."9"f)

~mil'l'" II

5. It shall levy and collect taxes on the income of air, rail and
sea transport services.

6. It shall levy and collect taxes on income of houses and
properties owned by the FederalGovernment; it shall fix
rents.

7. It shall determine and collect fees and charges relating to
licenses issued and services rendered by organs of the
Federal Governemnt.

8. It shall levy and collect taxes on monopolies.
9. It shall levy and collect Federal stamp duties.

Article 97
State Power of Taxation

I. States shall levy and collect income taxes on employees of
the State and of private enterprises.

. 2. States shall determine and collect fees for land usufrac-
tuary rights.

3. States shall levy and collect taxes on the incomes of
private farmers and farmers incorporated in cooperative
associations.

4. States shall levy and collect profit and sales taxes on
individual traders carrying out a business within their
territory.
States shall levy and collect taxes on income from
transport services rendered on waters within their
territory.

6. They shall levy and collect taxes on income derived from
private houses and other properties within the State. They
shall collect rent on houses and other properties they own.

7. States shall levy and collect profit, sales, excise and
personal income taxes on income of enterprises owned by
the States.

8. Consistent with the provisions sub-Article 3 of Article 98,
States shall levy and collect taxes on income derived from
mining operations, and royalties and land rentals on such
operations.

9. They shall determine and collect fees and charges relating
to licenses issued and services rendered by State organs.

10. They shall fix and collect royalty for use of forest
resources.

Article 98
Concurrent Power of Taxation

1. The Federal Government and the States shall jointly levy
and collect profit,sales, excise and personalincome taxes
on enterprises they jointly establish.

2. They shall jointly levy and collect taxes on the profits of
companies and on dividends due to shareholders.

3. They shall jointly levy and collect taxes on incomes
derived from large-scale mining and all petroleum and
gas operations, and royalties on such <?perations.

Article 99
Undesignated Powers of Taxation

The House of the Federation and the House of Peoples'
Representatives shall, in a joint session, determine by a two-
thirds majority vote on the exercise of powers of taxation
which have not been 'specifically provided for in the Cons-
titution.


1X-I!)i t..1.t.fA ~.?~T :m.fIJ~'I'C Ii ~,hl\ I?; +, Iuln ,.,... Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21stAugust 1995 - Page 37

1\1+;r f-
f.+hc)'i" f..,1IC 1\IfJIfJAOOC(I'~T

i., h AA-T'i" f 1.oY.&-lt- 001..,,,.,+ .+h C)'i"..,11C 0 "7.1' It-O''''

1.tI. f"7.mf+aJo .+hc)'i" ..,1IC h,..,Q;k ;1C f+, ,H'i"

01\..,Q,.. +m1.,. f+lJJll~ 00(1'),1 "71.;111' 1\"QTaJo II

I. OOOt)hl\TaJof"7.!il.aJo1 ooAt),.."""'~+ f"7~",p.'i" h"7.
+COaJo 1\1 A.., A-"" ;JC +001fJ1fJ~ 00(1'),1 "71.;111'
1\"QTaJo ::

c. ,,+C~ f~oo I:C;E-""t)A(I'~ nh++c hAA-T 01.oY.&-lt-
001..,,,.,"" 1111."" I\~ f f 1.o1.&-lt-001..,,,.,"",,,OhAA-T
1111.+ I\~ ..,1IC IJJ~'" +I.1'~"7C)hLA ".,A1fJ1 1\~'i &-
:fID-9" ::

h1+;r bfb-
'I''i''aJo J-Jl +C

i. 'I''i''aJo J-Jl+C Om""1\~ "7.~c)+~ 1\""&-fL~"" Oib1f1l

+1JJt)f""f rhc fl."" ~1i"7A II
I. 'P'i"aJo J-Jl +C f 1.oY.&-lt-1 f"7.~C)-I:C'i" ft.A-TOO"" {"

fl..,."f 'ilt(lT OOO~lfJmC Oib1f1l +1JJt)f"T ,..hc fl.""
f+oo.(OaJo ~oo.+ce O~+ . OO~..,. ~OO-f: "+IP~""
"., &-~T 0 "7.1Q 00'1' It-1 ooc,..~ "rh C fl.-f: {,;rc""
'+CQA II

c. 'I''i''aJo J-Jl+C foo".,{" fl.-f:1 O~..,. O+1':l' "ib1f1l +m
t)f"T rhc fl.+ 1\""C(l ,c),.I::JoA II

§. f'l''i''aJo J-Jl+C 1fC1fC +..,QC Oib.., ~mll'i"A II

1\1+;r bfe---
frc~ (lCI:

i. OI.oY.&-A'i"OhAA frc~ hAA-T ~''i'' ""hh"~ rc~

01"A+~~"" ~1Jl,t)'i1: h"71~aJor +6()'i ~, f(l'~
1Ith.&-'£ frc~ (lCI: ~*'k"7A II

I. f(lC~ 1\QI\+ Om""1\~ "7.~c)~ 1\""&-fL~""Oib1J1I +mt)f"T
rhc fl."" ~1i"7lt- II 1fC1f~ Oib.., ~lJJll'i"A II

1\1+;r bff--
f ib1f1l ~m&- 11"7.1i1

i. fU1{,-f:1 f ib1J1I ck1'C Of1.H.aJo f"7.' m'i"'i" ~m&- f"7.

,t)'il: f ib1f1l ~m&- 11"7.1i1 ~'i &-A II

I. fl1"7.1i). 1\QI\+ Om""1\~ "7.~c)""~ 1\""&-fL~"" Oib1J1I

+1JJt)f"T rhc fl."" ~1i"7lt- II

c. 11"7.1i). 'P'i" ,.thL J "'c)LI\1. Q"OO-'~T'i" 1:;1~ llm.
1P&-+7joT ~tj~:l'A II

§. fl1"7.1I). ~oo:l''£ O~..,. 0+1''+ "ib1f1l +mt)f"T rhc
fl."" +C(l ~"I::JoA II

~: f ib1f1l ~m&- Of1\".,c ~oo-f: ~t)th.P.A II oaJom.-f:r oo{}
I."" frc~ hAA-T1 1\hl\"A frc~ (lCI: 0"7.''''
co aJo I. ct"" 00 IP I."" f 1.01..101i). rhc 0."" ~m c) 'i"A ::

i. fl1"7.1i). +m{,~+ "ib1J1I +1JJt)f"T rhc 0."" ~aJoII it"
"., &-aJo1\L~" r 0 f1.H.aJo "rhc 0. -f: {,;rc"" , +CQ A II

Article 100
Directives on Taxation

1. In exercising their taxing powers, States and the Federal
Government shall ensure that any tax is related to the
source of revenue taxed and that it is determined
following proper considerations.

2. They shall ensure that the tax does not adversely affect
their relationship and that the rate and amount of taxes
shall be commensurate with services the taxes help
deliver.

3. Neither States nor the FederalGovernment shall levy and
collect taxes on each other's property unless it is a profit-
making enterprise.

Article 101
The Auditor General

1. The Auditor General shall, upon recommendation of the
Prime Minister, be appointed by the House of Peoples'
Representatives.

2. The Auditor General shall audit and inspect the accounts
of ministries and other agencies of the Federal Govern-
ment to ensure that expenditures are properly made for
activities carried out during the fiscal year and in
accordance with the approved allocations,and submit his
reports thereon to the House of Peoples'Representatives.

3. The Auditor General shall draw up and submit for
approval to the House of Peoples' Representatives his
office's annual budget.

4. The details of functions of the Auditor General shall be
determined by law.

Article 102
Election Board

1. There shall be established a National Election Board
independent of any influence, to conduct in an impartial
manner free and fair election in Federal and State
constituencies.

2. Members of the Board shall be appointed by the House of
Peoples' Representatives upon recommendation of the
Prime Minister. Particulars shall be determined by law.

Article 103
Population Census Commission

1. There shall be established a National Census Commission
that shall conduct a population census periodically.

2. Members of the National Census Commission shall be
appointed by the House of Peoples'Representatives upon
recommendation of the Prime Minister.

3. The Commission shall have a Secretary General and
necessary professional and &UPportstaff.

4. The annual budget of the Commission shall be submitted
for approval to the House of Peoples' Representatives.

5. A national population census shall be conducted every ten
years. The House of the Federation shall determine the
boundaries of constituencies on the basis of the census
results and a propsal submitted to the House by the
National Election Board.

6. The Commission shall be accountable to the House of
Peoples' Representatives. It shall submit to the House
periodic reports on the conduct of its programmes and
activities.


'lW c9~ t..Yot.1A ~:J&"" ;JtLfIJ ~TC l! ~"'c\ Hi .,., Iiifit~ ~.9". Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21
,(

August 1995 - Page 38

h'}+1\ brii---
f ih1 OO'}"'''''T O?7i7if Ul)11'} ltt\O?OO'}aJ.T

1\,}1: fih1 OO,}"'''''T O?7i7if Ul}11 fih1l11 +lDilr-'f 9"hC

f1.T Oo-t\T Y'lt+;;: 1:9"11 f1-.1&..~ t f~lo~ 7i). 9"hC o.T

no-t\T Y'lt.,.~ 1:9"11 f1-.1&..~ lDf,9" h~lo~ 7i). hl1A
hAt\o'f ~lt'l' h,}1: Y'lt+;;:~ fhAA 9"hc o..,.'f 01:9"11

11A6IiJ. f1-.1~T hlf~ t\~f,f,TCj t\~l}~ t\oof\~ ih1l11Cj fih1
(IP'}..,,,,,1: 00 7i 7iA t\ tIIJ.00 t\ h;t-:f~ htj:t\o 'f f,+CI1 A II

h'}+1\ l!t~

ih1 (IP'}..,,,,,1:') ltt\O?7i7i A

l!. OtttJ ih1 OO,}"'''''T 9"lJ/r.tj: Y'ltT f+"l"~T OO11.,.'fCj
~,,~"''f O(lP<ot\- t f,tJ 1\'}+1\ t "'}-to-9" 1\'}+1\ l!t~
t\..7i7i t\- ftIIJ.'ft\-T OtllJ.h+t\~ h I).~ '} 11:Ff,lfCj A ;

u) o-t\-9" fhAA 9"hc o..,.'f f+lO~,} O?7i7if 01:9"iJ
11A6IiJ. ft.fR1:<kT t

t\) f ~1o/r.t\- OO,}"'''''T f ih1l11 +lDilr-'f 9"hc o.T

Oo-t\T Y'lt+;;: 1:9"iJ f+lO~,} O?7i7if ft.fR1:+~t
"Cj

ill) f ~10~ 7i). 9"hc o.T Oo-t\T Y'lt+;;: 1:9"iJ 0?7i7i
f~'} ft.fR1:+~ ~~ II

~. OtttJ h'}+1\ '}O-lt h'}+1\ l! h+"l"~T ~6f.b ft\-T fih1

(IP'}"''''' 1: 1:,) ;J 1.9''f t\..7i7it\- ftIIJ.'f t\-T 0 tIIJ.h + t\ ~
1\1).~'} -o:F f,lfCjA I

u) f ihlJ-O +lDilr-'f 9"hc o.TCj f ~10~ 7i). 9"hc o.T
O;J/r. lt11(}11Oo-t\T Y'lt+;;: 1:9"11f+lO~,} O?7i7if

ft.fR~'<kT t "Cj
t\) h~lo~ 7i). hl1A hAt\°'f 9"hc o..,.'f ~lt'f fo-t\T

Y'il+;;: hAt\o'f 9"hc o..,.'f 01:9"11 11A6IiJ. f+l

o~'} O?7i7if ft.fR1:<kT ~~ II

0'}+1\ l!t}
foot;lJ.l7i ih;J'l! "~:"Cj ilf\t\~ :":(

ftttJ ih1 oo'}ol",,-'" fhO?ci'f :":( fOOaJ.l7i~ ih;J'l! "~:"Cj
ft\~ (}~1: ~~ II

Article 104
Initiation of Amendments

Any proposal for constitutionalamendment, if supported by a
two-thirds majority vote in the House of Peoples' Represen-
tatives, or by a two-thirds majority vote in the House of the
Federation or when one-third of the State Councils of the
member States of the Federation, by a majority vote in each
Council have supported it, shall be submitted for discussion
and decision to the general public and to those whom the
amendment of the Constitution concerns.

Article 105
Amendment of the Constitution

1. All rights and freedoms specified in Chapter Three of this
Constitution, this very Article, and Article 104 can be
amended only in the following manner:
(a) When all State Councils,by a majority vote, approve

the proposed amendment;
(b) When the House of Peoples' Representatives, by a

two-thirds majority vote, approves the proposed
amendment; and

(c) When the House of the Federation, by a two-thirds
majority vote, approves the proposed amendment.

2. All provisions of this Constitiution other than those
specified in sub-Article I of this Article can be amended
only in the following manner:
(a) When the House of Peoples' Representatives and the

House of the Federation,in a joint session, approve a
proposed amendment by a two-thirds majority vote;
and

(b) When two-thirds of the Councils of the member States
of the Federation approve the proposed amendment
by majority votes.

Article 106
The Version with Final Legal Authority

The Amharic version of this Constitution shall have final
legal authority.


Page 1
Page 2
Page 3
Page 4
Page 5
Page 6
Page 7
Page 8
Page 9
Page 10
Page 11
Page 12
Page 13
Page 14
Page 15
Page 16
Page 17
Page 18
Page 19
Page 20
Page 21
Page 22
Page 23
Page 24
Page 25
Page 26
Page 27
Page 28
Page 29
Page 30
Page 31
Page 32
Page 33
Page 34
Page 35
Page 36
Page 37
Page 38


PATER 6206-48 APHEALE ETNAN

boob 1TIET DUM

_ FEDERAL NEGARIT GAZETA

OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA

ATLE 50°F SPC FE 1° Year No. 1
| AAO AND — dhd TE $7 TFT DATES BP2CAR SPHEALE CTNAN ADDIS ABABA ~ 21" August, 1995

PANN FOWEF PHC Lt MIETt POM

ee


°7 5), CONTENTS
APR ere 4/THRTE 9-9". Proclamation No. 1/1995
CATOKE 4PCAP APHEALPE ETHAN wh? Proclamation of the Constitution of the Federal
POUVET APR ooo ccccccccccsscscsssssssceseceesececsesees IK 5 Democratic Republic of Ethiopia .................. Page |
APE tC 5/168 FF PROCLAMATION NO. 1/1995

PATE AE 6.264 £PNEALE CTNAN A PROCLAMATION TO PRONOUNCE THE COMING

H7 99/17 AL. PPAF APIAMY COM APE INTO EFFECT OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE
FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA

PATER! MACE! NhcolFts Hilt ecmo-

MARFO FONEFFO- HTL YT AAC Ki $7 LRTLO-P- WHEREAS, the Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of
PA.TERE EFoEAE APHEALE ETNA ch) 9972-5 Ethiopia have, through their elected Representatives, ratified
FAL NOW YD POLN TAD FO-BA = the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of

L APC CO Ethiopia, on the 8" day of December, 1994; it is hereby

proclaimed as follows:

LU APE “RATERS 68642 &PRNEALE ETNAN 1. Short Title

a oleate?
a7 om ret APE ETC RATE” Tle Anta This Proclamation may be cited as the ‘‘Constitution of

RTAA « the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
22 hh? PFI E 17 6- AL AAPPA: Proclamation No. 1/1995’’.
oe OK NOE

PALTERE BSCAR APHCALL ETAAN ant | 2. Coming into Effect of the Constitution

PFI TNA TE PF THR TL 9-P- EPL 0v-A:- (lar-f- The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of
1772- AL DAA « Ethiopia has come into full force and effect as of the 21*

32> APR. PPWAGAT Lh day of August, 1995.

LU APE hihi 16 +) iieTE 4-9. FRE eag | > Effective Date | oo
" This Proclamation shall enter into force as of the 21° day
LUGTAs
of August, 1995.


HANAN dcht TE $4 1DRTE 9-7- Done at Addis Ababa, this 21“ day of August, 1995.
2/6 490 144
PATCHES LLCAP PHEALE CTAAN NEGASO GIDADA (DR.)
TOHAIT PRESIDENT OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA


BLA VIC SNM 7). 0G

FIR PD 9-00
} Federal Negarit G.P.O.Box 80,001

Unit Price


TRE BLA IIE DAN ETCH vehi 1G $F ETE OP-


AF CALTOAS NACE NACAOF * HNO
QUEEF ATES OAT HA DAY! PATS PAO-
LoPNEM. AVAAED ALTULES TANEE ALIS FY
APLEMT § CENETVE OLA NENF CaP@Mh? oP 3-
FVD PMP § 199 FAITE t NA? PNALTT AT

NENED EPL AD CPoOPAT ATS O7TAEN WNEAN

NDE AGTINA SCI NOP TAT 5

LVF GAT NM ATLA § PNAANT PAdC/
NACAN PACTE PFT ohNe-Fo- + eps
ALA PCI | VaAhe TS YLT EE NANT
ARTE NIS6-99%, PPLE ANEALIF REAP IS EY
Nay y. 5

ALTERS VIET CRGAEY Altre AHA LAI!
CP4-AET PANS PLC AAEEC PINEIT PAP * dC
NhCANTS HHOF NEALE PARES CTV FETT
REBPF TFAACT ANT PPCINGS CF'IFCNF VIC

NOU TP 1 4.6.90" PIG PEEPS HOPANNT AT NA? |

NAPS? :

PEDO 06. OLNEY POALT PANT HACE

COLNIGDT CPHL TVET NVEPS PIG, PETE

N77AL9 AZ GOW ed NEPPNA I

PEVETY § ONSET VUE NG AG
APLI IEE AVAL AIS AAT, TAMNEAN F977
VET ADEAL YT 17007 §

NLA TIS ANLAID: PAPEETE PETIT MS LP
NEAT AAP HABTET APPIN :

LV KI 79/"7 NY NAL AIARTFE- 94°7
PFS APIEE IAC! AIAWIT NIAONKT PCM?
NANG Far FOF EY AOML GF Nh P97/F F04
HS WAC RO PD (ARTE ARS EIPA 8


Federal Negarit Gazeta — No. 1 21" August 1995 — Page 2


PREAMBLE

We, the Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia:

Strongly committed, in full and free exercise of our right to
self-determination, to building a political community foun-
ded on the rule of law and capable of ensuring a lasting peace,
guaranteeing a democratic order, and advancing our
economic and social development; .

Firmly convinced that the fulfilment of this objective requires
full respect of individual and people's fundamental freedoms
and rights, to live together on the basis of equality and without
any sexual, religious or cultural discrimination;

Further convinced that by continuing to live with our rich and
proud cultural legacies in territories we have long inhabited,
have, through continuous interaction on various levels and
forms of life, built up common interests and have also
contributed to the emergence of a common outlook;

Fully cognizant that our common destiny can best be served
by rectifing historically unjust reltionships and by further
promoting our shared interests;

Convinced that to live as one economic community is
necessary in order to create sustainable and mutually suppor-
tive conditions for ensuring respect for our rights and
freedoms and for the collective promotion of our interests;

Determined to consolidate, as a lasting legacy, the peace and
the prospect of a democratic order which our struggles and
sacrifices have brought about;

| Have therefore adopted, on 8 December 1994 this Cons-

titution through representatives we have duly elected for this
purposé as an instrument that binds us in a mutual commit-’
ment to fulfill the objectives and the principles set forth
above.


WE AREA DICT OQMOARTCR hd TE OF ETE O-P-

Federal Negarit Gazeta — No. 1 21" August 1995 — Page 3


. POE-E AIL:
MPAA 23 ID1LP FT

ATPR G
CATES 2°97 AL

LY HD FIP T BSoG-ART LPHEALE CaPFDY TE
ADPZPE LLIIDA = ULV PACH CATERE 2999/"7
CA.TERE 2.200APR 2PHEALPPR ETNAH NLA AP
£omeé-A #

ATLA E
CATER CDT OAT

CATEKE CUE MAD 068.603 Alter OA P7PLEM
SAA UT 1FAP APE APPLIET PALE CFOAID Fars

ATPR E
CATR AE AIL 9407

CALTEAE AVL FAT NAL ALTAS. | hoPhA 1. §
DS 2 US NAW Nhe 9C°V BECPA #
PUES PATHE ALA UID NIL? BhomeA =
HALE GACI@ AL °°. booMa- Ade-P 40° Ch.
TERE MACE ! Nha cath: HNO AT 179 TF
NADATES NATL APEC PAFO-F TbAd PALLIA
ACE BUCA =

PhS ANAT PREAFO NILE 90°79 90°77 AFP
CFO BPFAA HCUD APCAFO: PRC Ot
LOAGA#

Oy

1



AIPR G
CATER! Md d-P NOC

CATER! Ud PB PHO CA) PIER GAPIP FES
CATORE HUNT ALPHA PCY ANE Aaec
EAFOD APE | ATAU POLL CI OLVFO-F
P°LEFAICS UF Nh? BOACA #

ATER E
HA LIF


IGEOS CRAKE LISP HE NALATE 0077/87
ADDS LBP CFRA 3

APICE Cb Sod-te PUY T PPC RIK LUGA #
PAL ANT CPEVEO-F 07°C. PIL NhI LO
AGA #

4

= a)

1 ATPR F
AA WIT

DAL EOALE O29 NOALENOALE AILS Fo-
RACK ERIATEKERE CUP/CUTT CATER 1D
70-/G-r #
COE VIC MIE PALTORS WNT ALTE BPA 2
7977 1°V ANT NCU 1h) BOATA #

Or

ml ie)

CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article |

Nomenclature of the State

This Constitution establishes a Federal and Democratic State
structure. Accordingly, the Ethiopian state shall be known as
The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.

Article 2
Ethiopian Territorial Jurisdiction

The territorial jurisdiction of Ethiopia shall comprise the
territory of the members of the Federation and its boundaries
shall be as determined by international agreements.

Article 3
The Ethiopian Flag

1. The Ethiopian flag shall consist of green at the top, yellow
in the middle and red at the bottom, and shall have a
national emblem at the centre. The three colours shall be
set horizontally in equal dimension.

2. The national emblem on the flag shall reflect the hope of
the Nations, Nationalities, Peoples as well as religious
communities of Ethiopia to live together in equality and
unity.

3. Members of the Federation may have their respective

flags and emblems and shall determine the details thereof
through their respective legislatures.

Article 4
National Anthem of Ethiopia

The national anthem of Ethiopia, to be determined by law,
shall reflect the ideals of the Constitution, the commitment of
the Peoples of Ethiopia to live together in a democratic order
and of their common destiny.

Article 5
Languages

1. All Ethiopian languages shall enjoy equal state recog-
nition.
2. Ambaric shall be the working language of the Federal

Government.

3. Members of the Federation may by law determine their
respective working languages.

Article 6
Nationality

1. Any person of either sex shall be an Ethiopian national
where both or either parent is Ethiopian.

2. Foreign nationals may acquire Ethiopian nationality.

3. Particulars relating to nationality shall be determined by
law.


IG bPGCATICT OUND RPCK hh 16 PF

ETL 1-9".


ATPA 7
PPD ATAAR

AHL ah? 2999797 DAP OTL: PD OFL11I1D: CLIT
PD POEL A &

PbE-R UAT |
CA) F7/ ONESP CUP FT

ATPA E
CAH ASARTT

CATE! AACE? 1Mhcarr + HNO Chee!
OSAP PANT VALET CFa- =

wr

@ BV 1 PFO CA IARIS FO: 20° A), 70 #

FA GARYSEO-7 0FL1ARD LY Ah) 99917" ALT
N° COFO- FOF FHO-G APTI NLL CET SP
NEALE FAKE APTIL TE BUCA

ATR b
CA? 29771 PNAL YE

BD 29977 CUTE ONAL hd 1D: % OTF EOF? nd!
ATWP AME § AAUP 9PF1T AHA O27
NA/PANS OA NEY Hh 2°97 OC PPLLP 2) DW?
TERILIT ALTE #

NTF OP 1D: CoP FPHE ANAT ET At SCRE TE
deh M41 ATAU VAP ANT FIFO: § a7 209%)
PORT PPIANNCS Ach? °F PIM POW DAL YE
AAO: =

EF ANY a) 8997 ELT O-E NIGFO-P AD
Ay PaP71 Yb PAN OPH OTNANA 1 #

O- AACKE PRL PFEO GAP APR APPT CIEE
ah?) ANA SFO #

AVERT
ANGELS £.PHEALEL PNET

B ANGR FES 917 FT NAD AG bE PF 76Rs:
PPTL MAG 097276.4 SFO 2

@ CHIT AT CHHOT ANGLES SPHEALE G4 LN
Né-t #

ATPR 15
COPFV/YEEG CILTE TE PA LET

Bo PINVWPPEEG 1L0IE Tb OTALE GED: #

EOF FP ILI? ALICE? &

FE PIV ELITE FAL MAL ALI 2 1LIE TP

14°97 T FAS NAS ALIS =

Federal Negarit Gazeta — No. 1 21" August 1995 —- Page 4

Article 7
Gender Reference

Provisions of this Constitution set out in the masculine gender
shall also apply to the feminine gender.

CHAPTER TWO

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THE
CONSTITUTION

Article 8
Sovereignty of the People

1. All sovereign power resides in the Nations, Nationalities
and Peoples of Ethiopia.

2. This Constitution is an expression of their sovereignty.

3. Their sovereignty shall be expressed through their represen-
tatives elected in accordance with this Constituion and
through their direct democratic participation.

Article 9
Supremacy of the Constitution

1. The Constitution is the supreme law of the land. Any law,
customary practice or a decision of an organ of state or a
public official which contravenes this Constitution shall
be of no effect.

2. All citizens, organs of state, political organizations, other
associations as well as their officials have the duty to
ensure observance of the Constitution and to obey it.

3. Itis prohibited to assume state power in any manner other
than that provided under the Constitution. .

4. All intenational agreements ratified by Ethiopia are an
integral part of the law of the land.

Article 10
Human and Democratic Rights

1. Human rights and freedoms, emanating from the nature of
mankind, are inviolable and inalienable.

2. Human and democratic rights of citizens and peoples shall
be respected.

. Article 11

Separation of State and Religion
1. State and religion are separate.
2. There shall be no state religion.

. a a
3. The state shall not interfere in religious matters and
religion shall not interfere in state affairs.


WE bSGA VIET OWN hTCE Yh TE OD DPTL IE:

Federal Negarit Gazeta — No.1 21" August 1995 — Page 5


ATPR 1
CPF AWS tOE byt

BPP TD Aw? ANN IA NU 712 NGO?
AAI #
8 FF O-9 BDALG PAWN FOC BALE ALALA
TMP? BUCA #
EF AUN Needma tone AL APY IM 72H hNsw-
APT BEAM * TCHS NAD BOAGA #
POER PAT
PALE WVETS 119E 4
AdPR TF
PERLIEG ATLAS
Bb N°VVFEO- 9? LLB OLN: C48. PFO EG PNAA
Ah?) AOA, ! WD ANEAEL AT CANT Ander HY
POLE PPNEEFT LID PTMACT PANIC
INET EG VLD RAVE Oe =
@ MLV P°O6-E OLHLNG TE PALF PR COONVEES 0917 EF

LIVE EATERS NEPNAFFO- FAP APR PANGE
DANTE HVITE EIA APR PANGE GFF AGI?
ETS GAP APE WIP POVPF DC ArMAQae
FIL: VEIN 2

NEA ATE
ANGE af fF

ATPR 16
CHLOE? CANA £UTITS C1917 F ONT

TMEOP AD ANGE Naor PPILLLCT FF7LINN
ALOT PAPE! CANA LUTTE § CUTE VT AAG =

ATPR TE -
PhLOF a4)

TE OP AD ALOT PPE a4 AAG = 919% 0-9"?
AD Ah? 1EE17) NAL POTEA PNT DAVY NATEC
ALOR) ALN? =

hIPK TE
CANA LUTTE aP4-b

%71N7F a9"? AM NADA AL Ab ATSLLCANT Porpmny
1 AAW =

ATER 17
0799T OT

8 AND NEL ITO /°C9F OE 97TFFO-"? AO OF L-9°
Ue wh 19ST ALNP/ADONP =

17 F O-F° AD VAT NEL TID /°CUF OB ALHEAN
ALPCONT O29° 42.2.22:07 AAC ALTAP =

1

Article 12
Conduct and Accountability of Government
1. The conduct of affairs of government shall be transparent.

2. Any public official or an elected representative is accoun-
table for any failure in official duties. '

3. In case of loss of confidence, the people may recall an
elected representative. The particulars of recall shall be
determined by law.

CHAPTER THREE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS

Article 13
Scope of Application and Interpretation

1. All Federal and State legislative, executive and judicial
organs at all levels shall have the responsibility and duty
to respect and enforce the provisions of this Chapter.

2. The fundamental rights and freedoms specified in this
Chapter shall be interpreted in a manner conforming to
the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights, International Covenants on Human Rights and
international instruments adopted by Ethiopia.

PART ONE
HUMAN RIGHTS

Article 14
Rights to life, the Security of Person and Liberty

Every person has the inviolable and inalienable right to life,
the security of person and liberty.

Article 15
Right to Life

Every person has the right to life. No person may be deprived
of his life except as a punishment for a serious criminal
offence determined by law.

Article 16
The Right of the Security of Person

Every one has the right to protection against bodily harm.

Article 17
Right to Liberty

1. No one shall be deprived of his or her liberty except on
such grounds and in accordance with such procedure as
are established by law.

2. No person may be subjected to arbitrary arrest, and no
person may be detained without a charge or conviction
against him.


WE bLo6A VIET ON PPG Wht TE FF 1THRTLO--
See eer

Oy

1h

m2

101

1

wi

0

121

AVPR TE
A.ANTE ALLU AAPHADA

NFP AO PN, VEPANt +t haNSe huey o2%9°
NNT NLEPCR ALEU OL9° Pah CaMNS 2°41}
AAG «
°17F OP? AD NACTT OLY 1712S HIAIL IE ALN
ALTEAP = APVTEO-9” 9497 Nh@- Gorx7k: FNC
FTHANA YH: =
"NTF OD-9? AD NILA F112 OLF WHF ATLAT
FIFE OTP” PPO RIAL Cc PILED OTNANA YO: 8
AV ATER TON ATER EF NSDLA FIP OL9 LIF
APTTIVAE? PPLAD hE?) COLNE UDP TP ALT
TTP 5
U) °F O-7" AACE NAde-r AL WN LH Nah?
PACT AIAWS PT OA? O2F 072.1 NAAC
NEAPPOE LH CPW 6-0-9 OTF FOP? 7? dot
A) FOP OFLER WIAMet APA AA.
SO PILLP LAT AD: APE CPLAMO@-3 AIA
er t
ch) PPTANZAND ALO O29 LUTTE P7LLAD
CANFOL LH UBS OLP ALI NLPIPP AT
LU POLAT PIFEOIP AIAN Ft
a) N*LOPANTO HUN 22k NANINLO °°12%
DPOF 9TFEOP APT ILELS TANGER PATE
PP anu

ATPR 1b
CEE APT aot

- OVER LRPPA Nana Crett APF PPANVEO- NAG

PAIL EE NUCHC O4,20-7 1°L10FO- LIL AIAY1
6-F Os 004) RAF OO:

Cre APE AAP tt AAFO- ¢ 0?LAaetr
1750-7" PA ECR UE 1°MCEYT A.PCAVFO-
AV ILEA PCLT LEAT PIR AIL AL OF LO
PANTING ATLANTA 004) AAFO- =

Che APF NACL APR AGT OAT ECL OT
POPP LN PAVE AAO = BUF? 1H APE NEAT AS
OF. ECR VE APPA AIAN IAG 19° P7LME
POF LN ALERP CH? = OF20'% ECL LE ATLELM
AEMEMNENE OFEA APAAC CPLLPIS PNILT LA
PPE TALE ATL IARAVEO: 04V-b AVEO-#

CEN EO: C7AD N77 OLS CH? AANIE 17.NO 12M
ECL UE IPL OP LUA PNILE NANA! ECL
Wk CANA 9992-FOO ATLLOANNCAFO- PaomeP?
ANA CIR EA PAE AVEO 2 PPP EEA ATSLALA
U2LTO- P°LMLP NU ECL WE OL LH@- AM NPA
ACATLAL ACTH OL PCC. APTNLL: FOIE 7
OMe? ANAL 17 Md TF ALPE BRA =
P°LPAEAIDO-F FED7C PP°COPE. 1 ECL LE AON
5A CUE PHD ANNI V/YANTF 9Ca°d-.0-3
ANCTO: OTLPNA AMD AbFA SPIE ECLH Wb ATA,
PON PAOD-Y OP-VT PFLLANNCG GUD HAN =

Federal Negarit Gazeta — No. 1 21" August 1995 — Page 6

Article 18
Prohibition against Inhuman Treatment

Everyone has the right to protection against cruel,
inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

2. Noone shall be held in slavery or servitude. Trafficking in

human beings for whatever purpose is prohibited.

3. Noone shall be required to perform forced or compulsary

labour.

4. For the purpose of sub-Article 3 of this Article the phrase

“forced or compulsory labour” shall not include:

(a) Any work or service normally required of a person
who is under detention in consequence of a lawful
order, or of a person during conditional release from
such detention;

(b) In the case of conscientious objectors, any service
exacted in dieu of compulsory military service;

(c) Any service exacted in cases of emergency or calamity
threatening the life or well-being of the community;

(d) Any economic and social development activity volun-
tarily performed by a community within its locality.

Article 19
Right of Persons Arrested

. Persons arrested have the right to be informed promptly,

in a language they understand, of the reasons for their
arrest and of any charge against them.

Persons arrested have the right to remain silent. Upon
arrest, they have the right to be informed promptly, in a
language they understand, that any statement they make
may be used as evidence against them in court.

Persons arrested have the right to be brought before a
court within 48 hours of their arrest. Such time shall not
include the time reasonably required for the journey from
the place of arrest to the court. On appearing before a
court, they have the right to be given prompt and specific
explanaltion of the reasons for their arrest due to the
alleged crime committed.

4. All persons have an inalienable right to petition the court

to order their physical release where the arresting police
officer or the law enforcer fails to bring them before a
court within the prescribed time and to provide reasons
for their arrest. Where the interest of justice requires, the
court may order the arrested person to remain in custody
or, when requested, remand him for a time strictly
required to carry out the necessary investigation. In
determining the additional time necessary for inves-
tigation, the court shall ensure that the responsible law
enforcement authorities carry out the investigation res-
pecing the arrested person's right to a speedy trial.


IRE bhGA IDET DMM RTCH rh TE $7 OTL 7

Es OPS APF NE-AFO- AL NINE TT APCN PLEA

i.

-

&-

reps

mm

19)

PAP TT PA ATANM OLP IGEOIP INCE NTA.
LPr ALILAP & MIMILE OFT (NE FENL1t
ALG LO-y #

CEL: APT NPA COPE Sb 84 ANFO 8 USP NAT
AFLITE AR UEFP PE ECE UP PATS AAONA
OLF MLN PELTD BPC Ie PUD PPATS
IZ IIPD,AIVLACN ACTH BTAA #

APR F
PAM APF 0-1

PTA APF ha NPCNVFo- 034-610, U9 APC
DAP NLAF ECE UE ANN IA AVY Fact
PPT AE AAFO: 2 USP OTNENCPED CIA
ALOT + CHUN CPLA UBFG PUICKD LUTTE
ArmMN? LOA NF Che 107 Fer A097 LAA =
hd NE 0UY WCUC AFZ91C-FO- AT NT OKAE
PING TE PNT ANFO- #

NECH ULF OAD 1H OPN OFFA ATL 74
TT LAPSMC * NPANCE ATAPCHY? £A9°78.e-
a4) AAF Oe #

» PPLNNEO-) ISFHO-TP INCE Coaranht + Poa

THX PANCTE COME? + ATHANA C°LLATAFO-3
FIANCE CP IUPLN OLIF PIMPCN ATU PARC
FEO PCD: AF4,09°-AFO- ParMeP 2-4 AAFO- &

E Naerdavt Ph? MALS PPOHA O29" MIF AP7S7P

Pt)

om

1s

APP NINDS TFO- Eth AALA OLEAN ub
AL IPP ary yt MAY PINT PNP HAFO- «
ACHs NELALAT ECK VF OFAMVFoO- FANT OL
FOR AL PANT AAD ECE 14 LIV PNP LA CONT

AAFO- «
ECD LL N°7LINFO LIF NULLS? v-2S eee
It OR NCH ATATCIPATO: PPMP oP4\-+
AAFaO

ATPR KE
NPASL AC LAG NEC CAGE APE ONT

NPNY AC LAT AECL CLAS APF ANGE NNE-FO-7
NLONE UEP HF COVE PA AAO 3

NTAC ALS FEO t NECN HOO PF FO: t ALS Fo +
NILE + HMNCPFFO- + ADP FEO AG ha
HON P FFs OC APIGTTS ATAANGEO-R OSA
PINT TE PNP AAFO-

ATPR RE
POTEA HV OLAA FPA 0F7LBw¢- AA Ur

"T1FO-P? hak POFEA Nh LPCHAT PTHAANT S&C
LE OFERPONE LH SCL 996.200 029° hia
BAO OFFER PUY Ah) OrLITD DAU? NATEC
APN ALEAP # ATAUP OFFEND NERONA 1H
ADIEA: F427, NINCH CPM MEL NAS enng.
POF 1°7FFO-7° AW AL ALLOA =

Federal Negarit Gazeta— No. 1 21" August 1995 — Page 7

5. Persons arrested shall not be compelled to make confes-

sions or admissions which could be used in evidence
against them. Any evidence obtained under coercion shall
not be admissible.

6. Persons arrested have the right to be released on bail. In

exceptional circumstances prescribed by law, the court
may deny bail or demand adequate guarantee for the
conditional release of the arrested person.

Article 20
Rights of Persons Accused

Accused persons have the right to a public trial by an
ordinary court of law within a reasonable time after
having been charged. The court may hear cases in a
closed session only with a view to protecting the right to
privacy of the parties concerned, public morals and
national security.

Accused persons have the right to be informed with
sufficient particulars of the charge brought against them
and to be given the charge in writing.

3. During proceedings accused persons have the right to be

presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law
and not to be compelled to testify against themselves.

Accused persons have the right to full access to any
evidence presented against them, to examine witnesses
testifying against them, to adduce or to have evidence
produced in their own defence, and to obtain the
attendance of and examination of witnesses on their
behalf before the court.

5. Accused persons have the right to be represented by legal

counsel of their choice, and, if they do not have sufficient
means to pay for it and miscarriage of justice would
result, to be provided with legal representation at state
expense.

6. All persons have the right of appeal to the competent court

against an order or a judgement of the court which first
heard the case.

They have the right to request for the assistance of an
interpreter at state expense where the court proceedings
are conducted in a language they do not understand.

Atticle 21

The Rights of Persons Held in Custody and Convicted
Prisoners .

. All persons held in custody and persons imprisoned upon

conviction and sentencing have the right to treatments
respecting their human dignity.

All persons shall have the opportunity to communicate
with, and to be visited by, their spouses or partners, close.
relatives, friends, religious councillors, medical doctors
and their legal counsel.

Article 22
Non-retroactivity of Criminal Law

No one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on
account of any act or omission which did not constitute a
criminal offence at the time when it was committed. Nor
shall a heavier penalty be imposed on any person than the
one that was applicable at the time when the criminal
offence was committed.


IKE bLo6N IIE OMNRTPCH rhd. 1E O73 FTE 9-7- Federal Negarit Gazeta— No.1 21% August 1995 — Page 8
Ge ee eee aeeneGennnn AGnee

G- CHU ATER 70-0 ADPR BALCH * & C1 NtéRe | 2. Notwithstanding the provisions of sub-Article 1 of this
NAA POM HVATNAN O2LF AbFPENO: AW M2? US Article, a law promulgated subsequent to the commission
ETT NLC LA NAA COME HI ERLE LECPA of the offence shall apply if it is advantageous to the

accused or convicted person.
ATPR KE

NATL: OFEA 2997 NF HATHANA

TF OP AD ADIEA HIG 7?) CE PACE bh
PIPEDRLAT AUY OAL PFS EE AFCIINIT O29" 9
ATAPPNT OFEAAILIT ALHAAY O29" ABEMNSP «=

Article 23
Prohibition of Double Jeopardy


No person shall be liable to be tried or punished again for an
offence for which he has already been finally convicted or
acquitted in accordance with the criminal law and procedure.

Article 24
Right to Honour and Reputation

ATPR KG
CNNCS PPPANY APY? 20-14
1. Everyone has the right to respect for his human dignity,
b TFEOP AM ANGE ANNES ANP hor Pornnc reputation and honour.

At AAD # Everyone has the right to the free development of his

8 TVEO-P Ad Pete's MNOS Nhe LTT OEE OC personality in a manner compatible with the rights of
ATNMNG UV-B AFT COVAL A NE AAD: # other citizens.
FFF O-9? AD N°TFF OP” AKC. NANGE YE AD-PG

Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a
person.

PINT T PAT AAD #

hIPK BE Article 25
PARA TT PAT Right to Equality

All persons are equal before the law and are entitled without
any discrimination to the equal protection of the law. In this
respect, the law shall guarantee to all persons equal and
effective protection without discrimination on grounds of
race, nation, nationality, or other social origin, colour, sex,
language, religion, political or other opinion, property, birth
or other status.

AP APT Nh? at ADA SFO = Norhhatoa-r
17 FOP IS9b ACTH ALLATVAATARA TAP BEC
FPA = NH 2712 NHC? ANAC t Nd CATE NPAs APD:
ALIS + NV LITE! AZ AEN N74 AMS: NUE:
NTD-AL OLF? NAA ALP? PND ACTH 22.69 APT
Ute ADAG FERN CA? PEG 0°77 FE OPA AAO &

ATER KE Article 26
LIA ALOT LPHACS LorMNY Nt Right to Privacy

8: PTT FHO-¥? AD PA HLOE ! WCE * PAPHNC G°-4-F
AAG = BV ar Ee? Vk i ATES TNE:
heal a ATAU NIA LUFO PA INET hos
P2>MNP NET PNESA =

1. Everyone has the right to privacy. This right shall include
the right not to be subjected. to searches of his home,
person or property, or the seizure of any property under 7
his personal possession.

go) For AD: ATA LDR TOG LOTR EO | 7S" 2. Everyone has the right to the inviolability of his notes and
P°LANFO- LNELP FE ATAU? 0G | EADY, .; ;
— nresh a PF 7 correspondence including postal letters, and com-
1 NheAntes "ek PLLLC ITO V7 munications made by means of telephone, telecom-
TEE ALLEGP 2 ee . ;
munications and electronic devices.
FF POTIPY NAPYANTE AVY NET PoTMHICT

3. Public officials shall respect and protect these rights. No
restrictions may be placed on the enjoyment of such
rights except in compelling circumstances and in accor-
dance with specific laws whose purposes shall be the
safeguarding of national security or public peace, the
prevention of crimes or the protection of helath, public
morality or the rights and freedoms of others.

Article 27

Freedom of Religion, Belief and Opinion

1. Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience
and religion. This right shall include the freedom to hold
or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice, and the

P77NNAG IL AAVFO # ANIA UEP FE AMES
QAEPR LVTIED | CHUN AAP | OTEAD Noh
ANA! RGIS CHUN PPLA UL Name o29°
CAAT? PANES 999 NTMNNC FAP FT AL O-bao
AdhE UCUC ATH PACE NAVY NATO CATHY
PNET ANP PT? ALM ALEAP #

ATPR Ri
CYL71T Tt PAP ITT PAPADNT 1974

B- PFFOP AG CTIAN = CHAS AG CYR°7CH 994-7
AAG: BY 904) 97FFE OP” AWM PPC MO-d 12°79 +
OL APT PIPLW MOLI CAPPNA + 1L°IEKHIG


IRD bLoGA IEF OWN RPCE th 16 1HRTT 9-9-

i

m=

19)

ws

p\~

i

b:

i

=

APTED ANF O29 hile 2C Neus 124 oO297°
NIA CTP AN | POWEA § CoO-FING + C°IATOIC
OLY COPIAK GF CNEALA 2

QATER 7 ION ATER E CEMPAO ADL-TMNe UF
PYLE Pb Pao 1298 SFOs APTNG- ETT APL.
CET COLLENEA FO CIL71T TE FPUCTS ChAATSELC
PLOT FILED BPA

VFO AD: PPLLAIOFD ALTE ALN PAG?
197T NILA OL9° NAA UEFA N°TAILL: 2272-11 029°
PRANA ALFA? =

DALES HIE PUA NAPS FO PACT PY2°79
DFO-FG PAP 7°) PING FPUCTE Nodamt
ALFERD P9PIAL9 a4 AVEO #

TLAVP EIST AP TET PPIAK PAVE AIL C°LFAW-
CHUN LVI AAID EF FPUCES t PANN
PEA ES 8 CA hr LTE PACE aff :
VIET AG O51 NY LIE 99 OURY APILIIP
NOM at BUCA #

APR RE
NANT AL NAPM7,6.A9°- OFF beF-

» ALTERS VAL PFEO- FAP APEAPPTEEAS Nabdet

CATER! HIF NAO AK AL ObeR0% OTP OF
TNAD: OTOArETY OFF OT 1 PAD HC 9794 :
LAECE CPL PNT ACLS PoPa-Ak ! MANIAL Aw
P2PADE ? O29° RANG PLLA SCLARED 14.R0°-
APT AZ hh 7%!2-0 ALCD ALBAIEP = AAI
AD-ED.@ NAP UT 1°7FFQ-9° 900997" AHA
DAP FNP ALT OLF NLPCT ALLAGP =

NHL NAL OLITIO: ATLEMNG US + ONY ADPER
TON APR & CEMA ET OFF NF 6K oPa CP}
Put ATL VEO- APF COA Nd PVE OL 68%,
An &r AACE ALTIAD: BPAA #

AGA UAT
LoPRHEALR PAVE

ATPR Ki

PAPA AT VANT 179 POPLUG P@PIAK a4}

"TTF O-P AD LATTIP. NAL TMrr CorhAw-> par
Ann? Age BEAA =
277TF OP? AD LPAPTTP? MAL PT VAD PoPIAR
79977 AAG: = BV 79V7F NUIC OAPT? UY UIC OE
OAT ALLA NLA WT AKA O27 Navbany +
17°7 TAN PAN O29 Noogm@ N°77%a-9°
07P7NE-, HS. | UFFO-IP? GB 2B VAN Carn
NAN § POPPNAG CO7AC-CO-T 1997 FF PDEA
PTANG CAAeF 2798 NEV) + ADU 07°) TON
EME VTE PLIVAA * OT GA TV AFAL COLT
AED OE PMP AAA :
UV) OPES PCO? NTTEO-S OAD e°-rhANA
Uy:

Federal Negarit Gazeta — No. 1 21" August 1995 — Page 9


freedom, either individually or in community with others,
and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief
in worship, observance, practice and teaching.

2. Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-Article 2 of

Article 90, believers may establish institutions of
religious education and administration in order to
propagate and organize their religion.

3. Noone shall be subject to coercion or other means which

would restrict or prevent his freedom to hold a belief of
his choice.

4. Parents and legal guardians have the right to bring up their

children ensuring their religious and moral education in
conformity with their own convictions.

5. Freedom to express or manifest one's religion or belief

may be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed
by law and are necessary to protect public safety, peace,
health, education, public morality or the fundamental
rights and freedoms of others, and to ensure the indepen-
dence of the state from religion.

Article 28

Crimes Against Humanity

. Criminal liability of persons who commit crimes against

humanity, so defined by international agreements ratified
by Ethiopia and by other laws of Ethiopia, such as
genocide, summary executions, forcible disappearances
or torture shall not be barred by statute of limitation. Such
offences may not be commuted by amnesty or pardon of
the legislature or any other state organ.

2. Inthe case of persons convicted of any crime stated in sub-

Article 1 of this Article and sentenced with the death
penalty, the Head of State may, without prejudice to the
provisions hereinabove, commute the punishment to life
imprisonment.

PART TWO
~ DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS

Article 29
Right of Thought, Opinion and Expression

Everyone has the right to hold opinions without in-
teference.

2. Everyone has the right to freedom of expression without

any interference. This right shall include freedom to seek,
receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds,
regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print,
in the form of art, or through any media of his choice.

3. Freedom of the press and other mass media and freedom

of artistic creativity is guaranteed. Freedom of the press
shall specifically include the following elements:

(a) Prohibition of any form of censorship.


RT bSoCA WDE DMN RICH tht 16 Pd RELY:

Federal Negarit Gazeta — No. 1 21° August 1995 —- Page 10


A) Chun? PEP? C°CLMANT CE COVITTT OF
AI «=
ALL PHEALE CVE ANAL CUP PO CEP TH VANES
AAD 199 FNC 1C-F O49 APP IIT ANA THA
ALP TH CAWEC 117 OTALE AE LOPE PTT
G1 het ATA CO CH?) POL BLCIALA #
4999797 VN PPLNLE: OLI 14°71 RET
PC LA IGE NYT CrALE AATECEED ATT
GIL NLENTAD: U-2S 74086. BPCIA 8
AVY PEE ILM ANAVEO C9 LEAD PUANG
PCS PITT TIVE NAAEAANE BHF ALATA
0°L FAD: AATAAN? OM AD AL1IM-I? NLA
PCY AL FACTO 1°LOM HITE NF LUGA =
CONTE LUTTE + PAM? NNCT PANY Ay
AMMNF AOA HIE LAF ATHY ONE AL ALI
LEAM = ONCTH PACAP HE ATAUP ANGE NNCT
0°L 7 CALAN 227A? P FT AA? POLNANA BUS Ae
75 F O-9 WI NAL OME CNET AML PS 212
P°LNA AIP LVEF PO DENTS Nh) tTOPt AUF
RTAA

12)

a

es)

1

ATPA A
PLANAN | AATIP AAR COVE 199 F9 ADVED
P7TP EN PNT

7750-9" AM hadet IC Neus 4c? ASN NAA
CANAAN | AATTR AAG 09727 VES 2 ALES
CPP LN NE AAD: = DOT OB POLLY ANNIE ES
NATE AACE 0°LF PAPA VEO: OSPF NUN ATP
ALA AL FIC ATILPE API OLP Nandhs&
AZ PA ANA WLI? AATTP AAG NAIS § SPHEALE
DONE ETS CPAUNT OP CA UES ATSE PE ACTAMNYP
ADO CAFO: 2° COTE ALITY BTA #

BY a COMET LUTTE t PAG? NICS PANY
ayes ATMA + CMC PACAP TE AIAUP ANGE
WIC CPLTH: CALAN 297A] P'FF ATNANA ANA
0°LOM AT PALE FHL? 1eeV's ALI #

1)

et

ATER Hb
PaP2.2.0 | ALE

PTFE OI AD APTVE OP? APT 1°TANG PPLE TF OA
haw = UF AIAN PADD A? NEM OL" a2
PFE SP PCH NAT OF 0°F12 ATIELA CLOPALE
OL CEMA TINT PLLEPR SCERE Orn
Aha: BUSA: #

AIPA He
PaPNPOC 9997

£ ITFF OP AACR OLP IhIP 712: VICK OAT
092.7% CO-ED NEP 2Ma CUIEE ANN, POOHP OCT
POG ELE AD POVAPAC TE! AI4UP 146.010 1.4 QVIC
Carga 799 AAG =

CFFED-P AEEKLL OF. U1G CIPaPA) 9°46) AAG #

1

oo

(b) Access to information of public interest.

4. In the interest of the free flow of information, ideas and
opinions which are essential to the functioning of a
democratic order, the press shall, as an institution, enjoy
legal protection to ensure its operational independence
and its capacity to entertain diverse opinions.

5. Any media financed by or under the control of the State
shall be operated in a manner ensuring its capacity to
entertain diversity in the expression of opinion.

6. These rights can be limited only through laws which are
guided by the principle that freedom of expression and
information cannot be limited on account of the content
or effect of the point of view expressed. Legal limitations
can be laid down in order to protect the well-being of the
youth, and the honour and reputation of individuals. Any
propaganda for war as well as the public expression of
opinion intended to injure human dignity shall be
prohibited by law.

7. Any citizen who violates any legal limitations on the
exercise of these rights may be held liable under the law.

. Article 30
The Right of Assembly, Demonstration and Petition

1. Everyone has the right to assemble and to demonstrate
together with others peaceably and unarmed, and to
petition. Appropriate regulations may be made in the
interest of public convenience relating to the location of
open-air meetings and the route of movement of demons-
trators or, for the protection of democratic rights, public
morality and peace during such a meeting or demons-
tration.

2. This right does not exempt from liability under laws
enacted to protect the well-being of the youth or the
honour and reputation of individulas, and laws
prohibiting any propaganda for war and any public
expression of opinions intended to injure human dignity.

Article 31
Freedom of Association

Every person has the right to freedom of association for any
cause or purpose. Organizations formed, in violation of
appropriate laws, or to illegally subvert the constitutional
order, or which promote such activities are prohibited.

Article 32
Freedom of Movement

1. Any Ethiopian or foreign national lawfully in Ethiopia
has, within the national territory, the right to liberty of
movement and freedom to choose his residence, as well
as the freedom to leave the country at any time he wishes
to.

2. Any Ethiopian national has the right to return to his
country.


WRIR 286A VIF OWN RTCE hd 16 OF THEE O-7-

a

=

131

a:

mp 1

19)

ADPR GE
CH77-T 20-4) FF

MTF OP AATEKEEATOKICH NEF 3/NdPk,
OP ATERER 1NET/IITPD ANE O2F
ATILEE ALFAP/ATETAP # AAPKLE/AAC]
FET WI NAA UIC HD IC 0°. KOW-/0P-+d. Kw:
INF ATORER 177 /19F PD ALAPCH &
TIHEOP ATEKEE WD CATER! WIE AnD
POLLATTO-F GOT t PALS PPP? COTTE GOAT
AAG: « .
TMFOP AI AACKEE ADED PoPA@E a4)
hdw-s

ATER NARLPOFEO- GAP APE APPR 9C
NFL LP 2 90972: NOM HAG 1°LL977 YCU*
PALE CATECKE WIE ADP VIC APT AAT
BPAAH

ATPK His
P.INF 1 PIAS PATAN 2-147

NAD NEON PINF b68°L CLA OF2RFES VEE
AHC t ANAC t ANdcaAN O29 0720797 ABTT
ALLLIVEO C°PFINAG WEAN Povrarpgy a4)
AAFas = NINF ALRAP ! NINFO- N99 NEE LH
ADA Ft AAFO: = NEP 1H PALEY 9-4-9
PEP? ATANIAG P°LLLCE LIL E LL IY

© INF APIVP F 19¢ oot 22k AL NF BarAcrAs

LEAN CPANETAN OFETC BACTP ah Far =
NANATANG 99°97" PAY CCITT OPT Aw
NAT ATAL NLNCNLO ACT 078979 F + NAA
CAD YCIETE AL FenAchar APDL6R0% INEPF-
ADDS PPLAP H7A.ON LFAA #

& BV ah) 71 * CVA AT PLTAN HIF NOAA

=

i

™=

193

APNE? FE APL OY L1E EE OSPF ANAT hI
PACT PLFTHY ALNANAS * UCUS NA) LOAGAS

ATPRK HE
Ch 0417

APE BU hh? F177 NACIINTO ETS 70
PPE Nemer 21k hove 2C ADA 9414
AAFO: =

GEE ANY hh? 2°991/"7 NELITIO PACE NODE
NOI2-F OC ATA O41 AAFa-

OPE NEES NAGLE Note FFa- PLCAVFO-s
PACH FCA NIPT DAP N°7TAINF BY PCA ATAAC
PAFO- AEDTE PL IE ACLPEPT PmLP?L Coowy
PNT HAF Or = HY NDA P°PLOASTACLE PF FAP
AZ ATENE § 0°74N-PS NALTELEL PANT ATAU
NFL TAT NIA TEEPE OAT AFF NODE F OC
NADAL POLSSS TADEAILU TAIL CVATALIAN
AG THT APAMT 1O- #

AE NIE VHA FOP CarPAdY 2-1 3-Fa-> a7
Ih WNNC AANt = AFTD P°LMe, OL
NANAFO- O27 NOP CATO: AL 7-44 POLLAN
ATE! OFFS AVP Orhan GFa #


Federal Negarit Gazeta— No. 1 21" August 1995 — Page 11


Article 33
Rights of Nationality

No Ethiopian national shall be deprived of his or her
Ethiopian nationality against his or her will. Marriage of
an Ethiopian national of either sex to a foreign national
shall not annul his or her Ethiopian nationality.


2. Every Ethiopian national has the right to the enjoyment of

3.

all rights, protection and benefits derived from Ethiopian
nationality as prescribed by law.

Any national has the right to change his Ethiopian
nationality.

4. Ethiopian nationality may be conferred upon foreigners in

2.

3.

accordance with law enacted and procedures established
consistent with international agreements ratified by
Ethiopia.

Article 34

Marital, Personal and Family Rights

Men and women, without any distinction as to race,
nation, nationality or religion, who have attained
marrigeable age as defined by law, have the right to marry
and found a family. They have equal rights while entering
into, during marriage and at the time of divorce. Laws
shall be enacted to ensure the protection of rights and
interests of children at the time of divorce.

Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full
consent of the intending spouses.

The family is the natural and fundamental unit of society
and is entitled to protection by society and the State.

4. In accordance with provisions to be specified by law, a

5.

1.

2.

3.

law giving recognition to marriage concluded under
systems of religious or customary laws may be enacted.

This Constitution shall not preclude the adjudication of
disputes relating to personal and family laws in accor-
dance with religious or customary laws, with the consent
of the parties to the dispute. Particulars shall be deter-
mined by law.

‘ Article 35
Rights of Women

Women shall, in the enjoyment of rights and protections
provided for by this Constitution, have equal right with
men.

Women have equal rights with men in marriage as
prescribed by this Constitution.

The historical legacy of inequality and discrimination
suffered by women in Ethiopia taken into account,
women, in order to remedy this legacy, are entitled to
affirmative measures. The purpose of such measures shall
be to provide special attention to women so as to enable
them compete and participate on the basis of equality
with men in political, social and economic life as well as
in public and private institutions.

4. The State shall enforce the right of women to eliminate the

influences of harmful customs. Laws, customs and
practices that oppress or cause bodily or mental harm to
women are prohibited.


WR TE 22GCN TICE QNONETCH Wh TE 7 LHL -P-

Federal Negarit Gazeta — No. 1 21* August 1995 — Page 12


mm

wh

PD)

p=)

On

1

1h

v)
COUT PALE AVEO = PMAL: EPL CHa
hk OP bw EO} 7d UBS CT MTT Ft
CHIFE CRLTALND LUI DIPH OAT 1°7N
107 NA? BOATA #

COAL: 22k VA? 1°. WA PALE Narr:
PLeOn NEP DC POLAT PACING 228-9
ACDRIPC BEAA =

APE dk CATH TAAL EF OPLS AT CENET
UVETS AERP * VEAL PEED PEP 1°17
TCOENEE VAVEO-7 14°74 UBS ADA POOMEP
Pb AAV Fo

PE PNCH CIR t PTNNEALC § POPSNMC :
POO MPLS CVATAAK PAVE AVEO: = VEAL PGT
NMP” = NVATAAG | N°IAESLCT NeSNMC
CIR? NOT IC ADA FAME AAFO = 7809
OCF 1° ANT NALA TH POOLE 4 AVEO: 2
PE OP PE O77 ALTE t PALA DELS ads?
PTIATAAR ALFA O40 ANF #

A)

© LEE NACTUGS NODAL: PNIDL 7 PLL CAVFO3 At

P°LPNTA
WCE AT APP 9°TNTT

APNANAG a39D"Fa-> ATTAMNY
CLTAN PM, FPVCT :
OA AVEO 2

ATER AL
CHIGT PNT

FEO NV COLNE AT PNET Act i

V) AhLOT argc :

A) APS INTE COTTE:

ch) DALEY OL9° La? PF7AL 1 OAV PAF OD APT

C°IDPS CAVEIT? ATNNAN COTTE F

) PAVED NOLAN ATP PooMNs + AFP
VCE! AMGO-G ALVITE: AL Pa PULLLCO-
PCP RIL C PAPILS OLP Nery d+
PaO :

ArPVCT LEE O29 INIT 9142.12 TR
Pr Oar NANA NLA O29 Neen
A.VSP WY PAVE 79 PaoU'D =

DIGEST POLPALE ACL OP F 1°. ON4-04 LE 14°F
22 SFP OLP AIA CNT ALEVE FLEE! ECE LPF
NAATSL.C WANT O27 Ah A@-ch, ANAT
PHIGE LUTTE APL PETA PLAN AAVE #

OUT APPT! NILE OLIP NRLVLL FRE F
COLT § 1°71 ACAD CTLEL 1 ONE + avy
Vb OLY NWA AAA POD FLEE OAT COLE
ONE NAPEL Fh TAL TO: 2921 KAVFO &

INF O-8 ObOASR AICTE AIDE 2EOAS HIST
ICAWDA 4b AVEO: #

PIPER NAA 91ST AR PAL PLONMFPA =
AGE CLLR EET /2°CVE PLLPFEG POLL
N44 ATO? LVI FOG TPUCT FO} 071"
EPS. FLEE AVAPACE PINEDA #

vw)

LEE PDAS LPR hor PLOW NEP IC | 5.

1.

2.

3.

(a) Women have the right to maternity leave with full
pay. The duration of maternity leave shall be
determined by law taking into account the nature of
the work, the health of the mother and the well-
being of the child and family.

(b) Maternity leave may, in accordance with the
provisions of law, include prenatal leave with full
pay.

Women have the right to full consultation in the
formulation of national development policies, the desig-

ning and execution of projects, and particularly in the
case of projects affecting the interests of women.

Women have the right to acquire, administer, control, use
and transfer property. In particular, they have equal rights
with men with respect to use, transfer, administration and
control of land. They shall also enjoy equal treatment in
the inheritance of property.

Women shall have a right to equality in employment,
promotion, pay, and the transfer of pension entitlements.

To prevent harm arising from pregnancy and childbirth
and in order to safeguard their health, women have the
right of access to family planning education, information
and capacity.

Article 36
Rights of Children
Every child has the right:
(a) To life;
(b)
(c)

To a name and nationality;

To know and be cared for by his or her parents or
legal guardians;

(d) Not to be subject to exploitative practices, neither to
be required nor permitted to perform work which
may be hazardous or harmful to his or her education,

health or well-being;

(e) To be free of corporal punishment or cruel and
inhumane treatment in schools and other institutions

responsible for the care of children.

In all actions concerning children undertaken by public
and private welfare institutions, courts of law, adminis-
trative authorities or legislative bodies, the primary
consideration shall be the best interests of the child.

Juvenile offenders admitted to corrective or rehabilitative
institutions, and juveniles who become wards of the State
or who are placed in public or private orphanages, shall be
kept separately from adults.

4. Children born out of wedlock shall have the same rights as

5.

children born of wedlock.

The State shall accord special protection to orphans and
shall encourage the establishment of institutions which
ensure and promote their adoption and advance their
welfare, and education.


IRI 4PoeA VIET INNRTCH rch 16 $7 TL O-

Federal Negarit Gazeta — No. 1 21" August 1995 — Page 13


APPR Ai,
ETA COIN TT PAT

B THEOL’ A NEC AOA 0°11N@-7 7-4R AECE
Ut O29 AAA NA? OSS7br PAN A-brima- AA
CPIPLNG DAZ OLF? ECL POINT A PAVE AAG: 3

G- NV ATER 70-0 AER § PPOANTO-7 OAL OLP
FC i ,

Vv) 97FO-P’ MN CANAD 02d. O29" CTA
TPP? Naewha t

A) °TFFOIP 1-7 OLS PaAae PPP LAFO-y
OP F CPLONA DMAAN O£9° PIF ANA

CIOMNEPS COIN TT PAT AAD =

ATPR AT
PaPP LPG Pavra0ge TP ard}

RPT FOP AAEEEL WD NSAP *t NHC! ANC !
ANALAN #121 NPIS + NYL9CIET + OT A7LH OLS
NAA APADKT OL9° NAA ALP’ AL CPoAct ACTT
ALLA2INE CFL AEE AA 5

Vv) NEPA AT 0997F NOCZHFo- toanet he7Tn
49F NUNN PSL AATALC COPATrE t

A) b8°La@- TE 90°F APA NA? PACT Carper

ch) 1°7CFO-P? 00971 F LCF NAPLNO- NETH:
PCO. POPPCPG Paragp 2 PCR we
APE! NU-APADATEAL CPOPALES NLATC
LPS RANT 906.05 695.7 11 PPLIA
ROP PATS POLAT GUA AANT #

BE AZAR SCE WWE Et AFIS | MAWEP TS
NO 2 9741 Eb APATE LCR PLMLPO-7 MPAAG
AP CANATTE PALCT P°LLFLA OTHE D-H"? AD NEAT:
AMA COPS OPA): OPN, GUD AAMT

* NUVAIPR TON ATER ENTOANET SCEET ODT

APALTT ADP HF CPLNLA. PCORP FE 195 LPNEALL

AU 97S BAAN #

CHU ATER FON ATER BATE LIILPE CHUNNI

TPP? AE IA UBF PLT AAHU'Y Sed ANA

LCEET ALR FER BUG le 3

=

11

APR AD
CNACT t Nardone t HUF 00414

Bo OTTEOP CAAEKE NAC! Nada! HUN C07
OLA NE PIPMAT ANHIIMA PAG PA): NTT
FO-"? PAD PAIL OMNES YO #

8 TIF HO-KP CATCH! NhC t Tdhdon + an ng
72RD PaPGIC § PaPRG: § RILAKY PPIAL TAT Aled
POPIAK t CPPRICS 0974-47 ATZUP FEF Cary
nan 2-1 AAw: «

FFF FOP CATO RE NAC t NAAN HUN 207

PPVATALCG OPT AAD = BY OPA Nhs!
NACA § HUM AACA PANG PEC G7 CPLLA
TALC FI FR FR CIRLP ADAP?
QNAAS 142.2%6A ANTSLOF OAT LNT O-NAG
CTT PNET PMPAAA #

Article 37
Right of Access to Justice

1. Everyone has the right to bring a justiciable matter to, and
to obtain a decision or judgement by, acourt of law or any
other competent body with judicial power.

2. The decision or judgement referred to under sub-Article 1
of this Article may also be sought by:

(a) Any association representing the Collective or
individual interest of its members; or

(b) Any group or person who is a member of, or
represents a group with similar interests.

Article 38
The Right to Vote and to be Elected

1. Every Ethiopian national, without any discrimination
based on colour, race, nation, nationality, sex, language,

religion, political or other opinion or other status, has the
following rights:

(a) To take part in the conduct of public affairs, directly
and through freely chosen representatives;

(b) On the attainment of+18 years of age, to vote in
accordance with law;

(c) To vote and to be elected at periodic elections to any
office at any level of government; elections shall be
by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by
secret ballot, guaranteeing the free expression of the
will of the electors.

2. The right of everyone to be a member of his own will ina
political organization, labour union, trade organization,
or employers’ or professional association shall be respec-
ted if he or she meets the special and general requirements
stipulated by such organization.

3. Elections to positions of responsibility within any of the
organizations referred to under sub-Article 2 of this

Article shall be conducted in a free and democratic
manner.

4. The provisions of sub-Articles 2 and 3 of this Article shall
apply to civic organizations which significantly affect the
public interest.

Article 39
Rights of Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples

1. Every Nation, Nationality and People in Ethiopia has an
unconditional right to self-determination, including the
right to secession.

2. Every Nation, Nationality and People in Ethiopia has the
right to speak, to write and to develop its own language;
to express, to develop and to promote its culture; and to
preserve its history.

3. Every Nation, Nationality and People in Ethiopia has the
right to a full measure of self-government which includes
the right to establish institutions of government in the
territory that it inhabits and to equitable representation in
state and Federal governments.


IR TG bSoCA WDE DMN ETCH Whh 18 9 ETE

191

Be

Or

10

=

2)

ss

me

Federal Negarit Gazeta — No. 1 21“ August 1995 — Page 14

PNAC ! ACA: HNOF E07 OLA NEN PoP@As | 4. The right to self-determination, including secession, of every

ANN 2°79 MA 241 17" d- AL 0°LW-AW- 5

UV) Pae71TMA TLE ANAC? ANZA OLF NAN
CA? AD6D, PAC UA NU-AE LATE CLIPS LIE
PTPILIT WNT AIM I

A) Cho FIT PNAC! PIaddit O27
CHU PRC AT OA ALCZAG AVAF 400-F 7H
OAT ANPEO 1d t ddan O29 HW
AUN OAS ALLER :

ah) COT TMA TLE AHN 8-420: NANA? L976

ALPVE F

CoLode PFET PYM APLMO NaC:

NacoN O27 ANN PAC UV YAN ALA

cif :

NAT NFLOAIO PACE PINGE NEGA AL27

VODs

AY a? 2°9977"F OAT “Nd t Nd cAN ! a?

WAT DLV PPA PPIARO-F QC PPLPAL F74NCAN

7O- = 4 PA PIG MAL PFLEIRNCE ThA OLS?

Taran, APR LAFO + AINA PLEANT CIC-

LIL COVED: 1 CDC OLY OrHaPL, HAD-G AA? NAw-

PALF: O24 ANG AISI PAFOS NAN o-

ObLLH PANS PLC 0°PLTS CFO: #

a)

w)

AIPA 4
CTNAT Pt

+ IVE O-P? CAACHKLE WD PIA TCE NAT Ovr/euvsg

LHACASA/LNNCATA = BV or PHN TEP?
AM? AAA UES Nh? ANHATOAT Sd INT
COPPHS NINA POPMPT? OL.9° Code TT LTT AE
AANATL ZY LCA INETKS PONT : PPFD OLI? NAA
BOF 1S PTIDATAAG OVE EY PUTFA #
ANU ATER 94°F “PDA DCE? Wt OTIFHO-9"°
ATOEEL WD OL AIP AGT Ah?) CrAVFO-
RACK EP TMNT OSI HIN NAAFO- 0-2 P TF
AAn? OFAP 096: PINT VAT ATAU OPEPLAFO-
"TNCANF FANS FO- : NPEMNC Fies-Fo- o29°
ANT AAEO: 06.6 TONE CUTS PPROPTE MAL
ALP LO PD PAM: Om -b 7 #
PIMC!’ UY CNT PTGS POLIO UAE UATE
PAVE LOPFDWLOPG PHAN VF YO = ab PILE
P°ILADT CAACKE ACT! 1A CAVES HUOF ODe-
NET VO:
CATES ACO ALCT 64% 199 PTNTTS NOLL TFO-
LAPYPA OPAL IFO PTNA 1D: # ARR} A FOPANT
MCHC hl LOMA =

- CAFR HATE ANTM AS UY AAC PPL MPO 28+

199 C°RTTE § POPMPPSG NeaI-FO- PALGPA
PAV AVEOX # HCUC AdARO™ NA? BOATA #
POLE MAGEE CAACKE AdhCE t NdcATs
HUN COVE ATL AME UF 2°917"7 ANA NAUNAT
Nah? N°LOAI NEP NPSYVNt PMP"? 2) 3-FO-7
SANNCAFPA * HCH NA? LOATA =

Nation, Nationality and People shall come into effect:

(a) When a demand for secession has been approved by a
two-thirds majority of the members of the Legislative

Council of the Nation, Nationality or People concer-
ned;

(b) When the Federal Government has organized a
referendum which must take place within three years
from the time it received the concerned council’s
decision for secession;

(c) When the demand for secession is supported by a
majority vote in the referendum;

(d) When the Federal Government will have transferred its
powers to the Council of the Nation, Nationality or
People who has voted to secede; and

(e) When the division of assets is effected in a manner
prescribed by law.

5. A ‘‘Nation, Nationality or People’’ for the purpsoe of this

1.

N

Constitution, is a group of people who have or share a large
measure of a common culture or similar customs, mutual
intelligibility of language, belief in a common or related
identities, a common psychological make-up, and who
inhabit an identifiable, predominantly contiguous territory.

Article 40
The Right to Property

Every Ethiopian citizen has the right to the ownership of
private property. Unless prescribed otherwise by law on
account of public interest, this right shall include the right to
acquire, to use and, in a manner compatible with the rights of
other citizens, to dispose of such property by sale or bequest
or to transfer it otherwise.

‘‘Private property’’, for the purpsoe of this Article, shall
mean any tangible or intangible product which has value and
is produced by the labour, creativity, enterprise or capital of
an individual citizen, associations which enjoy juridical
personality under the law, or in appropriate circumstances,
by communities specifically empowered by law to own
property in common.

3. The right to ownership of rural and urban land, as well as of

all natural resources, is exclusively vested in the State and in
the peoples of Ethiopia. Land is a common property of the
Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia and shall not
be subject to sale or to other means of exchange.

4. Ethiopian peasants have right to obtain land without payment

and the protection against eviction from their possession.
The implementation of this provision shall be specified by
law.

5. Ethiopian pastoralists have the right to free land for grazing

6.

and cultivation as well as the right not to be displaced from
their own lands. The implementation shall be specified by
law.

Without prejudice to the right of Ethiopian Nations,
Nationalities, and Peoples to the ownership of land,
government shall ensure the right of private investors to the
use of land on the basis of payment arrangements es-
tablished by law. Particulars shall be determined by law.


WIE 626A 926F DUN RPCE hh TE 7 TIFT.

L

sh

Oy)

1m

193 =

yy

Iw:

ish

ts

1)

Oo

TAP ATEKER OFANE *§ O2F° NIFH NEAT AL
APF 297 TNE OLIP APLEL.CID- REV, AAA
OO-(\- OPA HAGE = BU alt ParAT + ParAwT :
(7710-20 PPLE THPPELIrE ALLE NEE?
0979 AT NAL ETE? COTHOC OFF? CHANEL Ca>MeH
DVT SOEFA # UCUC ABARC™ ah) BOACA #

C1A NCH VALET PAT AISNE Ut 297
1 AAU PEP AALAL UE ALTTO: baoqmyy
NA APLOLE NPNLA CIA PEE Aga-rAL

LTAA#

ATPK AB
CAPD * 0P7ANE-LS CNA FOAL T

TTD P KTKEL NICk BAP 1°73F0-9"°
PA.PT?OL ATEALA COPNC1E-TT ATTELCLED Pav
MOF 72 C- POD PY CF PAV AAD:

VAP ALTERED PPE ELOYD § 7PEOKFG 020-5
POPP CP aA) AAD: =

CALTORE WE UA 19°99" Td 1°04.
"TNEPR AIMEE OAGATE PaeMdy ant
AAFa: «

= FDOT OMG | PEPUCTS Ade t 0°P74NE-P AIAN

PED AAU ATTEN APLND: APCD. 0°42: UTE
La ena #
PIPE RANA AGT PRAOLC FEEEE tACICLIIG
LAMAR. OLI° PAKAVAL OPS HIGHT AIREPS
APMCEH CUICH PALTOL APP? 1ZPL.O- £.CB ATA
NAN PLCIA #
DIVE TE APC AMES AICP PC. APEMNC
P°LEAFA TAA LNTAA t ADU NLENLL@-
0/76 HCE OAT O76. OLA APEMCE 072°C TLE
PET LONA? TCENETET PNYBA =
PFD WE MP1, 7226. PINT OLN OO AOA
ATALE APD ANAT, ACPEP ED BOAGA =
MNGPES WAT AAEKLO-LY PLNO ACEAAA 0°,
22 FO APSE COLLATE O-GS AP CH ALE AAT
PRA IDE bao, ews P11, PIAP CH OMAP Fo-
PINT TL ONE ALO: 2 00977 CADET + 9°74)
CBS PATE TAAL FF LEAP OVE LH OH 94°F
M006 AAT
PTT ENHAST OLEN POOF POPFNDANNG ALTE
ANT AAZ CH AGREE AOEPOP 9992-27 BATE
AANT =

ATPH FE
Cw CE F a0

VD) P4NENG PRIA wor EF GPF: PACA
PEEP > Abe PIMC wet trons
PDAE TT LAE ADE 2G O77 MOL FO: 99°C?
LANEFO- COPY WEE OPEG Ph DPD,
ULSP EY APTANA NTMI COPL.6-E a04qyp
AATO- = BUY DAVE Cw eer FE PMNETIGS Ahet
PTANE TT PUGET NAW CP TS PbOTFO-4
NLT bbe SCHEER OC PPLELC Es
LOTSA

Federal Negarit Gazeta — No. 1 21" August 1995 — Page 15


7. Every Ethiopian shall have the full right to the immovable

property he builds and to the permanent improvements he
brings about on the land by his labour or capital. This
right shall include the right to alienate, to bequeath, and,
where the right of use expires, to remove his property,
transfer his title, or claim compensation for it. Particulars
shall be determined by law.

Without prejudice to the right to private property, the
government may expropriate private property for public
purposes subject to payment in advance of compensation
commensurate to the value of the property.

Article 41
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

Every Ethiopian has the right to engage freely in
economic activity and to pursue a livelihood of his choice
anywhere within the national territory.

2. Every Ethiopian has the right to choose his or her means of

3.

livelihood, occupation and profession.

Every Ethiopian national has the right to equal access to
publicly funded social services.

4. The State has the obligation to allocate ever increasing

6.

9.

1.

resources to provide to the public health, education and
other social services.

The State shall, within available means, allocate resources

to provide rehabilitation and assistance to the physically
and mentally disabled, the aged, and to children who are
left without parents or guardian.

The State shall pursue policies which aim to expand job
opportunities for the unemployed and the poor and shall
accordingly undertake programmes and public works
projects.

The State shall undertake all measures necessary to
increase opportunities for citizens to find gainful em-
ployment.

Ethiopian farmers and pastoralists have the right to
receive fair prices for their products, that would lead to
improvement in their conditions of life and to enable
them to obtain an equitable share of the national wealth
commensurate with their contribution. This objective
shall guide the State in the formulation of economic,
social and development policies.

The State has the responsibility to protect and preserve
historical and cultural legacies, and to contribute to the
promotion of the arts and sports.

Article 42
Rights of Labour

(a) Factory and service workers, farmers, farm labourers,
other rural workers and government employees
whose work compatibility allows for it and who are
below a certain level of responsibility, have the right
to form associations to improve their conditions of
employment and economic well-being. This right
includes the right to form trade unions and other
associations to bargain collectively with employers
or other organizations that affect their interests.


WRTE ALoEATICT QUA PPE § hh TE OD TIETE OP

1)

1

Federal Negarit Gazeta — No. 1 21* August 1995 — Page 16


A) Won Aree (UV) Croan Cedars Neat
P26 APY DPC PEI FOOD PUTT 204-4
AAFar =

ah) ATO ATER (V) AG (A) ACHE O-PS 077-7
BALE APPS? COLE POOF V LEE Ce bE F
Nan? BOAGA: #

Te) ARE week EP AbawAAe 77d. roedag nee
PTT T ao SF OPAAP YO #

WEEE ANIM PEOAT C/E AGE OLET + Kan

USE Lt OP LIMO DNL IC CLAY COLEE OTF Ft

LOO POLNEAVE Oe FAH AGATE ATA? OTF

AED PPTL CA OPS ANON. COTTE HE COA AAO 2

DVT OO-1PF PIP APTL 27 PLOY ATE ONY

NIPR FOU ATER B PALE APG LVF OOF T

ALP ChMP EFL CHEATS OTN Cb AATLAP

OOS PIE. LCLC AAPLTNEEL AT OCI ELT 8

ATER AE
PACT E COAT

PATERL HUNOF VAM LALS UD NATOK E Pe
NACH > UACACE HNO ASMA CFO RF
FO} POTVAAGT PPTLL CD ALTE COT T Fb 0411 Fw
PrMAP FO =
YF AEP APT FOOTE ATALI? ANA CUP
PTAA CTLPAVE FAAP FS TCENEE AL vag
FOF ATLA COOMEP 2-1 AA For
PFET NAT APR LAH POLO APPL EEE
Ue COLLLCIFar NV CATERED COLL CT
ALTE PAVE F°L CANS UD AAD For =
PALTHE ATEAL A PF FACT CUTE ALTES chet?
FAITE TINT BUGA 8

ATER 46
CANA LUT or

AF APF FAVE MFO? PP ANA, Pa°gC 20-4)7-
hAForr

PY NLM GED TONE TE PND OS.
TPN OLP LCOVEO: OFTAVFO- AP vA: 104
It Ab ACAD: OF. AA ANN, PHPOC? are
bonny Orr CVI O29 AA RG OTA
LTTE PVE RAF Os

POER het
090797 OPPO

APR FE
PECL wey pe}

CALEORE oo oEAP LPHCOLR ETOAN Cor
PIE L PEAS D YD 2

2.

3.

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

(b) Categories of persons referred to in paragraph (a) of
this sub-Article have the right to express grievances,
including the right to strike.

(c) Government employees who enjoy the rights
provided under paragraphs (a) and (b) of this sub-
Article shall be determined by law.

(d) Women workers have the right to equal pay for equal
work.

Workers have the right to reasonable limitation of
working hours, to rest, to leisure, to periodic leaves with
pay, to remuneration for public holidays as well as
healthy and safe work environment.

Without prejudice to the rights recognized under sub-
Article | of this Article, laws enacted for the implemen-
tation of such rights shall establish procedures for the
formation of trade unions and for the regulation of the
collective bargaining process.

Article 43
The Right to Development

The Peoples of Ethiopia as a whole, and each Nation,
Nationality and People in Ethiopia in particutar have the
right to improved living standards and to sustainable
development.

Nationals have the right to participate in national
development and, in particular, to be consulted with
respect to policies and projects affecting their com-
munity.

All international agreements and relations concluded,
established or conducted by the State shall protect and
ensure Ethiopia’s right to sustainable development.

The basic aim of development activities shall be to
enhance the capacity of citizens for developement and to
meet their basic needs.

Article 44
Environmental Rights

All persons have the right to a clean and healthy
environment.

2. All persons who have been displaced or whose livelihoods

have been adversely affected as a result of State program-
mes have the right to commensurate monetary or alter-
native means of compensation, including relocation with
adequate State assistance.

CHAPTER FOUR
STATE STRUCTURE

Article 45

Form of Government

The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia shall have a
parliamentarian form of government.


1 OH

cal

=

a:

eo

1001

PaFod-d NAME

CL Lode OE AnAaete PEPE. VO 2

nanek CeLPest NAW ANGE § PIPETTE KE | 7.

LIAL Maranidt 1D #

NICK FE
CbLo Ad PIE T AAT

CATEKE 22EAR LPNEALE éeTna.n ANAT
CLntAt SFO #
Bb OFS NAA
PAG NAA
CHT NAA
PACOLE NAA
- PACT NAA
CATATPA/ TOO NAA
LO NACH? 1a cAnFts HUNT NAA
B- PIPDA HUNT NAA

i. Ph2d HUN NAA
ALY ATER TOO NIE F PPOALET NAT OAT

erate The T t Da coe AHO NVTFaO-7?
LiL PR E-AF OD NAA L7IREP ordVt AA For #

wal tp IST IT rep

To

Federal Negafit Gazeta — No. 1 21* August 1995 — Page 17

Article 46
States of the Federation

The Federal Democratic Republic shall comprise of
States.
States shall be delimited on the basis of the settlement

patterns, language, identity and consent of the people
concerned.

Article 47
Member States of the Federal Democratic Republic

Member States of the Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia are the following:

1) The State of Tigray

2) The State of Afar

3) The State of Amhara

4) The State of Oromia

5) The State of Somalia

6) The State of Benshangul/Gumuz

7) The State of the Southern Nations, Nationalities and
Peoples

8) The State of the Gambela Peoples

9) The State of the Harari People

Nations, Nationalities and Peoples within the States
enumerated in sub-Article 1 of this article have the right
to establish, at any time, their own States.

CTTEO-T Nhe + Md cOt | mM Pee NAA 3. The right of any Nation, Nationality or People to form its

ova AC NVA 27 d+ AL POL D-AG ¢
V) CAAA PorAdct TPko MUNds | AACA
weer Naik PHC At WAT LATT KPO
FPNLTE PVT EI717S PELO- Rd
ANA PHC Ut APCNE

A) Tet@- eecnat ChAA FAC Ut TPEtO-
ALZhe@ ANTS Fer LH GAT Amera-
NaC! Thdon O27 AWN AN OA
ALLE t ;

ah) NAA GaowAdr TPEH Ide ! ANd car

O29 WU AHN GAZ NANA LIPS ALF
a) Phat PAC AT LAN? Ame Par TAC !
Nd ZOD OL HUN LAN:
Anin oA, PLLMEO AAD NAA TEE
OPP LN AFNLAID- 1TH CATES 2Po6-AE
£PHEALE ETNA AVA ALU? ao #
CATEHKE SL CAE LOPHEALE ETNA ADATATFA
PRES PANT ANPO #

uw)

AIPR AE
enhAAA AGT


Chate#s ON7 NLPANT PLE CTA AILUY TAC
ALANS To NAb Th APP rh LATA & e7Za7An
Sho Nate wneweyt naFtr (260% FNC t
CHUNG ANGECS FATE GALE NTLLD LONGA #

ONLY APPR DOD ATER & PALE OPA TAL ho-at
or} NANAM ‘LI GAT 16868 PHC Ut
PoP. GAR BATOATA #

1.

2.

own stafe is exercisable under the following procedures:

(a) When the demand for statehood has been approved
by a two-thirds majority of the members of the
Council of the Nation, Nationality or People concer-
ned, and the demand is presented in writing to the
State Council;

When the Council that received the demand has
organized a referendum within one year to be held in
the Nation, Nationality or People that made the
demand,

When the demand for statehood is supported by a
majority vote in the referendum, :

When the State Council will have transferred its
powers to the Nation, ‘Nationality or People that
made the demand; and

When the new State created by the referendum
without any need for application, directly becomes a
member of the Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia.

Member States of the Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia shall have equal rights and powers.

Article 48
State Border Changes

All State border disputes shall be settled by agreement of
the concerned States. Where the concerned States fail to
reach agreement, the House of the Federation shall decide
such disputes on the basis of settlement patterns and the
wishes of the peoples concerned.

The House of Federation shall, within a period of two
years, render a final decision on a dispute submitted to it
pursuant to sub-Article 1 of this Article.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)


AR TE AREA WDET DUN RPC H eh 12 PT ETE AP:


1) 104

=

wS

10) om

=!

we 2)

Iw

ios

ATER 4H
con nt

Choe PPE COA NAOT ALA ANA 1D 3

PALA AND HOT AATALC 6-7 NEM PCMATALC
Boh PANY BELPA * HCHe OT SONATA #
CALA AND Whe? ANESLC Perk AdSé-tr 97
1b BAPGA &

CAA AND YPSPR ON aD OPTI OEE
PALE Né.Lo6-0 CU PONE PAC + Lona
PACTLE NAA ¢ CAIADV ET APCHT OL ObLTC
UNE AML EPS COANE? TAPE Mboratr *
ATALT AAD nga NACTLE NAA UA F°L7%
Neo, CL AED POLLATANG AATALCE
2AEFF POAT PAD AR TEP) SMAPALA #
NCU NAD LOATA #

PEK AP AT
CANT HOLS PC AT ALFA

ATPR Ff
AA ANT ANAT AOSEC

CHFERE LLEAL LPHELLE CTNAN 14F0d-A
FDVEEG MNANT PTPPS, 10> =

CL Locale PPIETS NAKT CHD ADAH | FT
AALROLTVG CRATE LAN AAFP Or ©

CL Rohe PFE NEES CHANT AA C4.2.0-0
097 PUA TONE ONC LT IO 2 ber tl?
AVvIEE hil ya. = CHAA HET C77AN7 AHA
CHA PNC LE at rM’STEP? AMHAG NAA Ait
Jae «

nated + QNAATES HAT HALAL UO 1°. ETF
NEO CHAPEL ACHTE LPP = HUM NEE
ChATSLC ACHES APTA BAPE WIS ANE
ACHE 1& LAN LAMA #

PMAA PNC 0 Chat 7AM) AC Nur PAF eh
Att Sch?) AGKER. ANA YO = LAY aD OF
PACE NII CHART a PVT SHIRA F
PREP At SATAA

CHAA ATES CHAM NEE CamT ANE, ANA
Fars

CNAA CA4PE LANNY CTCL LEE OF yO #
CLL. PPUHES NAAT LAN) ALU ah? 49°F
7 -bOAGA ALL PPE PPAMO-
PAM? Mhateh hac AAOE = ANAT P-bhame-
PANT Ne Lod-he PF71/"7 PHI KANT #
CLL PFET MLV 7D OFT ADR TB
Pham ADT AS PICT ATAALALTE Anat t
CO-NAS AAT LEAA #


Federal Negarit Gazeta— No. 1 21" August 1995 — Page 18

Article 49
Capital City

_ Addis Ababa shall be the capital city of the Federal State.
_ The residents of Addis Ababa shall have a full measure of

self-government. Particulars shall be determined by law.

_ The Administration of Addis Ababa shall be responsible

to the Federal Governement.

Residents of Addis Ababa shall in accordance with the
provisions of this Constitution, be represented in the
House of Peoples’ Representatives.

The special interest of the State of Oromia in Addis
Ababa, regarding the provision of social services or the
utilization of natural resources and other similar matters,
as well as joint administrative matters arising from the
location of Addis Ababa within the State of Oromia, shall
be respected. Particulars shall be determined by law.

CHAPTER FIVE
THE STRUCTURE AND DIVISION OF POWERS

Article 50
Structure of the Organs of State

_ The Federat democratic Republic of Ethiopia comprises

the Federal Government and the State members.

The Federal Governent and the States shall have
legislative, executive and judicial powers.

The House of Peoples’ Representatives is the highest
authority of the Federal Government. The House is
responsible to the People. The State Council is the highest
organ of State authority. It is responsible to the People of
the State.

State government shall be established at State and other.
administrative levels that they find necessary. Adequate
power shall be granted to the lowest units of government
to enable the People to participate directly in the
administration of such units.

5. The State Council has the power of legislation on matters

falling under State jurisdiction. Consistent with the
provisions of this Constitution, the Council has power to
draft, adopt and amend the state constitution.

6. The State administration constitutes the highest organ of

executive power,

7. State judicial power is vested in its courts.

8. Federal and State powers are defined by this Constitution.

The States shall respect the powers of the Federal
Government. The Federal Government shall likewise
respect the powers of the States.

9. The Federal Government may, when necessary, delegate

to the States powers and functions granted to it by Article
51 of this Constitution.


WR 1D bSo6AN VIET DNRPCH rh 1h 0) THT TP


ATPR 46
Ph oSodeA PTET PANT TAC

Hh) 97k EONLA ? SNADAA #
QUICK AMLPAL CA.PTOL + PPVANE-LT PACTT
TAAL ATEEDS OPS: LOMA t SNLRMIA #
CMS + OEPUCH § PUMAGT FENE PCH! CALTAT
ANPAD, UIC APE PONEP TS PACT C7 AA.
PADLP ET LOMA t PALKTA #
CUICKT CHESIA § CTTHN § COPE AIA TOT
THVAP EIS AFEEE PTD LOMA t PALKTA #
POE! OFLC UNES PEACN POOF AMLPPLS
PPD OFOANE he) POMNA =
CPUICS PANN COHANLS CLUITT ATZUP PLL.
EA 2°99 E OT AD DBA PLEBA i B00d.As
NAEP VND LPATELEA 1 THN PTOIA 2 SN
LEA EPO PVCS OTINN ADT) BPI NMNEA#*
nNAdeh NOAT £7E°F AACLOLEOE USA IG
Ia EZ? POMA #
COE 1FF-7F THAT LONGA t TAAW1P LOE.
RVD FAAP APE ALL TET BPPAA FE PAL PA
PAPC! PARE + POMC AAW Ee ALS EAI,
DAD AIAN ETE ATL? UAT OL hu-At NAL
NAb Td COLLIS AD: c- °F 12-F°F LOGE 1 LATA
LAE LENMEA #
N6Lod-t P5197 Atak 010, PIE NAA
MACT PLT BPAA + PAPEEEA 1 Pood
FDP NED PLLA i PALLPA i PATIL F
UAT OF Du-AtT NAL CUP NAC TT COLLATING
O29? LING EADIE CU OFVNFS ULE EI AMP PP?
LONAGA t PATFILGA #
ANAT HDA CPLL27F OTIS: VVETES COR
TILT LOCA i BPMNMEA #
NELLA PFD TET TIN PTRRa- AFL: O29?
NATL: NAA NAL POLNEY CAIADN HE TROP
PPE EA t PAEGA #
NHAA APY’ NAL CUT PATA PLEA ALITY?
ANAM PATEEC TEE PALE QUICK? P>nANS
DRA PATICA =
ANY A) PFI OLIVATE OT AEN GALE TE
APTNEAT? ADEA CUE OZ AEN SCE PRET ATAU
PCA 1LPADE HIT POMNA
NICE NANLALSY’ UF ATOAr UIE NAT
CHXFOL 1H APE PO-BDA : APS PTAA #
CHIT PLE LOAGA =
PALIGAIT OCTAZCT + OF. VIC PEP LG Par
O-), OTF 2 NAALES ES AA ZAK 9777+
LOAGA i Bard. =
B- PLME-G CLCAT ONEET BELPBA TE BONLPA #
R- ADL: OF CPALL PCBP FS OLN POC POMA «
PME G4! AAG LU A? POMA =

ATPR 1
NAA PLANTS F9C

= 1) ton

wt 10}

oh

=)
oi 1 ot

=~)
1!

1] i} i=}
wl wo =

t=]
1)

jem} feel
wh ad

-

B NAD 29997" AbLod- 2°77 AFAR OZg
AZSod- F/O ES ANAL E AIG NIAK PA TAM
PANS PNAA /PAN? BUCA «

Federal Negarit Gazeta — No. 1 21 * August 1995 — Page 19

Article 51
Powers and Functions of the Federal Government

1. It shall protect and defend the Constitution.

2. It shall formulate and implement the country’s policies,
strategies and plans in respect of overall economic, social
and development matters.

3. It shall establish and implement national standards and
basic policy criteria for public health, education, science
and technology as well as for the protection and
preservation of cultural and historical legacies.

4. It shall formulate and execute the country’s financial,
monetary and foreign investment policies and strategies.

5. It shall enact laws for the utilization and conservation of
land and other natural resources, histortical sites and
objects.

6. It shall establish and administer national defence and
public security forces as well as a federal police force.

7. It shall administer the National Bank, print and borrow
money, mint coins, regulate foreign exchange and money
in circulation; it shall determine by law the conditions and
terms under which States can borrow money from,
internal sources.

8. It shall formulate and implement foreign policy; it shall
negotiate and ratify international agreements.

9. Itshall be responsible for the development, administration
and regulation of air, rail, waterways and sea transport
and major roads linking two or more States, as well as for
postal and telecommunication services.

10. It shall levy taxes and collect duties on revenue sources
reserved to the Federal Government; it shall draw up,
approve and administer the Federal Government’s bud-
get.

11. It shall determine and administer the utilization of the
waters or rivers and lakes linking two or more States or
crossing the boundaries of the national territorial jurisdic-
tion.

12. It shall regulate inter-State and foreign commerce.

13. It shall administer and expand all federally funded
institutions that provide services to two or more States.

14. It shall deploy, at the request of a state administration,
Federal defence forces to arrest a deteriorating security
situation within the requesting State when its authorities
are unable to control it.

15. It shall enact, in order to give practical effect to political
rights provided for in this Constituion, all necessary laws
governing political parties and elections.

16. It has the power to declare and to lift national state of
emergency and states of emergencies limited to certain
parts of the country.

17. It shall detemine matters relating to nationality.

18. It shall determine and administer all matters relating to
immigration, the granting of passports, entry into and exit
from the coutnry, refugees and asylum.

19. It shall patent inventions and protect copyrights.

20. It shall establish uniform standards of measurement and
calendar.

21. It shall enact laws regulating the possession and bearing of
arms.

Article 52
Powers and Functions of States

1. All powers not given expressly to the Federal Government
alone, or concurrently to the Federal Government and the
States are reserved to the States.


IKK bLoEA IEF OMNRPCH hd 1E $9 THERE -9-

g.

QV ATER ION ATER FCTMPAMD- ATL EMNE UF!
Chater LAN FING POUNTATT PMPSAAA §

V) ENF NED WESLCD FAT 2.27 NAAR dt
SEC LPPEA 1 PAD PNALTH PALINT 2.PHid-
ALP PCr BI9NA § BVT aD P71/"%
LONLA i SNANAA :

A) PRAA m1 79/9 Atet HTT LOMA :
PALROTIA §

ch) PHAM? PATOL § PPTANE-BES PATI ZAM, #
ATED OP SOMA i PALKTA I

or) PE L.6-K PIDVEY ET NLLONA wh? PACT

PLES OPLPC UNE LATALEA I

w) ANAM 1-FOAIO 010. PIE HAA WNCS Fhh
LPAA + BANAQDA ¢ CHAA?D NET COMA :
PNERCIA F

2) PNAMD PATALC WEEE ANTALCT O76.
ULSP FE APPANT ND LOMA i PALKTA :
UEP? ANTS 072d PEM POLLALAT OTPUCT!
C/OAMGS CAPS PONT P FH NAMLAL PUICE
PONEP HE IC OPPO UGE 0°P91LI19
DALY BECALA #

A) PNA? PTA. DRA PLEBA t B00d-A tf PNA
NAPS ATA LAMNLA #

POER ALA
NA Lode 97/9 F PRC LEE

ATER WE
CL 206A PFET PUNC VET

C480 297K AT PIC VEE RPOAA ATH
CHUN FONE HE PHC OT AGS P42%407 PNC WT STO «

eo

10)

=O

NEA ATE:
CHUN TOF PNC +
AIPR V6
CHUN TOHE FE PNC WT AVT


CHUN FONE PNC AT ANAT FU APE #97!
errs i PHA 0G LPS NLATC N7LATOT
PCO PAPE F004 NHNN LCN #

PPHNC OE ANA NATL: PPC! NAA DAT Hbtet
POZAEP F ONNA ANA? LPO PTT FOLGE ANGE
NLU TN OP CR CEP LocMh = OTAP O-NAG
PNLAIFPA Pie 0-0°70FO- AGA Na cant AS
HNO NPC CHUN TOW PHC Wr ANA
LUCA HCHS Nah? BOAGA #

PPC AWE ANAK BEC CHUN NHTIS NAG Threet
ONAS PTLANFO- AGA 1d cdaNtS HUNT °C
PACT NIL DEFT POTLAAT UT DIY @-AT ATA
NACA NE CWA par, SOCFPA # TCHS
“Na? BLTIDA #

Federal Negarit Gazeta —- No. 1 21* August 1995 — Page 20

2. Consistent with sub-Article 1 of this Article, States shall

have the following powers and functions:

(a) To establish a State administration that best advances
self-government, a democratic order based on the
rule of law; to protect and defend the Federal
Constitution;

(b) To enact and execute the State constitution and other
laws;

(c) To formulate and execute economic, social and
development policies, strategies and plans of the
State;

(d) To administer land and other natural resources in
accordance with Federal laws;

(e) To levy and collect taxes and duties on revenue
sources reserved to the States and to draw up and
administer the State budget;

(f) To enact and enforce laws on the State civil service
and their condition of work; in the implementation of
this responsibility it shall ensure that educational,
training and experience requirements for any job,
title or position approximate national standards;

(g) To establish and administer a state police force, and
to maintain public order and peace within the State;

CHAPTER SIX
THE FEDERAL HOUSES

Article 53
The Federal Houses

There shall be two Federal Houses: The House of Peoples'
Representatives and the House of the Federation.

Part One

The House of Peoples' Representatives

Article 54
Members of the House of Peoples' Representatives

. Members of the House of Peopies' Representatives shall

be elected by the People for a term of five years on the
basis of universal suffrage and by direct, free and fair
elections held by secret ballot.

2. Members of the House shall be elected from candidates in

each electoral district by a plurality of the votes cast.
Provisions shall be made by law for special representation
for minority Nationalities and Peoples.

Members of the House, on the basis of population and
special representation of minority Nationalities and
Peoples, shall not exceed 550; of these, minority
Nationalities and Peoples shall have at least 20 seats.
Particulars shall be determined by law.


WR BB 6Po6-A1DEF OWN RPCE hh TE 7 HET 9-9:

1S}

ish ™

wh

Oi

i

msi

wh

PFNC WE ANAT PaoPAw ANN TONE CFa@- =
PTY FOS §

VD) Aah? 2°91": 3

A) Adm E AS

ah) AnAG Fao.

NF LUCA #

+ FF OP PPAC ME ANA AP NC AE OAT NELAMO-

LPO OBIT? HAALLED PNIL A ALNAAIs ANTAL?
ACPEP ALOALATP? #

7750-7? OPAC WE ANA NAS OFFA LEAP AP
NEE NALIN NAEPECE LA PNC UE EPL ALLUP :
NOTEAP ALNAAY =

"17F OP OPN UE ANA PPdMa ANN AaPED
ANT 7H Na? PACT NPAC Lt ANATE LOMA

AIPK TE
CANN TONE CNC Lt PANTS TIC

PHU FONE ONC OP ONY hh) 2°97 b PACT
AdLod- hs F719 AbAMO 9/°ANT NAA bTED
LOMA «

ALY ATER FOOD ATER & PPPANDTO AmPAzLz

LIDL ALAM? US? PANN TONE PARC OUT

ALAA PSEOF AL ACUC ho LOMA :

VD) COLTS OPLIC UNE LATA SING PADS
O29" DAIS NAA NAL COLLATING OTHFES
ULE T AML PP? APART :

A) AhAAH @PhHhA 0°97 CFI ADOT :
AIAUI? COE FIL VERTED AAT FE

ch) PAPC? PACS PANG A410 PTALS OA hoe
Zid DIAM ETT ATES OAT OSPF hw-At
NAL NAM FD CPLLITE AD. 0912-4 Nba
ANT

oP) ULV Ah? FIP E CELI CT AEN PAPE
ALARLEY ATAU? PCO VEAL :

w) CMD PNET EPA PIGUT EPTOAZT CTY ¢ OP.
VIC OPN) ES PAPO), 72-F°-FF ATAU? PALT
SES OTAEN PTE PEE POAT 5

d) ADS OF PPM? PANS LCE PLN $o°C7
QbrOPANT :

A) P.md-S 07°7P ON PEED VEAL :
tt) OME 712 e GENt NFAT =
Pw d-bE TAL h) LOMNA #
P77L: AD (PL) POMNA =
POIECAF pH, HT POMA.= BVAILEMNP VE
NAM NL FIP POVEAF cope, 7
NIAK OAT APF AL he?) PIO PAN
LP FRA #

AIS CA.BPT87, PTNCANT APEMC AAA 14.200-A

BID E AVATAONAFO: 0°L LDIF. APUG FO-

NEMA FNC Wr Caer PE taAAdC

ATED COMA =

Federal Negarit Gazeta — No. 1 21* August 1995 — Page 21

Members of the House are representatives of the
Ethiopian People as a whole. They are governed by:

(a) The Constitution;
(b) The will of the people; and

(c) Their Conscience.

5. Nomember of the House may be prosecuted on account of

any vote he casts or opinion he expresses in the House, nor
shall any administrative action be taken against any
member on such grounds.

6. No member of the House may be arrested or prosecuted

without the permission of the House except in the case of
flagrante delicto


7. Amember of the House may, in accordance with law, lose

his mandate of representation upon loss of confidence by
the electorate.

Article 55

Powers and Functions of the House of Peoples’
Representatives

The House of Peoples’ Representatives shall have the
power of legislation in all matters assigned by this
Constitution to Federal jurisdiction.

Consistent with the provision of sub-Article 1 of this
Article, the House of Peoples' Representatives shall enact
specific laws on the following matters:

(a) Utilization of land and other natural resources, of
rivers and lakes crossing the boundaries of the
national territorial jurisdiction or linking two or more
States;

(b) Inter-State commerce and foreign trade;

(c) Air, rail, water and sea transport, major roads linking
two or more States, postal and telecommunication
services;

(d) Enforcement of the political rights established by the
Constitution and electoral laws and procedures;

(e) Nationality, immigration, passport, exit from and
entry into the country, the rights of refugees and of
asylum;

(f) Uniform standards of measurement and calendar;
(g) Patents and copyrights;

(h) The possession and bearing of arms.

3. It shall enact a labour code.

4. It shall enact a commercial code.

It shall enact a penal code. The States may, however,
enact penal laws on matters that are not specifically
covered by Federal penal legislation.

6. It shall enact civil laws which the House of the Federation

deems necessary to establish and sustain one economic
community.


UR REALCA 12h NM ETCH ehhh 1h + EEE IF


~~

E-

1m

=

=)
pl)

j=)
16

j=]
sm

=
12)

=)


=
aod

1p:

C4 SoA PDH § CUICT CHUA ananfy i
CLUTIES C7A.A DLA ALAREV LONTA # 1/"6-
RLARVFO- LIS CLLR HLT CLTET ANIE
ONES CUICD LUT TH CL PAE AOE
POEA EADLAT ACPRPE ATAON LRCIA #
DATER TE APPA EO PACT PHAFRL LH APE
SOBA i PAT ANLROLO COLSON CANFRL 1
APE TANT LOATA *

CLLATCT FNC At ATLFSFCNAT CHT ce?
PALE PMCIF APE POZA 2
CUICHT AMLAL Cheer + CIP | CACHE
TRAPEIS ObEERP TD 1 PERTIAT CTI
FAA PREPA i TINNT FE PNAE ATH AATA
LCE POE PINTS ADOT? VFoPANT ACHE
Ae} LOMA #

ALL CA PFI OPHAAG 10, PIP NAA
ANCE FHA LPAA + PAREN PTUOT OFT
PREPA SE

Ch? ADLAELO- NAA COLPPATO-} FAP APE
APPIET LRELPA

CLL PFI ECR LE APE 1 CoLaTeT
PNC WF ANAS + CROLAYCTD § CPTOr AALTC?
RIA? Chtet Fosto anc Wk XRF
PAOTD TA/YANTE 12°F PALLPA 2

PONGE 204,47 POLTNT PRETIA E/PANIT F716-7
Am? LOAGA =

EHUD AT MIE FEIPD PREOTA t PROX} COG.
AVATT LOCMA + LALSIA = /ANIT +19¢7
1A? LORCA =

0°73F0-7° NAA ANI PNET ATT NA
SCUAT TSP ALTA OFC 1 Nd AVATYES PA
NAM 22 PIG ACPR AVALON ALL GT
PRC UES AnW tHOneF PHC UT 026. ANAN
PEE PPCOALATLAANT O43 ACT ANAK FNC
4 aa e BAMA #

PNG Uh MPAL PLLA AT Ate 042d
FDP ADAPPANGHT ATEE CPPETS Ch?
ANEROLO-T ANA hwe-C PCE LAN AAW
Ad? AALATLO- ANA ATAM P7FFO-R? ANT AL
PPC OE ANA AATL PATE LTO AML PHC
Lt LOLPA = PNG Lr 175 AS Cavorhhcs
ANAL FAA CAPO? ACHR Peea-ake LANs
AA =

PNG WEF C704. he. FBT PATA ALTA
LOCMNA § APNC Ik 27d POLPALAYTTD BOLT
LULL DOLEP FE LPPECA 2

ATER TE
PT AEN PANT


Federal Negarit Gazeta — No. 1 21% August 1995 — Page 22

1. It shall determine the organization of national defence,

public security, and a national police force. If the conduct
of these forces infringes upon human rights and the
nation's security, it shall carry out investigations and take

necessary measures.

8. Inconformity with Article 93 of the Constitution it shall

declare a state of emergency; it shall consider and resolve
on a decree of a state of emergency declared by the

executive.

9. Onthe basis of a draft law submitted to it by the Council of

Ministers it shall proclaim a state of war.

10. It shall approve general policies and strategies of
economic, social and development, and fiscal and
monetary policy of the country. It shall. enact laws on
matters relating to the local currency, the administration

of the National Bank, and foreign exchange.

11. It shall levy taxes and duties on revenue sources reserved
to the Federal Government, it shall ratify the Federal

budget.

12. It shall ratify international agreements concluded by the
Executive.

13. It shall approve the appointment of Federal judges,
members of the Council of Minsiters, commissioners, the
Auditor General, and of other officials whose appoint-
ment is required by law to be approved by it.

14. It shall establish a Human Rights Commission and
determine by Jaw its powers and functions.

15. It shall establish the institution of the Ombudsman, and
select and appoint its members. It shall deermine by law
the powers and functions of the institution.

16. It shall, on its own initiative, request a joint session of the
House of the Federation and of the House of Peoples'
Representatives to take appropriate measures when State
authorities are unable to arrest violations of human rights
within their jurisdiction. It shall, on the basis of the joint
décision of the House, give directives to the concerned
State authorities.

17. It has the power to call and to question the Prime Minister
and other Federal officials and to investigate the Ex-
ecutive's conduct and discharge of its responsibilities.

18. It shall, at the request of one-third of its members, discuss
any matter pertaining to the powers of the executive. It
has, in such cases, the power to take decisions or
measures it deems necessary.

19. It shall elect the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the
House. It shall establish standing and ad hoc committees
as it deems necessary to accomplish its work.

“Article 56
Political Power

APACE UE ADA avpare, 975 EF At SCE oF | A political party, or a coalition of political parties that has the
NPE SCEPC LNT PFW PE CHD ADELA ANA | Breatest number of seats in the House of Peoples' Represen-
PLEBA/PLEBW i BOCA Lor dd 2

tatives shall form the Executive and lead it.


IKE RSoGA DET INMATE E rh 16 07 THERE OF


ATER Ti
hdd? HARALD

PRC Mee PHC PPA AD AVICE TENATE A407
LPCOA ETON TE MAE APT OTE OAT LLC 8
TONS TE MAE APE OSE OT HALLE? Ae 1776:

AL BO-AA #

ATPR TF
PPPNC OE ANAAG C7’ d- NaF

& PHC AE ANAT NTH NAL ETE PAGE 05

LEGA #

PPA VE P77. 1. NAN! OC PorPEh2AA APT T

AF AA AL wAA YO-s NEHAT PAC WUE NPLONIO-

LH PATS OC OLET BELPA #

Chi TOW PHC Wt CLecm@ AAP AT
Qoob YM 5 07d. HOP NIDDS-E NATL OC NE
ALD PC! Tih. LNTPLA #

PAC OE OLE AL 1°LUI0-F LHPP RC 1 Ab7-15

ANA Amd LAA = ANC WE ANAT 17°77 NAL

ANA ADAM NMP? Ad7-040- ANA Carpet

12.35" AAT #

E CHUN FONE PHC LT ANNIE FE NIA BadAtt
UTP? APNG AE ANAT OLF 16.206-A PD ANLAPL
AHA NH? ANAND AP8L29 DeMePS HPHC 1+:
ANAT 17°77 NAL 1214-7 HD ANAND AL) EAA &

ATPR TW
PPNCG LE O-ALP ES 07 CAT LIF

1)

=

13)

BONY hh? F974 NIAK ANTAL NATLITI NATE
TSEOP OALP ET POLbAAHT NFHC Wk ANAT
PATNA 29S YO: 3

PNAC LE AA Aw?E-<FS AA AD AON: ALE LIED
POMNA «=

i

ATPR E
MAPAC WE PNT

MPAL LL P/PAMNT HOP, NIE NEE ABD
PCP, APM AL APNG WE PL PNC LEAT
APPL EAA 8

ANP PPFD PANS CLK OT AEN SCRE
P64 FFOr £00 APNE WE PPNE-FO-d ANAT
Lar ATLUY P°LLATFCE PNC UF TAFE NAN
TONE PHC UT OA OTA SCE AA Mec.
PIV! Et NATE APPR LH DAP Aararhdt
ATAFA TOHATE O7WEN SCEERET BONA =
C7ATN LCEPE ALN 797" APENC O29
CPNLD9 NP E7T APPMA NAF PHC LE TATE
ALA PC! LLEIA

NHV ATER TON ATER § OLS E PACE PNAC VE
ChAT ATELY NALA OC NANAM 1H OAT ASA
PC, 2.2 HAVE =

PCAD AEMTPE AWAD PSE OAT AE PHN
TONE PAC LTE 76-7 LEP CA #

Oo

ms)

=

1S]

Federal Negarit Gazeta — No. 1 21" August 1995 — Page 23


Article 57.
Adoption of Laws

Laws deliberated upon and passed by the House shall be
submitted to the Nation's President for signature. The
President shall sign a law submitted to him within fifteen
days. If the President does not sign the law within fifteen days

it shall take effect without his signature.

Article 58
Meetings of the House, Duration of its Term

1. The presence of more than half of the members of the
House constitutes a quorum.

2. The annual session of the House shall begin on Monday of
the final week of the Ethiopian month of Meskerem and
end on the 30th day of the Ethiopian month of Sene. The
House may adjourn for one month of recess during its
annual session.

3. The House of Peoples’ Representatives shall be elected for
a term of five years. Elections for a new House shall be
concluded one month prior to the expiry of the House's
term.

4. The Speaker of the House may call a meeting of the House
when it is in recess. The Speaker of the House is also
obliged to call a meeeting of the House at the request of
more than one-half of the members.

5. Meetings of the House shall be public. The House may,
however, hold a closed meeting at the request of the
Executive or members of the House if such a request is

- supported by a decision of more than one-half of the
members of the House.

Article 59
Decisions and Rules of Procedure of the House

1. Unless otherwise provided in the Constitution, all
decisions of the House shall be by a majority vote of the
members present and voting.

2. The House shall adopt rules and procedures regarding the
organization of its work and of its legislative process.

Article 60
Dissolution of the House

1. With the consent of the House, the Prime Minister may
cause the dissolution of the House before the expiry of its
term in order to hold new elections.

2. The President may invite political parties to form a
coalition government within one week, if the Council of
Ministers of a previous coalition is dissolved because of
the loss of its majority in the House. The House shall be
dissolved and new elections shall be held if the political
parties cannot agree to the continuation of the previous
coalition or to form a new majority coalition.

3. Ifthe House is dissolved pursuant to sub-Article | or 2 of

this Article, new elections shall be held within six months
of its dissolution.

4, The new House shall convene within thirty days of the
conclusion of the elections.


pas)

ei

7

1 1

ma


?

191

WRG 26A7IEF OWN kPCE Dh 16 OF RTL I-P-

Federal Negarit Gazeta — No. 1 21“ August 1995 — Page 24


PaNt toner PAC UF NENT? 44 UId#F | 5. Following the dissolution of the House, the previous

097,09 2.0- PANT BH PALO: P71 SCE OLS
C7AE SCE Pd POA POA 990977"
Pd NMEOIS PC! NMAL Nb AAA
AP LTT § LIVES LIILPE FY IO-MTF OLF NC
ATED PACS PTAAA ALTAPY =

AGA UAT
C6,.2o607 PRC Ut

ATPR Eb
P4007 PNC Ut AQAT

C4207 PNC LT NEL 71 F ANA NAb tT
CLT T MACE AMACAUE ! HUCF POLAT PFO-
AOE 0°LONANE PRC Ob yO #

ALTSIF AdC ? 1AZAN! HUN LLTAATS tone
LECLPA § APD PNIAC O27 Ndhcak Ae
CLAL) AUD ATS: FOI ONDA BECPA #
PZ.2.607 PNG WE ANE MAA PRC LPF Berd
MA? PNAA PHC OPT VEO: OLS NERA AUN
ATP CM: N77 CELA PRC Ot AVA ATA,
ONA PE.CIM #

AIPR LE
P6206 0% PAC WE PANTS bF19C

PAC Mek: 7 GOFV?E RT POLTCIP PANT RICPAE
CAD 2°91 7b PART ANE 7-097 PLEBA 8
CAAT! Nd CAE: HUME OCT OFA 1-1 PPONY
ANN 2°77 MA PNET AEPANTE 1°LI TLEP FT AL
NA? 99°91! PACT BONGA #
QA? 29°99) 791: OLD: PHUVEALATES AMUN
DE PPL: AL CPOPACH AIT AC ATAALS ADAG.
ANG PLCDA #
NAVN FONE PHC WE DC ANP CAME
PANETT PNGO-GA #
AnAAT eA AML AAP INDE aewaqrre,
LbBADAF
CNAME ES C6Lod-A 29°F 7% PIG. FNAD 04908.)
MPP NA GNA 99ND FATA?
C6806 As 297791 ANAAE L247 CPOLAPOED POPC
LOAGA #

governing party or coalition of parties shall continue as a
caretaker government. Beyond conducting the day to day
affairs of government and organizing new elections, it
may not enact new proclamations, regulations or decrees,
nor may it repeal or amend any existing law.

PART TWO
THE HOUSE OF THE FEDERATION

Article 61
Members of the House of the Federation

The House of the Federation is composed of represen-
tatives of Nations, Nationalities and Peoples.

2. Each Nation, Nationality and People shall be represented

in the House of the Federation by at least one member.
Each Nation or Nationality shall be represented by one
additional representative for each one million of its
population.

3. Members of the House of the Federation shall be elected

by the State Councils. The State Councils may them-
selves elect representatives to the House of the
Federation, or they may hold elections to have the
representatives elected by the people directly.

Article 62

Powers and Functions of the House of the Federation

1. The House has the power to interpret the Constitution.

. It shall organize the Council of Constitutional Inquiry.

It shall, in accordance with the Constitution, decide on
issues relating to the rights of Nations, Nationalities and
Peoples to self-determination, including the right to
secession.

It shall promote the equality of the Peoples of Ethiopia
enshrined in the Constitution and promote and con-
solidate their unity based on their mutual consent.

It shall exercise the powers concurrently entrusted to it
and to the House of Peoples’ Representatives.

6. It shall strive to find solutions to disputes or misunderstan-

dings that may arise between States.

It shall determine the division of revenues derived from
joint Federal and State tax sources and the subsidies that
the Federal Government may provide to the States.

& AWN TONE PAC WE mH? AON a@- °97,70-
PETAAAC TARE BALA # enactment of laws by the House of Peoples' Represen-
i FOP NAA 20 ad PFI" Nem M1 tatives.

PFU IE PCED AED AL OMA AILUG CB%06-M" | 9. It shall order Federal intervention if any State, in violation
DIVE ONAL ATA PUA # of this Constitution, endangers the constitutional order.
PPNCG WET OTALE ROLT LHEE DOLEP TE PRECIAH
Be PRC AE COT AS7-955 PITA A6.7-1% LOCMA:
CED OPE ALARPS POAT ANTALG LN

Lomas

8. It shall determine civil matters which require the

10. It shall establish permanent and ad hoc committees.

11. It shall elect the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the
House, and it shall adopt rules of procedure and internal
administration.


IK BE bPoEA VDE MONROE hth TE Pd RTL 7-

Federal Negarit Gazeta— No. 1 21* August 1995 — Page 25

rrr

APA EF
P4.Lo.6 07 PHC Ut ANT 2-4-4

Be EOS? PLL. 1 PNCE LA ADA 1S FO-9 PHC
we: ANAA AR NeLAm@ AAEPEE OL 9°
PHILT ALNAAY + AATSLEPR ACPEP ALOAS:
09? «

THEOP PLLG?r PHC WE AVA NAS OTCA
AKI AE NEE HATE AATEC LA PHC Ot:
EPLALLPUP NOTEAT ALAA #

1h

ATPRH TO
O-OEP ES 0729 °C LINE

PEL. 1r PHC Wh PASH 7-15, 0°LE EO DANAE
AE PASEO CPV ATLUY 1D: 8 SFO OA,
P°LPALG ANAND AL EVE OPAC WE ANAT
17°77 NAL 96 ALG NF @- =

ANAT £27) PAA COLT AT AANA OTR OF oo #

Oo

1

ATPR EE
AA NE?

C2206 0F PICU VEE ANN FOF PNC At
N-IPSN PADAGA =

ATER ZB
PPNC OE AS. 19% LAN

P48oO1r PHC WE AS 11% PPA WED ANNIE ?E
Bard. «

PAC WED NODA MPAA CANTEEC 2?°6P FF
BaD

PRC WE NAVE AL POAIM-T PRNTALD ACLS
PUERKUVA 8

1) my

=

ATPR £7
ONAAG °77d- Hae?

Po Lodo Tt PAC AT ALTA NGF UAT 1H BANNNA #
P4206 1 PNC UT C27 d- NPs APT 400+ BUGAH

Ii 4

AIPR TE
NUE PNG LET ADA GUT PPILFA NAaru’?

2I9F 0-9? AM ANIL LIL PANN FONE PHC WAS
P6060 FUNC Wb AQA AUT AREAS


Article 63
Immunity of Members of the House of the Federation

1. No member of the House of the Federation may be
prosecuted on account of any vote he casts or opinion he
expresses in the House, nor shall any administrative
action be taken against any member on such grounds.

No member of the House of the Federation may be
arrested or prosecuted without the permission of the
House except in the case of flagrante delicto.


Article 64
Decisions and Rules of Procedure

1. The presence at a meeting of two-thirds of the members of
the House of the Federation constitutes a quorum. All

decisions of the House require the approval of a majority
of members present and voting.

Members of the House may vote only when they are
present in person in the House.

Article 65
Budget

The House of the Federation shall submit its budget for
approval to the House of Peoples' Representatives.

Article 66
Powers of the Speaker of the House

1. The Speaker of the House of the Federation shall preside
over the meetings of the House.

2. He shall, on behalf of the House, direct all its adminis-
trative affairs.

3. He shall enforce all disciplinary actions the House takes
on its members.

Article 67
Sessions and Term of Mandate

1. The House of the Federation shall hold at least two
sessions annually.

2. The term of mandate of the House of the Federation shall
be five years.

Article 68

Prohibition of Simultaneous Membership in the
Two Houses

No one may be a member of the House of Peoples’
Representatives and of the House of the Federation simul-
taneously.


1% BR OPEN DCT IBN RTCH recht 16 $7 TART 4 7-

Federal Negarit Gazeta — No. 1 21" August 1995 — Page 26


POE-F At
AA ETNA TEHATT

ATPR ZB
OA TAHATE

TOHATE PAAPRE 6206-AP 2 PHEALP ET AAN COA
dC 70 =

AT?R &
CTCNATE ANALEP?

Bo ATANATTTH A CUP CN YAN? PANN FOF
PNAC It yO « .

PPLNA- AGE NAHNN FONE PNC WTS 122.6717
PRC Ut PId ANAL MUA PAEF LPS NEL.
TOHATT BUCA #

EF PPNCOLT ANA TEHATT UE Dom PF ONAN

PRCT OFC LALA #

CTONATE 077d. HOP) ALA GOOF BUSA # ATR
AD NU-AT 1H NAL ATENAT ETT ACP ALTAP#
PETNAD TEHATT £C™ 1HU ATER FOO ATPR E
PACT NALP AAA /°6-0°7 NerParg. Lb PIC.
ANAID- 0°7.0OA7O- 7.1 ANAIVD 2-77 Adah) 9°997"-RG
AALTE RS HUE LADD 29TH NLP PAT PAP
RIARA #

“ne N1NED OAK PALTPRE ££64P
LoPRERIL CTNAN FEHAIE 12°F 7?’d-F
NEP C EP ONANT NEE BALE AIOTU FE NOLRI”
PA ATIAU #7’

19)

my

Ceweeeovscescese

ATPR 2b
CTONMATE PANT FNC

CHUN TONED PHC WES C6260 PRC 14
5a FP PIG. ONAL BELA

ALU Ah) 29977 PACE PANN FONT PAC Ot
LALP FOXY ATES GAP ASE APPIEE 07DCF
IHN PO-BA =

VIEKT OE VICE PPLONATI APUALCTES het
PNNTE FE AMPAL (LL APE BOTA 2
COE VIC AP NALCEIT PAR PAONTE HY 0-007
LNA BPNAA #

NA?) PACT LATEST BATFE? BAMA #

AMPAL 9L2ZATS APE NA? 1t-OAIW- Ae
NEES CO-FELCS IOLIEI BAMA

NA?) PACT ZECD PPCIA #

O)

1d)

=

ww

eh ™

Is’

CHAPTER SEVEN
THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC

Article 69
The President

The President of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
is the Head of State. .

Article 70
Nomination and Appointment of the President

1. The House of Peoples’ Representatives shall nominate the
candidate for President.

2. The nominee shall be elected President if a joint session of
the House of Peoples’ Representatives and the House of
the Federation approves his candidacy by a two-thirds
majority vote.

3. A member of either House shall vacate his seat if elected
President.

4. The term of office of the President shall be six years. No
person shall be elected President for more than two terms.

5. Upon his election in accordance with sub-Article 2 of this
Article, the President, before commencing his respon-
sibility, shall, at a time the joint session of the Houses
determines, present himself before it and shall make a’
declaration of loyalty to the Constitution and the Peoples
of Ethiopia in the following words:

‘T....., When on this date commence my responsibility as
President of the Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia, pledge to carry out faithfully the high respon-
sibility entrusted to me.’”’

Article 71
Powers and Functions of the President

1. He shall open the joint session of the House of Peoples’
Representatives and the House of the Federation at the
commencement of their annual sessions.

2. He shall proclaim in the Negarit Gazeta laws and
international agreements approved by the ‘House of
Peoples' Representatives in accordance with the Cons-
titution.


3. He shall, upon recommendation by the Prime Minister,
appoint ambassadors and other envoys to represent the
country abroad.

4. He shall receive the credentials of foreign ambassadors
and special envoys.

5. He shall award medals, prizes and gifts in accordance with
conditions and procedures established by law.

6. He shall, upon recommendation by the Prime Minister and
in accordance with law, grant high military titles.

7. He shall, in accordance with conditions and procedures
established by law, grant pardon.


WR RE 806A OUINRTCE Th 16 09 THR TE DP:

104

wh

=

i

1

1

=a

3

ply

1 io

Da

a]

1

oo
16:
a2

P66 APTT
Cah? ANAT ADA

ATPH BE
AA ANAT PAN

CATEALP 28.6 PIE NEE CANAL
PANE PTAMO AMPAL (LATEST ACLLATCOE
PAC eh ya =

MPAL PLANES PULAATFCE PHC Wr An
Toner PAC WE tMEP HE SCFO- = PLATTE
PRC We ANAT 10°79" b106-FO- Dd
APLAmeh OAL 09d. DAE AAVFO: #

ANY A) 9°99 727 PACE NAA ABAD NAPOAY
NATE PMPAL PLLATS 0726-199 PANN FONT
PRC WT C/G HIPs VO =

ATOR GE
PMPAL PLANTS HALEY

MPAL 91206 DAWN Foner PAC Wr AVT
PHA Ba_MA «

AAUN FONE PAC Wt ANAM apavey, 97°F 0-
CTAED LCE OLS LTE RT AEN CERT Pa0?
WT PANY SENIA/LENU =

ATPR C6
PMNPAL 920TH PANTS F9C

MPAL 912046 PUIEE CON PATIL * P°LLATCT
PAC Ut ANALG EMC DLT MPAL Ait yO #
MPAL LILES POLLATCE PAC 17 ANd Td NU-AE
PRC LTE AIA OL9° A760 194 NAFa- Ader
IAAT PHA ANNI Foner PC 1 NAETT
APCA (1-09 D-FO-F PARAL PA #
CHUN TOKE PN UE POMNFO: Att TAAL T
DOE EP ES O-AEP FE PIL OUGEO-T BNITAA!
FLIINA 2
PLAATCT PRC WED Baca + PATOANGA :
Lona:
PLATTE PIC UT LOMFO-7 TAALTE LI0F :
DOCEP ES ONE TE PERLITE BNI-EAA 8
CUICET POE FAA. NNALTH PALRTA
NOLAICT? * PPPONAL MPAL. ECL VE TENATTS
PREA TEHATTED AT PS ABECY POM NAN
TONE PHC WT 1-ODFO-7 PARLPA =
PPNTALSET 2/26 HERAPS NPE BEMNMEA * Ad
BAL OUP PACLPT ACL EP TT LOOSA #
QW ATER FON ATER BAT 7 THN OE PUP
NEE 00071 /-F COTA OOF EF BANA #
CHUN TOME PAC UF NLLOMNW- AI O27
N°LAM@ OA, COWL LAC HIG TACTEED ATH.
SIE APCO SANAS
AA VICE UBS § 10°97" AATNEO? £10649
AADLS. 7 OPA ANUNN FONE PNG AF EOP:
C7 CH PPCNA # . ‘

Federal Negarit Gazeta — No. | 21“ August 1995 — Page 27

1.

2.

3.

l.

2.

l.

2.

3.

4,

5.

6.

7.

8.

10.

11.


CHAPTER EIGHT
THE EXECUTIVE

Article 72
The Powers of the Executive

The highest executive powers of the Federal Government
are vested in the Prime Minister and in the Council of
Ministers.

The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers are
responsible to the House of Peoples’ Representatives. In
the exercise of State functions, members of the Council of
Ministers are collectively responsible for all decisions
they make as a body.

Unless otherwise provided in this Constitution the term of
office of the Prime Minister is for the duration of the
mandate of the House of Peoples' Representatives.

Article 73
Appointment of the Prime Minister

The Prime Minister shall be elected from among members
of the House of Peoples’ Representatives.
Power of Government shall be assumed by the political
partry or a coalition of political parties that constitutes a
majority in the House of Peoples’ Representatives.
Article 74
Powers and Functions of the Prime Minister

The Prime Minister is the Chief Executive, the Chairman
of the Council of Ministers, and the Commander-in-Chief
of the national armed forces.

The Prime Minister shall submit for approval to the House
of Peoples’ Representatives nominees for ministerial
posts from among members of the two Houses or from
among persons who are not members of either House and
possess the required qualifications.

He shall follow up and ensure the implementation of laws,
policies, directives and other decisions adopted by the
House of Peoples’ Representatives.

He leads the Council of Ministers, coordinates its
activities and acts as its representative.

He exercises overall supervision over the implementation
of policies, regulations, directives and decisions adopted
by the Council of Ministers.

He exercises overall supervision over the implementation
of the country’s foreign policy.

He selects and submits for approval to the House of
Peoples’ Representatives nominations for posts of Com-
missioners, the President and Vice—President of the
Federal Supreme Court and the Auditor General.

He supervises the conduct and efficiency of the Federal
administration and takes such corrective measures as are
necessary.

He appoints high civilian officials of the Federal
Government other than those referred to in sub-Articles 2
and 3 of this Article.

In accordance with law enacted or decision adopted by
the House of Peoples’ Representatives, he recommends
to the President nominees for the award of medals, prizes
and gifts.

‘He shall submit to the House of Peoples’ Representatives

periodic reports on work accomplished by the Executive
as well as on its plans and proposals.


WR RE bSoGA1IET SAN RPE hh TE PT DTT 9-7: Federal Negarit Gazeta — No. 1 21" August 1995 — Page 28


AND ah? 2°99775 NAA h hh erat? Bet
PINE CNGO-GA #

12. He shall discharge all responsibilities entrusted to him by
this Constitution and other laws.
13. He shall obey and enforce the Constitution.

TE 1 F/O" PNNGA : LANDNCA &
ae Article 75
ATPR GG Deputy Prime Minister
AA PATA MPAL PLANTC 1. The Deputy Prime Minister shall:
(a) Carry out responsibilities which shall be specifically
Be PNTA MPAL PLATS ¢ entrusted to him by the Prime Minister;
V) AMPAL 9LZATS TALEO CCAD FNC T (b) Act on behalf of the Prime Minister in his absence.
PNGD-GA : 2. The Deputy Prime Minister shall be responsible to the
A) MPAL 921204 NCTE COT LH THEE BwdAH Prime Minister.
& PHNEA MPAL PLATS ENCE AMPAL 9LLATS
. Article 76
LUG # The Council of Ministers
1. The Council of Ministers comprises the Prime Minister,
NIPR CF the Deputy Prime Minister, Ministers and other members
PLAT CT PIC Ot as may be determined by law.
2. The Council of Ministers is responsible to the Prime
Be POLAT CT PNG WE: MAL LEC § PNEA Minister.
MPAL LAC | LLATCES Nah? 1°7.003 PACT 3. In all its decisions, the Council of Ministers is responsible
Adet ANF CRT ROP NC Lb po to the House of Peoples’ Representatives.
GE PLATE PHC UT EME rE AMPAL PLATE 102 Article 77
F PRATET PNC LA AOD: O-AL AUN OnE Powers and Functions of the Council of Ministers
PAC UT Md 1O- # 1. The Council of Ministers ensures the implementation of
laws and decisions adopted by the House of Peoples’
AIPR @7 Representatives.
CTLATCT PNAC UE YANNIS -b190C 2. It shall decide on the organizational structure of ministries
TO and other organs of government responsible to it; it shall
PLAT PHC Lt NN FoOne-F PHC Lt Pom coordinate their activities and provide leadership.

3. It shall draw up the annual Federal budget and, when
approved by the House of Peoples’ Representatives, it
shall implement it.

4. It shall ensure the proper execution of financial and
monetary policies of the country; it shall administer the
National Bank, decide on the printing of money and
minting of coins, borrow money from domestic and
external sources, and regulate foreign exchange matters.

5. It shall protect patents and copyrights.

6. It shall formulate and implement economic, social and
development policies and strategies.

7. It shall provide uniform standards of measurement and
calendar.

8. Itshall formulate the country’s foreign policy and exercise
overall supervision over its implementation.

9. It shall ensure the observance of law and order.

10. It has the power to declare a state of emergency; in doing
so, it shall, within the time limit prescribed by the
Constitution, submit the proclamation declaring a state of
emergency for approval-by the House of Peoples’
Representatives.

11. It shall submit draft laws to the House of Peoples’
Representatives on any matter falling within its com-
petence, including draft laws on a declaration of war.

12. It shall carry out other responsibilities that may be

ATES OPA OOP 12% OOF TFOY 22D
ANA | ae ePFS BANA +

@ PLACES NERD: APLLAFCT PNC Wt tm?
CU her C207 ANAT ALCEET LOATA:
P2 CFO} LATONGCA | BOO 2

FPL LoD FDPY PT FOIE NEE PHDZA § AMUN
TOUT PRC WE PPCOA | ABLES PNERTED
LLIIMNA #

6 OVIUNG CELIA ZANT FINITE ELINA :
NAGE AND LATALEA | TIN SPIN | UIC
OATS NOP BALA + CORSE PTET OTT
AD-O-9) BENNGA #

& CAMS CD PON EE PAM A =

b PADPOLLE | PPTNEPS PASTE TAAL EAS VR
BPP LILA! PALRTIA #

ZL. WIL: OF CTPADL LCEPTIG CLM PAPC LOMA =

BE PUTT OOS VTE TT ZAM, LOMA! PALRKOTA #

i ANG CUE PONT PCIIMNA &

tT PANFDE “LIL APR PO-BA : NIL m1 9°97 7"-F
OE8.77710+ CLM OAT OA ODOC WF CANFAS LIL
APR ANU FONE T PIC OT AFCO PARE PA =

Th> COC PARED OPC NISFO-7? 1-49-F AL Can
LEP AMUN FONT PAC AF PECOA & entrusted to it by the House of Peoples’ Representatives
oe d the Prime Minister.

1B CAEN PONE PAC LEST MPAL LT COTA hall enact cmantaricg

13. It shall enact regulations pursuant to powers vested in it

OTT beh MCE LNTO-GA # by the House of Peoples’ Representatives.

TE CHUN FONE PAC VE ALAMO PAN) ALT
LINE LOMA &

=)
=


WK RG 686A DIET OMONEPCH hhh 16 OF RTL IP:

Pb iM
AA ECE EE ADP ECS PANS

APR CF
OA 79 S47 ANA

79 C849 ANA MILY hh) O37 4 TLRROLA #

CEL PFO ET NETS PLETE ANA 048 .0-0-
MPAL ECL LE LUCA = CHUN FONE PAC Lt
ANBAL UL ALTTO: C6 LoE-A NETS ECL LTS WT

BL

ParP 002 2 LLB ECL: UT UIE: 19 OLF° NLA

AVELCE MAE PATE 29°60 AON LEAAT PAR

AV ADAD DATOAT 06.206 NETTS ParPavgee

£238 ECE EE PAN ANAA ECL AEE PAPE AF

nNAde tr : CHRAA MPAL ECR LPF! PRAA NETS

ECL LEES PHAA PorParce Lee ECe VEE

LP EFPA = UCUS Ah?) LOAGA #

C249 PANT? hee ns ECR OFF O27 Ah?

PPLTT PANT VhAMa bP OP 99L CLC :

NA? O1L999F CSTE PCF PILNEA AR ECL

Lt O29? LEP ECL: UT ALRLPYP? «

& CANN TONE ET PNCE UES PNAA PRC VET NATER
AG TOM ATER E PACT CULTS PIMA ECS:
LETT ALL RoP- OL9° AO-PS Aa BTA BV Ah?
DFP NOOKRLA Veh NFP TE ADPS AVEO:
A.A OD: OTN CYL TPES POAA ECE FF ALY
AD 9977 PAT AD-PG AVEO BL.6-8 te 3

=

131

ATPR Ci
CSA PANY

Be NE8.6-AI? UY ONAA CRATE ANT CECE LET
NF yo =
@ NOTEO-P CLE CLT CAAT ANA 1°77F a"?
(205977 ANA | OIF FO-9? NA/PAN UY eT?
FOP? AA bROT 77 10> 3
PAPE CLE PN HFO"} Noa 999 PNGO-GA #
NAA? NAPE NAA U2: ALa0g.g? 2
OG TTF OP BF NY ODE OAT UDP TAY
AATEC 1A? NOAH Card 68:7 Nawkaly Net
NAPS OF NAV 7°C-O* ALVA:
V) CSF h ANFALC 71-99% 09F 7 OLACTA.T he?
Pwr Pet ELA OLP FAV PUD PP’ c-
TieDS PARES ATALA Nie A.ond : o29°
A) Neer PHIEE -FING7 1-F70.0- ve 7G
OF ALTA Nhe 0.007 AS
ch) 07-99,0- ©-A2 DAU FONE PAC At O27
QAA FAC OT 1777 NAL L:9°O OAL =
Ee PNT F OP AE CM-I POO, VALGUS? 2
b PARA MPAL ECE WE CEA 99971
CATT ANA POLEATAL COR NEF AAIN bones
PAC UE APCO LAMAGA * APL AEE PATS
LCA S

Federal Negarit Gazeta — No. 1 21* August 1995 — Page 29

CHAPTER NINE
STRUCTURE AND POWERS OF THE COURTS

Article 78
Independence of the Judiciary

1. An independent judiciary is established by this Cons-
titution.

2. Supreme Federal judicial authority is vested in the Federal
Supreme Court. The House of Peoples’ Representatives
may, by two-thirds majority vote, establish nationwide.
or in some parts of the country only, the Federal High
Court and First-Instance Courts it deems necessary.
Unless decided in this manner, the jurisdictions of the
Federal High Court and of the First-Instance Courts are
hereby delegated to the State courts.

3. States shall establish State Supreme, High and First-
Instance Courts. Particulars shall be determined by law.

4. Special or ad hoc courts which take judicial powers away

‘from the regular courts or institutions legally empowered
to exercise judicial functions and which do not follow
legally prescribed procedures shall not be established.

5. Pursuant to sub-Article 5 of Article 34 the House of
Peoples’ Representatives and State Councils can es-
tablish or give official recognition to religious and
customary courts. Religious and customary courts that
had state recognition and functioned prior to the adoption
of the Constitution shall be organized on the basis of
recognition accorded to them by this Constitution.

Article 79
Judicial Powers

1. Judicial powers, both at Federal and State levels, are
vested in the courts.

2. Courts of any level shall be free from any interference of
influence of any governmental body, government official
or from any other source.

3. Judges shall exercise their functions in full independence
and shall be directed solely by the law.

4. No judge shall be removed from his duties before he
reaches the retirement age determined by law except
under the following conditions:

(a) When the Judicial Administration Council decides to
remove him for violation of disciplinary rules or on
grounds of gross incompetence or inefficiency; or

(b) When the Judicial Administration Council decides
that a judge can no longer carry out his respon-
sibilities on account of illness; and

(c) When the House of Peoples’ Representatives or the
concerned State Council approves by a majority vote
the decisions of the Judicial Administration Council.

5. The retirement of judges may not be extended beyond the
retirement age determined by law.

6. The Federal Supreme Court shall draw up and submit to
the House of Peoples’ Representatives for approval the
budget of the Federal courts, and upon approval. adminis-
ter the budget.


WA B26EN DEF OLN EPS Wh 1G OF THETTI-P-

I

368)

=

19)

Pay

Oo

1}

ar

91

Federal Negarit Gazeta — No. | 21" August 1995 — Page 30

PHAA CAAT Ahtet ALT AChAM Phe FF 7. Budgets of State courts shall be determined by the

LoZNA = PANN FONE PHC UW C269
CNEEES CPP OLE LCE ECE UEE PSE LAND
LCN APS ONAA MPAL ECL LETS PHAA
NETS ECL VEE CALF PTMNA BAMA =

AtPK
CECE VEE NPCS PAN

» PALA MPAR ECL UF 162d FACE AL CNALGS

PICA PSY LAN? BECPA =

CHAA MPAL ECL UE ANAA: 142 ALR PNAS

Pare PALTE PANT BPCPA AbeD.°72

CELA CNEL ECL LE CSET PANT LP CPAH

ULV ATER FON ATIER BAT E PTMPAD 1.90:

VD) Pé8od- MPAL FECL: UE GPALD®P CU's PAD

AWE LANEY IGFO-7P Poomcy w-r,
APPT? NANG TAet CTE LAN BPCPA =
UCUS ND BOAGA =

A) PHAA MPA ECR? LE ALTE CUD PAD
AWE PANETT ANAA 7-407 O-bham PaPeRc4
OA, APP NANG TPAek PIE KAN
LPCPA = NCUS Ah?) LOAGA #

PHAA HEFS ECL LT ANAM NEL ca- PAArt

POANY VECDOIVG ChSo0-A POPE OPE PCE ECR: LT

C249 LAND BECPA #

PNAA HEE ECL LT 1486-A POOF a0e? 2.28

ECR WT CLA PANY PACT N7LAMO @-A2 AS

P°L PCM 270% ANAA MPAL ECE UE BALA

PNAA MPAL ECR? AT 1686-A PSTE PANE

N-2AM@ OA, AZ 0°.PCN@ £904 146.8od-0

MPAL ECKL LALA =

ATPR Ws

AASET ATS

P22 MPAL ECL WE TENATTS PATA TO
HATE N20 PFET MPAL LANE APE
AAUNN FONE PRC Lt BAM 2

diet P4260 MPAL ECR VE SFE AbFoant
NEL.CA CREE AVEALC 7-0% PPLHATT ACEP FT
MPAL "L2ATS ANNN FOE PAC Wt APCD
PRT

CNAA MPAL ECL LE TENSTTS PREA TONST HE
AHA CON PAFALC APC ANAM PAC 04+
LNT x

CHAA MPAL €ECL> UTS PNAA HEF ECL? UTE
SEF NAM CAPT AAPALC 7-3 AP? ONAL
PAC Ot LK = CHAM CSET ANTSLC 705,
CREED orb APH Oe: NIWA N44 C480
CSE FT AATALC 7-95 NACEEPE AB PAW-3 ANT PET
PnePS AATECED had AdbERr DC N-7LLN
ANAM FAC UF CPIPLN BALTE AAT # 048M
CAE T AATSEC 7-15 ADELE ET ALOAT OC LN OAT
NAPAN PHAM FNC LF 1-2°-BD PAL PA =

respective State Council. The House of Peoples’
Representatives shall allocate compensatory budgets for
States whose Supreme and High courts concurrently
exercise the jurisdictions of the Federal High Court and
Federal First-Instance Courts.

Article 80
Concurrent Jurisdiction of Courts

The Federal Supreme Court shall have the highest and
final judicial power over Federal matters.

2. State Supreme Courts shall have the highest and final

judicial power over State matters. They shall also exercise
the jurisdiction of the Federal High Court.

3. Notwithstanding the Provisions of sub-Articles | and 2 of

this Article;

(a) The Federal Supreme Court has a power of cassation
over any final court decision containing a basic error
of law. Particulars shall be determined by law.

(b) The State Supreme Court has power of cassation
over any final court decision on State matters which
contains a basic error of law. Particulars shall be
determined by law. .

4. State High Courts shall, in addition to State jurisdiction,

exercise the jurisdiction of the Federal First-Instance
Court.

5. Decisions rendered by a State High Court exercising the

jurisdiction of the Federal First-Instance Court are
appealable to the State Supreme Court.

6. Decisions rendered by a State Supreme Court on Federal

1.

matters are appealable to the Federal Supreme Court.

Article 81
Appointment of Judges

The President and Vice-President of the Federal Supreme
Court shall, upon recommendation by the Prime Minister,
be appointed by the House of People’s Representatives.

2. Regarding other Federal judges, the Prime Minister shall

submit to the House of Peoples’ Representatives for
appointment candidates selected by the Federal Judicial
Administration Council.

The State Council shall, upon recommendation by the
Chief Executive of the State, appoint the President and
Vice-President of the State Supreme Court.

State Supreme and High Court judges shall, upon
recommendation by the State Judicial Administration
Council, be appointed by the State Council. The State
Judicial Administration Council, before submitting
nominations to the State Council, has the responsibility to
solicit and obtain the views of the Federal Judicial
Administration Council on the nominees and to forward
those views along with its recommendations. If the
Federal Judicial Administration Council does not submit
its views within three months, the State Council may
grant the appointments.


IR GR bSoCA VIET IUNRPCR Yh iF OF THETT OP:

an

EG NAA Par Farcs 2.25 FECL UT ASE ANAM CSET
ANTSLEG 7-05 API ANAM PHC At LH, =

Z- NCEE O-9? LCR 0° SET PAATATS CUND-O-C
TAL 1°. PANTO PSF 7 ANTSEC 1% BONGA =

ATPR TE
CA? 2°99! 1-40 FANS 1% ADLPC

BOAT PFI E PAET ANE 1% ONY ad 2°99 D
TRROLA =
@ CAD PFN PE FEE ANG 1% APE ATL ANAT
LEGA # ANAK CPOLNEAT SFO: 5
UV) Ch2od-A MPAL ECKL UE TEHATE * ANAN, :
A) P4260 MPAL ECL LE PNTA TENATE *
PRTEA ONAN, :
ah) ANAND FOWE-E PHC WE APELIE NETH
Ae TEIST HT COL fav: lav-e 1S AFO-S 174
PNCEO- C-LoOPANCAFO ALN Ch? VAs:
LPT :
a?) PbS. Nr PNET NAIAE PHA COLONATO-
PAT APF #
CAI? PIED PACE ANE 1% CPC PATETI
APPLIIT POLLAN TAD PPC AHCI BEAA #

m=

APR TE
AD PVE ET AAP TCP

© Ph? 77K FP NCH TEE 0.74 16.260 PNC LT
OAR PITA #

B PLLA INC UE! CAI OVINE APE ANE F915,

NLEPCAAT HI PFI SR 4L AL MWA G4

OP OAL BANA #

Oy

ATPK TG
CA? 999779 b PAE ANG 7-05 /PANIG FNC

CA? 97/b PAE ANE 7-09 Ah? 2997/7" 3-P
VEETY PING PAN? BECPA * 1°LLL.C10-
FINA PACE AN F/R PFCIP ANAL VET

ALTTO- ALoGN7 PNC WE 17-SE AL PO-4% YON

PSPCNA #

NZL. PIVOTS UY ANAA bh?) AD-ED. ANAT

P°LOM AIT DV bh) FI/"F OC LPT CPLA

PLE AIAG PARP N77 PANTO GCL LT OLF 1A

TAR APCNAT SCPC Agr. OAL ALT

PHC OT PECIA =

NECR LEE CAT °F ECVP PLB ATA!

VU) A? P91 PECAP AALAL UT ALTTO-
APC TART APLPANTO- ECE Lt BOPAAA :
NAN? -1940- OAL EC PTAT VATAL PEF0-7
ALLS PNC VW ALIN IECN LEA #

A) ORCEI? PER 99E5.F PaPFNT ALU APGE AL
PPLAMO-F hI? PFW DPR FCP ALL GUI
PRC Lt AGPCRLA O-AE PPCIA #

PPLE 7° CAT ACHES AES. GIF PRC Ut

SPCOA ALPE PIVGR PLCIA 2

im

1

mm

19)

Federal Negarit Gazeta -— No. | 21“ August 1995 — Page 31

5. Judges of State First-Instance Courts shall, upon recom-
mendation by the State Judicial Administration Council,
be appointed by the State Council.

6. Matters of code of professional conduct and discipline as
well as transfer of judges of any court shall be determined
by the concerned Judicial Administration Council.

Article 82
Structure of the Council of Constitutional Inquiry

1. The Council of Constitutional Inquiry is established by
this Constitution.

2. The Council of Constitutional Inquiry shall have eleven
members comprising:

(a) The President of the Federal Supreme Court, who
shall serve as its President;

(b) The Vice-President of the Federal Supreme Court,
who shall serve as its Vice-President;

(c) Six legal experts, appointed by the President of the
Republic on recommendation by the House of
Peoples’ Representatives, who shall have proven
professional competence and high moral standing;

(d) Three persons designated by the House of the

Federation from among its members.
3. The Council of Constitutional Inquiry shall establish
organizational structure which can ensure expeditious
execution of its responsibilities.

Article 83
Interpretation of the Constitution

1. All constitutional disputes shall be decided by the House
of the Federation.

2. The House of the Federation shall, within thirty days of
receipt, decide a constitutional dispute submitted to it by
the Council of Constitutional Inquiry.

Article 84
Powers and Functions of the Council of Constitutional
Inquiry

1. The Council of Constitutional Inquiry shall have powers
to investigate constitutional disputes. Should the Council,
upon consideration of the matter, find it necessary to
interpret the Constitution, it shall submit its recommen-
dations thereon to the House of the Federation.

2. Where any Federal or State law is contested as being
unconstitutional and such a dispute is submitted to it by
any court or interested party, the Council shall consider
the matter and submit it to the House of the Federation for
a final decision.

3. When issues of constitutional interpretation arise in the
courts, the Council shall:

(a) Remand the case to the concerned court if it finds
there is no need for constitutional interpretation; the
interested party, if dissatisfied with the decision of
the Council, may appeal to the House of the
Federation.

(b) Submit its recommendations to the House of the
Federation for a final decision if it believes there is a
need for constitutional interpretation.

4. The Council shall draft its rules of procedure and sumbit
them to the House of the Federation; and implement them
upon approval.


WB 226A VIET IUNRPCE Th TE OF HRT OP:

PO6-% A/C
CIAEP TAA, POUPFS GAPMPT

AT?PR TE
APP F-

Bb OTFED- CAPT ANA AH) °F 1/ RD * bet
ATES TAAL ED P76 AL ALD-A ANY 9b0-%
AFPADEF POCUPTS GAPTP FT AR carndtr
AAT

@ ALY O28 BAP 69991? TAT ADLLU-ESO-

PE LoG-A PEPE OLI CNAA PATALCT CAT
LUCA =

AIPR TZ
COE 15-7 PCV PT

Bb PALTARL HUNT PPI COL LAMPS CUICET AS
ARTE COLLANNG COE VVE TE TAA, 97C-00 8: 2
CPF 2PE IED VIARTES ADATE PTHNCG + 1hdact
DICT VALT OAP DAL KAI} =

FP CUIS 1: COR IVETE TAA NIE PEEPS NADLATT
AL CPrPACHE PUY AIA NGAP APH LCE
P°VLAT APPT PATOL PEP COLLATING
PUG EO MCIIVE 8

GC CALTERED AGARTE COLLANNES PHUVET PEI
09°F 2925 GAP? APE ATES APPR ET TANG #

& MAU VIC ET DAM TP? CAESH VICTH DC NP1LILO:
ALL LFLLE ADP ILER ANSTS CHUVE OF 89997 F-
Vd CTIA #

i QUIET GNA COLA: RFE AAPTR UY a1:
ADAG POE TIL 8

160)

ATPA 7
PrnAne CCU PT

B- PUIG: POPHNANE WARE ONACTE | PNA CAUME AG
CHUCES TINGE FPOP Lab LUCA #

€ PIPHNANLS PLZT UT COL Kad VLA BUSA

E- POPHANL WARE PVIGKT AGRE haemnl? ren

916 UD av) O71 re met NANFRS Lik APR

PPLAM ET FINCH CNSO-GA

COPNANL HC-P-E NIG FO-Y? LI AAD O° E PIN

LUGA #

& PPNANL WEP FN DZ AE CEE OTe rt
79 0 ADA PNGOGA &

1c
.

AIPR tk
ZA TN GAWP T-

Be PFET NLPNENLE PCV PT AL NavarAdel Hut:
DUA? LEP A COT Nee COLLATE COLT U4"
00 FF RAT #

EOF CNA ED | ONAL CAT | CUVEE 177
P°PTNACT NLU: AL Ne arCh NeHAFO- AGATE :
NILES OF LTTE ET PFIMGIC Wo AAVE 2

Federal Negarit Gazeta — No. 1 21" August 1995 — Page 32

CHAPTER TEN
NATIONAL POLICY PRINCIPLES AND OBJECTIVES

Article 85
Objectives

1. Any organ of Government shall, in the implementation of
the Constitution, other laws and public policies, be
guided by the principles and objectives specified under
this Chapter.

2. The term ‘‘Government’’ in this Chapter shall mean a
Federal or State government as the case may be.

Article 86
Principles for External Relations

1. To promote policies of foreign relations based on the
protection of national interests and respect for the
sovereignty of the country.

2. To promote mutual respect for national sovereignty and
equality of states and non-interference in the internal
affairs of other states.

3. To ensure that the foreign relation policies of the country
are based on mutual interests and equality of states as well
as that international agreements promote the interests of
Ethiopia.

4. To observe international agreements which ensure respect
for Ethiopia’s sovereignty and are not contrary to the
interests of its Peoples.

5. To forge and promote ever growing economic union and
fraternal relations of Peoples with Ethiopia’s neighbours
and other African countries.

6. To seek and support peaceful solutions to international
disputes.

Article 87
Principles for National Defence

1. The composition of the national armed forces shall reflect
the equitable representation of the Nations, Nationalities
and Peoples of Ethiopia.

2. The Minister of Defence shall be a civilian.

3. The armed forces shall protect the sovereignty of the
country and carry out any responsibilities as may be
assigned to them under any state of emergency declared
in accordance with the Constitution.

4. The armed forces shall at all times obey and respect the
Constitution.

5. The armed forces shall carry out their functions tree of any
partisanship to any political organization(s).

Article 88
Political Objectives

1. Guided by democratic principles, Government shall
promote and support the People’s self-rule at all levels.

2. Government shall respect the identity of Nations,
Nationalities and Peoples. Accordingly Government
shall have the duty to strengthen ties of equality, unity and
fraternity among them.


RAE 226A 5IEF DMN RECE Yh 1E Pd RTL OP:

Federal Negarit Gazeta — No. 1 21" Augugst 1995 —~ Page 33


ATER tH
ALT MN IAIWP TE

PIPE UIP AKL OLD PUIG ObMd-PaP
OO-PTEG UNE THPUPR CWrOAtd 997k
POPE) 2AL9T AANT #

BFP CATERED LIT CATED UEP ACTA
AA ADA OLA ADS EFO APTS UE EEAP
AW? 29978 P9LNEEANTD URS P97 FF YE 125°
AA =
PTEPCE AD AGA ALD AISLLCA PHANAS ALIO-
ALCAY ATED ACAD NOPE ATALCA ILE &
NALVE OLAA APE NACE? Ndhdavr + HNOF
PNP TAR LIE PLCIA #

DIET PLES OPEC UNE ANN AY 2
bo AC N27 ANN CD PEPE ALTE
ADSM: 097227 AL AAT #

CVIC APT TAAL TS TONE HE NLU OP 47
0927 NED PLEO: AEE AAV § PAUNIS
CAPT ATPALAP TE L1G KANT #
F/T VIC APTILELS PTA ACTEATPALA
OP we NOV T OC NADA TE COLES VED UB
(OO FF OAT AAT #

Oi

i

=

33

wy

wi

PF]

Ke OPPO LT COEF OT AUN OTE ELVIS OFC

£28 AMINE MHC AAN* #

ATPX i
VANE-P TN GACT FT:

B PUIEH APY? NES. OMT VAP ATEKEPR CFP
UCT: OMG AIAN Tt OTAU OY POPP CL 1 PPG
99710 P PATS ATT CO: BELIA #

TPVCT 1°7GFO-P Ces NIRIE EE DTA hae
AnNET AG HANAL boot PF 19 NU’ 9°78:
PMO h&: AA #

1)

ATP 46
DAHA TN FACT? FT

DIVE LT PALSP aN PETF ANGE NNCT + £7
NEATE AD FPO EY PILL Ce VTS AVE T
QADAIE ATEAINAVES ATLL COCR DALE
AAQT #

RVI CLT VNEEIT OFCN POO cme
PIOFDLOEG CUA AERP VLD 9D:
FOYE APP? NPL. Md DITANT © ALIS
ENP ORT 99704 4E 1L9° RAE &

om)

10)

hi?x Fé
PANNN, LUD POLY GACTP FT

BPP UNEP ATER LE FRVG M99 ANAM, AD
4.79 ED POPMNE DALIT AAV &
@- IFO"? CANT ATT ACT'S PANNNA7 LUTIT

P77TEGD PUT AAT &

Article 89
Economic Objectives

1. Government shall have the duty to formulate policies
which ensure that all Ethiopians can benefit from the
country’s legacy of intellectual and material resources.

2. Government has the duty to ensure that all Ethiopians get
equal opportunity to improve their economic conditions
and to promote equitable distribution of wealth among
them.

3. Government shall take measures to avert any natural and
man-made disasters, and, in the event of disasters, to
provide timely assistance to the victims.

4. Government shall provide special assistance to Nations,
Nationalities, and Peoples least advantaged in economic
and social development.

5. Government has the duty to hold, on behalf of the People,
land and other natural resources and to deploy them for
their common benefit and development.

6. Government shall at all times promote the participation of
the People in the formulation of national development
policies and programmes; it shall also have the duty to
support the initiatives of the People in their development
endeavours.

7. Government shall ensure the participation of women in
equality with men in all economic and social develop-
ment endeavours.

8. Government shall endeavour to protect and promote the
health, welfare and living standards of the working
population of the country.

Article 90
Social Objectives

1. To the extent the country’s resources permit, policies shall
aim to provide all Ethiopians access to public health and
education, clean water, housing, food and social security.

2. Education shall be provided in a manner that is free from
any religious influence, political partisanship or cultural
prejudices.

Article 91
Cultural Objectives

1. Government shall have the duty to support, on the basis of
equality, the growth and enrichment of cultures and
traditions that are compatible with fundamental rights,
human dignity, democratic norms and ideals, and the
provisions of the Constitution.

2. Government and all Ethiopian citizens shall have the duty
to protect the country’s natural endowment, historical
sites and objects.

3. Government shall have the duty, to the extent its resources
permit, to support the development of the arts, science
and technology.

Article 92
Environmental Objectives

1. Government shall endeavour to ensure that all Ethiopians
live in a clean and healthy environment.
2. The design and implementation of programmes and

projects of development shall not damage or destroy the
environment.


IAG 286A IIET DUN RPCE hh 16 07 HET

- ar

191

a

é-

a7. Federal Negarit Gazeta — No. 1 21* August 1995 -— Page 34

i

PHUND PANN, LUTE PANT ZAAT TE? | 3. People have the right to full consultation and to the

EP NLILENTG 776. AL 1°LO-ANT 1.1 °°0PA ‘expression of views"in the planning and implementation

NEO AWN V-e VAT ATAIAR 2.297 WANT # of environmental policies and projects that affect them

PIWVOETG WIE ANALLFO? PoTHANN 125° directly.

AAVFaO- = 4. Government and citizens shall have the duty to protect the

environment.
POEF APC ATES CHAPTER ELEVEN
ALAR £27 922 F MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
AIPR GE Declaration of State of Emergency
AA AAFDL 1H APE
1. (a) The Council of Ministers of the Federal Government

V) PO“ O26. ALITP? OLP WI PF1/°FP. shall have the power to decree a state of emergency
PCYED ALD AL POLPA UD ALNATS OFA should an external invasion, a break down of law and
PLO PAT TWN Cab APLLP CCTLFA order which endangers the constitutional order and
AUD) IWCFHOP OFLPC ALD AL DTP O27 which cannot be controlled by the regular law
CHUN O37 AL AL COLPA VAD ANE : enforcement agencies and personnel, a natural disas-
C4Lode PII PTLLAECT PAC Wt PAA ter, or an epidemic occur.

FOL LIL APE 09°°.579) PANT AAG: # (b) State executives can decree a State-wide state of

A) OPPO ALD LDP OL CHUN LVI emergency should a natural disaster or an epidemic
ALIAS COLPA AD ADVE CHAA PATIL OT occur. Particulars shall be determined in State Cons-
QNAVEO PANES LU APR ALOR. 2 FAA # titutions to be promulgated in conformity with this
HCUG HAA LV HD 97979 PACT Constitution.
°F L229) NOLL OM ZEO: Ah 2°97" BOAGA = | 2. A state of emergency declared in accordance with sub-

LY APR VOD ATER & (V) PACE PLO: Article 1(a) of this Article:

PANTIES “LIL APE : (a) If declared when the House of Peoples’ Represen-

Vv) Cae bone PHC Wt 077d. AL 1A 7 tatives is in session, the decree shall be sumbitted to
Coe WW IOS NACA ALTE AG OAT the House within forty-eight hours of its declaration.
AWA FONE TE PRE UE PLN AAI # APS. The decree, if not approved by a two-thirds majority
Ab FONE PHC Wt UAT PATE LPO vote of members of the House of Peoples’ Represen-
TPOLIT ATT O4,20-% BAGA# tatives, shall be repealed forthwith.

A) NAL 130-0 A7PR (UV) AC OMEN ATEN (b) Subject to the required vote of approval set out in (a)
Ue = CaM Fone PAC Wt AP’d AZ of this sub-Article, the decree declaring a state of
DAU TE OPP 09 S-OE PAAFAL LIL AP emergency when the House of peoples’ Represen-
ANNA FOnet PIC WE FCN PANE APS. - tatives is not in session shall be submitted to it within
ASOF NAG APA OSCE OAT IO # fifteen days of its adoption.

0°LZATOT PAC 1 C-L171710- CAVFRE 11 APP: | 3. A state of emergency decreed by the Council of Ministers,
APNG Ok FALE ATT 044A AFL POL TAD: ANN if approved by the House of Peoples’ Representatives,
OLE OG ya = CAI FONE PNAC Wb At can remain in effect up to six months. The House of
PAF LPO AIL CANFAS LI APE PAGE OF, Peoples’ Representatives may, by a two-thirds majority
AFL IDE ATEALAALLCI LEA # vote, allow the state of emergency proclamation to be
UV) CAFRE LI APSE 1°. OROE LN CPLA OT renewed every four months successively.
PH: WE NLeOoFo- 230 oer @uICy | 4. (a) Whenastate of emergency is declared, the Council of
OAPS MAGS + CHUN LUTTE AVS CUE Ministers shall, in accordance with regulations it
PPTADNG PANT LAECPA # issues, have all necessary power to protect the
A) PLAT CT PRC Wh LAN Nad 9991771: country’s peace and sovereignty, and to maintain
CrPaOgntTs PALZTC OFAN PL.PHE-A. public security, law and order.
PANETT: CAVED LIL APR. APOE PNET (b) The Council of Ministers shall have the power to
CU O-F FAL ATINOIL: FEAL US AVTTO 8.238 : suspend such political and democratic rights con-
AAR 712: ALCO CULT A VO. # tained in this Constitution to the extent necessary to
ah) PPLLATOCT PAC WE ANAL 1b APE AC avert the conditions that required the declaration of a
CP°LLON FO 8°39 DLP TS PPL ONYEO ACLBP T state of emergency.
1°99 F@-9° 21L2 OILY A) FILE ATER BE TE: (c) Inthe exercise of its emergency powers the Council of
RE AT A TON ATER BAT E CPAs Ministers cannot, however, suspend or limit the
PNET POLI AU ALTA rights provided for in Articles 1, 18, 25, and sub-

Articles 1 and 2 of Aarticle 39 of this Constitution.

~


IRAE 6206-A1IEF MON kPCE Yh 16 $9 THETLI-9-

E> NUE CANFRL 1H APE NLS OLN OF4 PANN | 5

Iw)

oi

é-

TONE PHC UE NAVIES Nh? 1A LPF acm

071 OL FO ALT ANAT Lieb CANFAS 1H APE

AEAAPY? PCOTE ACR: PRR = NCH APR. AhUN

Pone-- PHC UT NUR PAE LH LRRVA «

CANFDL LH APE AERA? C7? NCL PLAT

PANT DATE hak :

V) NAAFRE 1H APE PNP CLAD WANT
AP? NATE: OC 1M DAP £4 PTL 2I1F PFACAED
PHIL T IAK :

A) AFD Lh APR OFF 09°L.OAaTF ACE
PE NIGFO-P 2k hANI ACV STa-s
PPANCS POI-FA :

ch) 1G FOP PAATFDLS LiL APE ACLS h.anse
PPE ALPINE MPAL "LL OLP PLZ
TCT PRC WT ACPBa-d ATALATHAA VAN
want :

or) NANFRS LIL APR ACPSP FE AANGP 01,7
PPL L.RIOET UN AECE AIDLPCH OILED

») PANFDL LL APE ATLEPA AMIN Toney
PRC OT PLR APCN PAM? ADT ERE APHAC
Li: TPEN #

ATPR Fo
042970 O67 1°. C°ANT-

Ph Lod- PIPE EG NAME NAD PAD 304.4
ETS FINCH APMIS 0°LLALADTO-7 MER. NEN
AVEO BATA EUSP? SFOS? NAA IMNAG ACL.
KPO “INC PPLEAEAIO- OCD. AA AIH HAA
NPC ONAGA-? NAM 077 BALSA #

C4Lod-A F/T MANE OPO MN ALTE ADEE
AUS NAEP ANATOLE LILACS * APPAR ILE PS
AAT 9108 ANAAH ALCP WT ACS AAP
LTAA & C4 2oGA F179 F NAMT APLLNLADTO-
OOD, PPLPL CIO) 22997 NLA ATS RPTC
P°7LC7 PANT BECPA #

AIPA iz
feta ge
04-2970 70,7 1°. ANT

CELod- A: PIVPPHEG NANT PPLPPLOD C6Lo0-A ALL
SOT CTIA PIN. NEGA PLEIN =

&

é-

a

93

ATPR 12
C4 Lo FIT PITNAT PING PANT

CELod-A PFI TE NOCAS 11, OP PF AL O-PS
PLT? INAG Ade th NELPF VPAA! BANANA
N68 o6-A PIPE ES NGAP APE LCE FENCE FT
AZ 0794. INC BPAA? BANANA:

NEL F/T VALET 7°*$ NU PACT SC
CPE AL CPIL: TCR MIC * O7"S. INE 1 CR LRS
PANALA Tha SPAA: SANANA #

ANAEPR CletsS AT det COLA O-N 10.P FAB
JNA LPAA? BAQHOA =

Federal Negarit Gazeta — No. 1 21* August 1995 — Page 35


he House of Peoples’ Representatives, while declaring a
state of emergency, shall simultaneously establish a State
of Emergency Inquiry Board, comprising of seven
persons to be chosen and assigned by the House from
among its members and from legal experts.

The State of Emergency Inquiry Board shall have the

following powers and responsibilities:

(a) To make public within one month the names of all
individuals arrested on account of the state of
emergency together with the reasons for their arrest.

(b) To inspect and follow up that no measure taken
during the state of emergency is inhumane.

(c) To recommend to the Prime Minister or to the
Council of Ministers corrective measures_if it finds
any case of inhumane treatment.

(d) To ensure the prosecution of perpetrators of

inhumane acts.

(e) To submit its views to the House of Peoples’

Representatives on a request to extend the duration

of the state of emergency.

Article 94
Financial Expenditures

1. The Federal Government and the States shall respectively

bear all financial expenditures necessary to carry out all
responsibilities and functions assigned to them by law.
Unless otherwise agreed upon, the financial expenditures
required for the carrrying out of any delegated function
by a State shall be borne by the delegating party.

2. The Federal Government may grant to States emergency,

rehabilitation and development assistance and loans, due
care being taken that such assistance and loans do not
hinder the proportionate development of States. The
Federal Government shall have the power to audit and

inspect the proper utilization of subsidies it grants to the
States.

Article 95
Revenue

The Federal Government and the States shall share revenue
taking the federal arrangement into account.

Article 96
Federal Power of Taxation

The Federal Government shall levy and collect custom
duties, taxes and other charges on imports and exports.

2. It shall levy and collect income tax on employees of the

Federal Government and international organizations.
It shall levy and collect income, profit, sales and excise
taxes on enterprises owned by the Federal Government.

4. It shall tax the income and winnings of national lotteries

and other games of chance.


IR AE bSoGA VIET INNER hh 16 07 RTE O-P-

& NAPC! AACS NDA FEAT OCH LPF AL Anh
PAA: BANANA =

NEGA PFET NAL YC 1ST VETS
bet DOCEE 10. AL TCG BPA? BANNOA : Dek
BOAGA =

Ze Pb SoA FIVE ANAT NLA O 627 TS WIAD
bef 0772? 76s NELP TD BOAGA : BANANA «
PPETA FHA RPAA : CANAAA =

C4 Lo-A CEP ANC TLR PCT BTAA: BANKNA #

ATPR IZ
PNAA PATEL OCT CLAS PING LAND

NAAT! ANAA PATEL CS ALCET FENCE TH AL
C726. MIC BPAA: ? BANANA: #
COLT POMPE NEL LOATH? SANANA #
NIA COLLET NWT 226 PME AEP. 116
PF AL PACT 7° 11. TC BPAA: : SANAIA: =
ANAM 1°27 MAN FOL.P FAL CPI TCE MICS
iL TA SPAA? BANANA #
& ONAA OAT AOU AL N°VL29 FETT CH 1°U.1%
INL. AL 7G BPAA: | SANAIA: =
» MNAA PAFSEC NIA VATE AC DA LEFT Bet
INLET 1°74 70. AB INC BPAA | BANAIM +
NAT SFO AC VA APES Albee TNE AR
LER PANEAM # .
© MAA POFALC MALT TT AC PLE CATT CRE
AL OFIL: TCR! O77 WNC | CASS ANALA Aha
RPA? BANANA =
» NADER IE DON ATER FE OTMPAD- ADEM UF :
NPL POPP AL 090-7 1. ING | PCPA
POL T NEL NELPT SPAM? BANNAN #
ANAA PATFALC ANAT NAM 2227S AIA
be F 097,60 6s NELPT BOATA * BANANA #
NEF 09274 COLAC NES OATH! LANAI

om

= eh

ws 191

sh 1

©)

d=}

ATPA IE
096. PINAT PING LAN

C480 PIVOTS NAME NDE NLELRLFO-
CARTE LCEET AL CFI: ECE INC! P/E. TNC!
CULES CANALA Dd 1d SPAM? BANAIA: =
NCEE PFI: TOE AL AT NIA ANAESTH OFCE
SCH AL INCS CT LE Dd 09d SPA! LANAI
ANNES PPL CP TS NITED? PT TECALRPS
CIN EP TAL PIN. INCT PCPA NELP F Ade.
Lrah: ZANANAIA =

om

1)

=

ATPR Id
TAL tO DAATAM CANAAS PING LANET

ALY ah? 2°97 TAL OO PATA DNAS TIC POONA
PANETT N°LPANT P22.GTr PHC WET Can
TOE PNAC WE NIG ANAND AAT PAT LIPO
BOAGA: #

Federal Negarit Gazeta — No. | 21“ August 1995 — Page 36

5. It shall levy and collect taxes on the income of air, rail and
sea transport services.

6. It shall levy and collect taxes on income of houses and
properties owned by the Federal Government; it shall fix
rents.

7. It shall determine and collect fees and charges relating to

licenses issued and services rendered by organs of the

Federal Governemnt.

It shall levy and collect taxes on monopolies.

9. It shall levy and collect Federal stamp duties.

oo

Article 97
State Power of Taxation

1. States shall levy and collect income taxes on employees of
the State and of private enterprises.

2. States shall determine and collect fees for land usufrac-
tuary rights.

3. States shall levy and collect taxes on the incomes of
private farmers and farmers incorporated in cooperative
associations.

4. States shall levy and collect profit and sales taxes on
individual traders carrying out a business within their
territory.

5. States shall levy and collect taxes on income from
transport services rendered on waters within their
territory.

6. They shail levy and collect taxes on income derived from
private houses and other properties within the State. They
shall collect rent on houses and other properties they own.

7. States shall levy and collect profit, sales, excise and
personal income taxes on income of enterprises owned by
the States.

8. Consistent with the provisions sub-Article 3 of Article 98,
States shall levy and collect taxes on income derived from
mining operations, and royalties and land rentals on such
operations.

9. They shall determine and collect fees and charges relating
to licenses issued and services rendered by State organs.

10. They shall fix and collect royalty for use of forest
resources.

Article 98
Concurrent Power of Taxation

1. The Federal Government and the States shall jointly levy
and collect profit, sales, excise and personal income taxes
on enterprises they jointly establish.

2. They shall jointly levy and collect taxes on the profits of
companies and on dividends due to shareholders.

3. They shall jointly levy and collect taxes on incomes
derived from large-scale mining and all petroleum and
gas operations, and royalties on such operations.

Article 99
Undesignated Powers of Taxation

The House of the Federation and the House of Peoples’
Representatives shall, in a joint session, determine by a two-
thirds majority vote on the exercise of powers of taxation
which have not been specifically provided for in the Cons-
titution.


IK AL E26-AVIEF NN RTPCE Phe 16 $9 RTT 9-9-


ADPR F
PFHAT PING ANNA OCU PT

+ NAMES PLR PFI FAT PIC NL TANT
LH P°LMPPO BHAT MMIC APIs 9c ereEHS
NADI PIF OFOAY CUYD 92977 AAVFO- «
NHNAFO- 99S LO-d PANS? NF F-7F PILLS eV
FCID- AIAN IC Penny evry (29707
AANVFa- =

ATCE Pho0 ECE HAUS AATEC HAM? 1462.60
PFET INET AL § C6 Sede PFIYH TS NhaAdet
INET AL WMC OLF P24 FINA /PANT ALPS
Fary? :

PI

i

m

ATP B85
PEW AAT

Be PSO AATEC AMPAL L204 AFEOIF NHN
TONE PHC UT LTA 2

PIM AATCC C6LENT POLLVECT Mbet 297°C"
LFF LA0F NOSMMC NUN Toner FNC 04+
PTIPLND FOOTE NET 1 ANE G00 AWS
POPE NLD PPS PCPEC APHAC VE C7CH
LPCIA #

PID: AAC CaP/E8 ED NET NOTA ANN tO
HEF PNC UE APCO PAARL SA =

CPSO- ALAC UCUC FIC NAD LOAGA =

ie

mm

101

ATPR BFE
PP°C™ NCR

8: NESFEAT ANAA PPC™ hAlE 19¢ FHhAF PC,
QAATIIT ATALNLS NVIFO-9" +00P 49 CUY
NAEP PPC, NCL BRL

PACE ANAT AMPAL (LLANES APES T ANN boner
PHC UT LRT: = NCHS NAD BOAGA #

ve

ATPR BRE
CHUN $Me. POLAT

&: PUICKT CHUN BTC APLNG P°LEMTS &md °°,
FALE CHUN PME. POLAT BTCA #

@ PhO AY ANAT AMPAL 9204 APE Mat
PhO PHC LF BoM, «
FE. DOLTr PS Aho * ADELA NAG LPFG SOG Aen,

PEPE T LPEDA 2 .

CRO FPR ALT NST ANN Tone Pc

Ut PCO LALLSA =

E- PANN SMe NPAYC 90°41: BAASA # NOME aA,
Cr PPC! HAT? AMADA PPC™ NCE NLL?
CIO 2EP Ow? O28.61r PNC LE LOAGA #

CRO FM?’7t AMUN FONE PHC At H- = AA
P?E-D WERAPY” 17 APNC Ut C7 CH PPCOA =

19)

Federal Negarit Gazeta — No. 1 21" August 1995 — Page 37


Article 100
Directives on Taxation

1. In exercising their taxing powers, States and the Federal
Government shall ensure that any tax is related to the
source of revenue taxed and that it is determined
following proper considerations.

2. They shall ensure that the tax does not adversely affect
their relationship and that the rate and amount of taxes
shall be commensurate with services the taxes help
deliver.

3. Neither States nor the Federal Government shall levy and
collect taxes on each other’s property unless it is a profit-
making enterprise.

Article 101
The Auditor General

1. The Auditor General shall, upon recommendation of the
Prime Minister, be appointed by the House of Peoples’
Representatives.

2. The Auditor General shall audit and inspect the accounts
of ministries and other agencies of the Federal Govern-
ment to ensure that expenditures are properly made for
activities carried out during the fiscal year and in
accordance with the approved allocations, and submit his
reports thereon to the House of Peoples’ Representatives.

3. The Auditor General shall draw up and submit for
approval to the House of Peoples’ Representatives his
office’s annual budget.

4. The details of functions of the Auditor General shall be
determined by law.

Article 102
Election Board

1. There shall be established a National Election Board
independent of any influence, to conduct in an impartial
manner free and fair election in Federal and State
constituencies.

2. Members of the Board shall be appointed by the House of
Peoples’ Representatives upon recommendation of the
Prime Minister. Particulars shall be determined by law.

Article 103
Population Census Commission

1. There shall be established a National Census Commission
that shall conduct a population census periodically.

2. Members of the National Census Commission shall be
appointed by the House of Peoples’ Representatives upon
recommendation of the Prime Minister.

3. The Commission shall have a Secretary General and
necessary professional and support staff.

4. The annual budget of the Commission shall be submitted
for approval to the House of Peoples’ Representatives.

5. Anational population census shall be conducted every ten
years. The House of the Federation shall determine the
boundaries of constituencies on the basis of the census
results and a propsal submitted to the House by the
National Election Board.

6. The Commission shall be accountable to the House of
Peoples’ Representatives. It shall submit to the House
periodic reports on the conduct of its programmes and
activities.


WAR 226A 9IEF OWN RPCH hh TE Pd HET I--

ATPR SFG
CAD F177 TAAL VANT DACA

ADL CA? 99977" PTAAL VAN PHUNN FOWET PHC
UE Ava PAGE L9°O CL18.0: + P68.G1r PRE OT
N-AT PATTY LSPS PLI20- O£9° Nd2dr ANA
hAteh OAT ATS PATFO- PNAA PRC WEF NLS
NA? PL.16-F NU ADLLTS ADA, AaPAD HUNG Pah?
009) 4: AAA APLOANST TO NET BPCAA #

ATPR BFE
7 99°F97"4:F AATINIA

ANY A? 2°99 7°4F POE POE OPUCNET PDE EF
VEE Nom t BU ATER | ATAU APR BEG
ANAM CULPA NEL EAD ADA NF LUA |

V) UAT? PNAA PAC WEE CPCI OTN AL ALIS
NA? ALALEE :

A) C626 PII E PHNN FONE PAC Lt
AV-AT LOAEE S96 CPLNOF PTAA! LAL PO
AG

ch) Ph.2oGRr PNG WE NU-AP PATE 296 OTAA
LO-9 ALAL PO 10> =

AV ATER FON ATER 6 OPTHCHET OP PAF Ch

OIYP LIL E AANA CLT NL bAw-

ADAT NF LUA :

Vv) CHINN FONE PHC UTS CZR4Tr PHC 04
ADE ANNA NAT LAFF L9H CPCI PTAA
ALAL BE EAS

A) N2260r ADA DAME PHC LEE OAT CUT
PATE NAT PNAC URE NLS NAW Phd
QO-7 VANE ALAR RT TD =

Oy

1d}

hdbR 58h
PPA AIP ADP AAW: PF,

PHY ah? 29°97 CAPICE PE, LPRLAD: HIP ADEE
SAD AVL: @- =

Federal Negarit Gazeta — No. 1 21" August 1995 — Page 38

Article 104
Initiation of Amendments

Any proposal for constitutional amendment, if supported by a
two-thirds majority vote in the House of Peoples’ Represen-
tatives, or by a two-thirds majority vote in the House of the
Federation or when one-third of the State Councils of the
member States of the Federation, by a majority vote in each
Council have supported it, shall be submitted for discussion
and decision to the general public and to those whom the
amendment of the Constitution concerns.

Article 105
Amendment of the Constitution

1. Allrights and freedoms specified in Chapter Three of this
Constitution, this very Article, and Article 104 can be
amended only in the following manner:

(a) When all State Councils, by a majority vote, approve
the proposed amendment;

(b) When the House of Peoples’ Representatives, by a
two-thirds majority vote, approves the proposed
amendment; and

(c) When the House of the Federation, by a two-thirds
majority vote, approves the proposed amendment.

2. All provisions of this Constitiution other than those
specified in sub-Article 1 of this Article can be amended
only in the following manner:

(a) When the House of Peoples’ Representatives and the
House of the Federation, in a joint session, approve a
proposed amendment by a two-thirds majority vote;
and

(b) When two-thirds of the Councils of the member States
of the Federation approve the proposed amendment
by majority votes.

Article 106
The Version with Final Legal Authority

The Amharic version of this Constitution shall have final
legal authority.

Email

  • PoPA@E
  • F@-9
  • A@-ch
  • 11N@-7
  • Tet@-
  • CPLAMO@-3
  • a@-
  • CFa@-
  • PoP@As
  • LH@-
  • La@-
  • CaP@Mh
  • Nh@-
  • P@PIAK
  • NLENLL@-

Hashtags

  • #121
  • #97!

Email domain

  • Mh
  • As
  • -3
  • PIAK
  • E
  • -ch
  • -9
  • -7
  • -

Phone numbers

  • 996200029
  • 290720797
  • 227211029
  • 90605695711
  • 14601014

Phone numbers

  • 146.010 1.4
  • 29 0720797
  • 906.05 695.7 11
  • 996.200 029
  • 2272-11 029

Law clause

  • Article 40
  • Article 87
  • Article 45
  • Article 3
  • Article 18
  • Article 32
  • § - 9
  • Article 22
  • Article 51
  • Article 41
  • Article 47
  • Article 91
  • Article 6
  • Article 13
  • Article 20
  • Article 26
  • Article 95
  • Article 77
  • Article 55
  • § 0
  • Article 44
  • Article 83
  • Article 72
  • Article 38
  • Article 68
  • Article 92
  • Article 86
  • Article 28
  • Article 90
  • Article 48
  • Article 52
  • Article 33
  • Article 59
  • Article. 10
  • Article 98
  • Article 77 F
  • Article 9
  • Article 105
  • Article 76
  • Article 103
  • Article 1
  • Article 71
  • Article 97
  • Article 88
  • Article 31
  • Article 100
  • Article 61
  • Article 93
  • Article 74
  • article 39
  • Article 36
  • Article 62
  • Article 19
  • SEC 7
  • Article 23
  • Article 17
  • Article 101
  • Article 106
  • Article 58
  • § 1
  • Article 30
  • Article 82
  • Article 2
  • Article 42
  • Article 15
  • Article 57
  • Article 43
  • Article 56
  • Article 7
  • Article 84
  • Article 46
  • Article 35
  • Article 10
  • Article 102
  • Article 12
  • Article 80
  • Article 64
  • Article 104
  • § 199
  • Article 21
  • Article 69
  • § 7P
  • Article 5
  • Article 1(a)
  • Article 85
  • Article 78
  • Article 79
  • Article 37
  • Article 96
  • Article 66
  • Article 67
  • Art:;:;1e
  • Article 39
  • Article 54
  • § 10
  • Article 27
  • Article 65
  • Article 24
  • Article 4
  • Article 14
  • Article 53
  • Article 34
  • Article 51
  • Article 89
  • Article 99
  • Article 60
  • Article 29
  • SEC 1
  • Article 8
  • Article 94
  • Article 75
  • Article 81
  • Article 63
  • Article 50
  • ART 4 7-
  • Article 25
  • Article 49
  • Article 70
  • Article 73
  • Article 16
  • Article 11

Law code

Filename extension

pdf
Creation-Date:
2021-07-06T14:57:13Z

Exif_IFD0_Compression:
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax
  • T6/Group 4 Fax


Exif_IFD0_Image_Height:
  • 4192 pixels
  • 4192 pixels
  • 4192 pixels
  • 4192 pixels
  • 4192 pixels
  • 4192 pixels
  • 4192 pixels
  • 4192 pixels
  • 4192 pixels
  • 4192 pixels
  • 4192 pixels
  • 4192 pixels
  • 4192 pixels
  • 4192 pixels
  • 4192 pixels
  • 3295 pixels
  • 3295 pixels
  • 3295 pixels
  • 4192 pixels
  • 4192 pixels
  • 4192 pixels
  • 3295 pixels
  • 4192 pixels
  • 4192 pixels
  • 4192 pixels
  • 4192 pixels
  • 4192 pixels
  • 4192 pixels
  • 4192 pixels
  • 4192 pixels
  • 4192 pixels
  • 4192 pixels
  • 4192 pixels
  • 4192 pixels
  • 4192 pixels
  • 4192 pixels
  • 4192 pixels
  • 4192 pixels


Exif_IFD0_Image_Width:
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels
  • 2536 pixels


Exif_IFD0_Photometric_Interpretation:
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero
  • WhiteIsZero


Exif_IFD0_Resolution_Unit:
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch


Exif_IFD0_Rows_Per_Strip:
  • 4192 rows/strip
  • 4192 rows/strip
  • 4192 rows/strip
  • 4192 rows/strip
  • 4192 rows/strip
  • 4192 rows/strip
  • 4192 rows/strip
  • 4192 rows/strip
  • 4192 rows/strip
  • 4192 rows/strip
  • 4192 rows/strip
  • 4192 rows/strip
  • 4192 rows/strip
  • 4192 rows/strip
  • 4192 rows/strip
  • 3295 rows/strip
  • 3295 rows/strip
  • 3295 rows/strip
  • 4192 rows/strip
  • 4192 rows/strip
  • 4192 rows/strip
  • 3295 rows/strip
  • 4192 rows/strip
  • 4192 rows/strip
  • 4192 rows/strip
  • 4192 rows/strip
  • 4192 rows/strip
  • 4192 rows/strip
  • 4192 rows/strip
  • 4192 rows/strip
  • 4192 rows/strip
  • 4192 rows/strip
  • 4192 rows/strip
  • 4192 rows/strip
  • 4192 rows/strip
  • 4192 rows/strip
  • 4192 rows/strip
  • 4192 rows/strip


Exif_IFD0_Samples_Per_Pixel:
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel
  • 1 samples/pixel


Exif_IFD0_Software:
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX


Exif_IFD0_Strip_Byte_Counts:
  • 61933 bytes
  • 72764 bytes
  • 73698 bytes
  • 67197 bytes
  • 69674 bytes
  • 99479 bytes
  • 106596 bytes
  • 90660 bytes
  • 96770 bytes
  • 99076 bytes
  • 105983 bytes
  • 96786 bytes
  • 99385 bytes
  • 110416 bytes
  • 105712 bytes
  • 60029 bytes
  • 68054 bytes
  • 68276 bytes
  • 118332 bytes
  • 86518 bytes
  • 88254 bytes
  • 74518 bytes
  • 97267 bytes
  • 93957 bytes
  • 62690 bytes
  • 81456 bytes
  • 103047 bytes
  • 98714 bytes
  • 100321 bytes
  • 103376 bytes
  • 101417 bytes
  • 86920 bytes
  • 96009 bytes
  • 102821 bytes
  • 96799 bytes
  • 98510 bytes
  • 98362 bytes
  • 65511 bytes


Exif_IFD0_Strip_Offsets:
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183
  • 183


Exif_IFD0_X_Resolution:
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch


Exif_IFD0_Y_Resolution:
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch
  • 72 dots per inch


File_Modified_Date:
  • Mon Aug 16 08:52:43 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:52:44 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:52:45 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:52:46 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:52:47 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:52:48 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:52:49 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:52:50 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:52:51 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:52:52 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:52:53 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:52:54 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:52:55 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:52:56 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:52:57 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:52:57 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:52:58 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:52:59 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:53:00 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:53:01 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:53:02 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:53:03 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:53:04 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:53:05 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:53:06 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:53:07 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:53:08 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:53:09 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:53:10 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:53:11 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:53:12 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:53:13 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:53:14 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:53:15 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:53:15 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:53:16 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:53:17 +00:00 2021
  • Mon Aug 16 08:53:18 +00:00 2021


File_Name:
  • apache-tika-11212869930405604586.tmp
  • apache-tika-5402112653927277714.tmp
  • apache-tika-80019027880047736.tmp
  • apache-tika-8340434288682859241.tmp
  • apache-tika-2356412972674163674.tmp
  • apache-tika-4316116665814441193.tmp
  • apache-tika-4571147265584992752.tmp
  • apache-tika-12729772465501787056.tmp
  • apache-tika-16601241051137037235.tmp
  • apache-tika-10697476249862027876.tmp
  • apache-tika-14363741417894643330.tmp
  • apache-tika-12670611969567016479.tmp
  • apache-tika-12164212916868521605.tmp
  • apache-tika-14593633691157142221.tmp
  • apache-tika-11183575937668340113.tmp
  • apache-tika-11337372286879060736.tmp
  • apache-tika-13683740177917995949.tmp
  • apache-tika-6326709665833754008.tmp
  • apache-tika-8657602060698314140.tmp
  • apache-tika-15016398006540858690.tmp
  • apache-tika-17187033923792981670.tmp
  • apache-tika-8238183316647218003.tmp
  • apache-tika-13016415383632207992.tmp
  • apache-tika-10493468428719144623.tmp
  • apache-tika-15702969840813475465.tmp
  • apache-tika-8362191994179596216.tmp
  • apache-tika-5467306418103353566.tmp
  • apache-tika-1397891000214480701.tmp
  • apache-tika-519396927316031357.tmp
  • apache-tika-883988970965381113.tmp
  • apache-tika-6000818284028258872.tmp
  • apache-tika-13998902146967447611.tmp
  • apache-tika-4598621193913275403.tmp
  • apache-tika-14346339623893856414.tmp
  • apache-tika-3285068649878143149.tmp
  • apache-tika-14622432661267217799.tmp
  • apache-tika-6107895865671981219.tmp
  • apache-tika-6083476789905153275.tmp


File_Size:
  • 62116 bytes
  • 72947 bytes
  • 73881 bytes
  • 67380 bytes
  • 69857 bytes
  • 99662 bytes
  • 106779 bytes
  • 90843 bytes
  • 96953 bytes
  • 99259 bytes
  • 106166 bytes
  • 96969 bytes
  • 99568 bytes
  • 110599 bytes
  • 105895 bytes
  • 60212 bytes
  • 68237 bytes
  • 68459 bytes
  • 118515 bytes
  • 86701 bytes
  • 88437 bytes
  • 74701 bytes
  • 97450 bytes
  • 94140 bytes
  • 62873 bytes
  • 81639 bytes
  • 103230 bytes
  • 98897 bytes
  • 100504 bytes
  • 103559 bytes
  • 101600 bytes
  • 87103 bytes
  • 96192 bytes
  • 103004 bytes
  • 96982 bytes
  • 98693 bytes
  • 98545 bytes
  • 65694 bytes


access_permission_assemble_document:
true

access_permission_can_modify:
true

access_permission_can_print_degraded:
true

access_permission_can_print:
true

access_permission_extract_content:
true

access_permission_extract_for_accessibility:
true

access_permission_fill_in_form:
true

access_permission_modify_annotations:
true

created:
2021-07-06T14:57:13Z

dc_format:
application/pdf; version=1.5

dc_title:
Republic of Ethiopia (1995) Proclamation to pronounce the coming inteo effect of the constitution of the FDRE, Ethiopia

dcterms_created:
2021-07-06T14:57:13Z

embeddedResourceType:
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE
  • INLINE


file_modified_dt:
2021-07-06T16:19:25Z

id:
https://plasticsdb.surrey.ac.uk/documents/Ethiopia/Republic of Ethiopia (1995) Proclamation to pronounce the coming into effect of the constitution of the FDRE, Ethiopia.pdf

law_code_ss_taxonomy0:
  • Corpus Juris Civilis
  • Commercial code
  • Swiss Civil Code
  • 1983 Code of Canon Law


law_code_ssall_labels_stemming_en_ss_tag_ss_taxonomy0:
  • Corpus Juris Civilis
  • Commercial code
  • Swiss Civil Code
  • 1983 Code of Canon Law
  • Oregon Revised Statutes


meta_creation-date:
2021-07-06T14:57:13Z

path0:
plasticsdb.surrey.ac.uk

path1:
documents

path2:
Ethiopia

path_basename:
Republic of Ethiopia (1995) Proclamation to pronounce the coming into effect of the constitution of the FDRE, Ethiopia.pdf

pdf_PDFVersion:
1.5

pdf_charsPerPage:
  • 2275
  • 2843
  • 3324
  • 3104
  • 3174
  • 4734
  • 4692
  • 4290
  • 4342
  • 4670
  • 4836
  • 4475
  • 4509
  • 5202
  • 4879
  • 3989
  • 3981
  • 3885
  • 5262
  • 3966
  • 3971
  • 4554
  • 4482
  • 4392
  • 2886
  • 3588
  • 4714
  • 4676
  • 4654
  • 4707
  • 4613
  • 4311
  • 4549
  • 5002
  • 4644
  • 4697
  • 4258
  • 2863


pdf_docinfo_created:
2021-07-06T14:57:13Z

pdf_docinfo_creator_tool:
Draw

pdf_docinfo_producer:
LibreOffice 6.4

pdf_docinfo_title:
Republic of Ethiopia (1995) Proclamation to pronounce the coming inteo effect of the constitution of the FDRE, Ethiopia

pdf_encrypted:
false

pdf_hasMarkedContent:
false

pdf_hasXFA:
false

pdf_hasXMP:
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false
  • false


pdf_unmappedUnicodeCharsPerPage:
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0


producer:
LibreOffice 6.4

resourceName:
  • b'Republic of Ethiopia (1995) Proclamation to pronounce the coming into effect of the constitution of the FDRE, Ethiopia.pdf'
  • image0.tif
  • image1.tif
  • image2.tif
  • image3.tif
  • image4.tif
  • image5.tif
  • image6.tif
  • image7.tif
  • image8.tif
  • image9.tif
  • image10.tif
  • image11.tif
  • image12.tif
  • image13.tif
  • image14.tif
  • image15.tif
  • image16.tif
  • image17.tif
  • image18.tif
  • image19.tif
  • image20.tif
  • image21.tif
  • image22.tif
  • image23.tif
  • image24.tif
  • image25.tif
  • image26.tif
  • image27.tif
  • image28.tif
  • image29.tif
  • image30.tif
  • image31.tif
  • image32.tif
  • image33.tif
  • image34.tif
  • image35.tif
  • image36.tif
  • image37.tif


tiff_ImageLength:
  • 4192
  • 4192
  • 4192
  • 4192
  • 4192
  • 4192
  • 4192
  • 4192
  • 4192
  • 4192
  • 4192
  • 4192
  • 4192
  • 4192
  • 4192
  • 3295
  • 3295
  • 3295
  • 4192
  • 4192
  • 4192
  • 3295
  • 4192
  • 4192
  • 4192
  • 4192
  • 4192
  • 4192
  • 4192
  • 4192
  • 4192
  • 4192
  • 4192
  • 4192
  • 4192
  • 4192
  • 4192
  • 4192


tiff_ImageWidth:
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536
  • 2536


tiff_ResolutionUnit:
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch
  • Inch


tiff_SamplesPerPixel:
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1


tiff_Software:
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX
  • PDFBOX


tiff_XResolution:
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0


tiff_YResolution:
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0
  • 72.0


xmpTPg_NPages:
38

xmp_CreatorTool:
Draw

etl_file_b:
1

etl_enhance_mapping_id_time_millis_i:
0

etl_enhance_mapping_id_b:
1

etl_filter_blacklist_time_millis_i:
0

etl_filter_blacklist_b:
1

etl_filter_file_not_modified_time_millis_i:
12

etl_filter_file_not_modified_b:
1

etl_enhance_file_mtime_time_millis_i:
0

etl_enhance_file_mtime_b:
1

etl_enhance_path_time_millis_i:
0

etl_enhance_path_b:
1

etl_enhance_entity_linking_time_millis_i:
2239

etl_enhance_entity_linking_b:
1

etl_enhance_multilingual_time_millis_i:
3

etl_enhance_multilingual_b:
1

etl_export_solr_time_millis_i:
3

etl_export_solr_b:
1

etl_export_queue_files_time_millis_i:
1

etl_export_queue_files_b:
1

etl_time_millis_i:
51521

etl_enhance_extract_text_tika_server_ocr_enabled_b:
1

etl_count_images_yet_no_ocr_i:
0

X-Parsed-By:
  • org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser
  • org.apache.tika.parser.pdf.PDFParser
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]
  • [org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser, org.apache.tika.parser.ocr.TesseractOCRParser, org.apache.tika.parser.image.TiffParser]


etl_enhance_extract_text_tika_server_time_millis_i:
36548

etl_enhance_extract_text_tika_server_b:
1

etl_enhance_pdf_ocr_time_millis_i:
15

etl_enhance_pdf_ocr_b:
1

etl_enhance_detect_language_tika_server_time_millis_i:
114

etl_enhance_detect_language_tika_server_b:
1

etl_enhance_contenttype_group_time_millis_i:
1

etl_enhance_contenttype_group_b:
1

etl_enhance_pst_time_millis_i:
0

etl_enhance_pst_b:
1

etl_enhance_csv_time_millis_i:
0

etl_enhance_csv_b:
1

etl_enhance_extract_hashtags_time_millis_i:
90

etl_enhance_extract_hashtags_b:
1

etl_enhance_warc_time_millis_i:
10

etl_enhance_warc_b:
1

etl_enhance_zip_time_millis_i:
1

etl_enhance_zip_b:
1

etl_clean_title_time_millis_i:
0

etl_clean_title_b:
1

etl_enhance_rdf_annotations_by_http_request_time_millis_i:
34

etl_enhance_rdf_annotations_by_http_request_b:
1

etl_enhance_rdf_time_millis_i:
0

etl_enhance_rdf_b:
1

etl_enhance_regex_time_millis_i:
1362

etl_enhance_regex_b:
1

etl_enhance_extract_email_time_millis_i:
954

etl_enhance_extract_email_b:
1

etl_enhance_extract_phone_time_millis_i:
997

etl_enhance_extract_phone_b:
1

etl_enhance_extract_law_time_millis_i:
7889

etl_enhance_extract_law_b:
1

etl_export_neo4j_time_millis_i:
1209

etl_export_neo4j_b:
1

X-TIKA_content_handler:
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler
  • ToTextContentHandler


X-TIKA_embedded_depth:
  • 0
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1


X-TIKA_parse_time_millis:
  • 36434
  • 110
  • 122
  • 112
  • 116
  • 113
  • 110
  • 202
  • 115
  • 109
  • 107
  • 110
  • 102
  • 102
  • 119
  • 112
  • 120
  • 104
  • 118
  • 173
  • 140
  • 117
  • 118
  • 112
  • 100
  • 109
  • 108
  • 119
  • 116
  • 102
  • 125
  • 116
  • 115
  • 118
  • 112
  • 108
  • 119
  • 60
  • 106


X-TIKA_embedded_resource_path:
  • /image0.tif
  • /image1.tif
  • /image2.tif
  • /image3.tif
  • /image4.tif
  • /image5.tif
  • /image6.tif
  • /image7.tif
  • /image8.tif
  • /image9.tif
  • /image10.tif
  • /image11.tif
  • /image12.tif
  • /image13.tif
  • /image14.tif
  • /image15.tif
  • /image16.tif
  • /image17.tif
  • /image18.tif
  • /image19.tif
  • /image20.tif
  • /image21.tif
  • /image22.tif
  • /image23.tif
  • /image24.tif
  • /image25.tif
  • /image26.tif
  • /image27.tif
  • /image28.tif
  • /image29.tif
  • /image30.tif
  • /image31.tif
  • /image32.tif
  • /image33.tif
  • /image34.tif
  • /image35.tif
  • /image36.tif
  • /image37.tif





Searching ...