2021-06-15T16:03:53Z
Nakuru County Sessional Paper on County Waste Management Policy, Kenya 2019.pdf
Republic of Kenya
Nakuru County Government
Nakuru County Sessional Paper No……………of 2019
on
County Waste Management Policy
June2019
Nakuru County Waste Management Policy
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1 ................................................................................................................................ 5
Background and Situational Analysis ............................................................................... 5
1.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 5
1.2. Policy development process .................................................................................. 5
1.3. Geographic location and size ................................................................................ 6
1.4. Administrative structure .......................................................................................... 6
1.5. Social and economic context ................................................................................. 6
1.5.1. Social context ................................................................................................................................... 6
1.5.2. Economic context ......................................................................................................... 8
1.5.3. Urbanization .................................................................................................................. 9
1.6. Solid waste management conceptual framework ............................................. 9
1.6.1. Waste streams and sources ...................................................................................... 9
1.6.2. Functional elements of a solid waste management system ............................ 12
1.6.3. Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) .................................................... 13
1.7. Policy and legislative framework on solid waste management ................... 16
1.7.1. Constitution of Kenya ............................................................................................... 16
1.7.2. The Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act (Cap 387) ............. 17
1.7.3. National Environment Policy, 2013 ....................................................................... 17
1.7.4. Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Policy ...................................... 18
1.7.5. Kenya Vision 2030 .................................................................................................... 18
1.7.6. The National Solid Waste Management Strategy, 2015 .................................. 19
1.7.7. Global Policy Related to Solid Waste Management ......................................... 19
1.7.8. Other policies and laws with implications on county solid waste
management policies and laws ................................................................................................ 21
1.8. County context on solid waste management ................................................... 22
1.9. Policy rationale........................................................................................................ 25
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Chapter 2 .............................................................................................................................. 26
Policy Framework ............................................................................................................... 26
2.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 26
2.2. Policy Goal ............................................................................................................... 26
2.3. Policy mission ......................................................................................................... 26
2.4. Policy objectives ..................................................................................................... 26
2.5. Policy principles ...................................................................................................... 27
2.6. Policy measures ..................................................................................................... 28
2.6.1. Zoning for Solid Waste Management ................................................................... 29
2.6.2. Solid waste generation............................................................................................. 29
2.6.3. Solid waste handling and separation, storage and processing at source .... 31
2.6.4. Solid waste collection ............................................................................................... 33
2.6.5. Solid waste transfer and transportation ............................................................... 36
2.6.6. Solid waste separation, processing and transformation .................................. 38
2.6.7. Solid waste disposal ................................................................................................. 41
2.6.8. Solid waste management financing ...................................................................... 43
2.6.9. Solid waste management and informal sector ................................................... 45
2.6.10. Solid waste management and land use planning .............................................. 46
2.6.11. Planning, Partnerships, Participation and Inter-governmental Relations ..... 48
2.6.12. Information, Education and Communication ....................................................... 50
2.6.13. Research and development .................................................................................... 51
Chapter 3 .............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Policy Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation ..................................................... 53
3.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 53
3.2. Policy Implementation ........................................................................................... 53
3.2.1. Institutional framework ............................................................................................. 53
3.2.2. Planning and Performance Management ............................................................ 53
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3.2.3. Legal and Administrative Reforms ........................................................................ 54
3.2.4. Collaboration with National Government ............................................................. 54
3.2.5. Staff Capacity Development ................................................................................... 55
3.3. Policy Monitoring and Evaluation ....................................................................... 55
3.3.1. Design of indicators .................................................................................................. 55
3.3.2. Monitoring and evaluation framework and system ............................................ 55
Appendix .............................................................................................................................. 57
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Chapter 1
Background and Situational Analysis
1.1. Introduction
Waste management remains one of the critical development challenges globally,
nationally and at the county level. Waste is inevitable due to ordinary human
activities such as industrial production, consumption at household level,
construction and commercial processes among others. However, accumulation
of waste has environmental, health, social and economic implications in the long
term. Consequently, public interventions in waste management coupled with
engagement with private actors are required in order to achieve optimal results.
This policy provides for the guiding framework for Waste management in Nakuru
County. The policy shall guide the county waste management actors providing
effective, efficient and sustainable services while utilizing waste as an economic
resource.
1.2. Policy development process
This policy was developed through a consultative process. The key policy actors
in waste management in the county were engaged during the preparation
process. Specifically national and county departments involved in waste
management included National Environment Management Authority (NEMA),
county departments in charge of public health; public works and trade were
consulted. In addition, private actors in waste management such as waste
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collectors and transporters, resident associations, waste sorters and recyclers
participated in the process.
1.3. Geographic location and size
The county is located in the rift valley region of Kenya. It covers an area of
7,495.1 Km², with an arable area of 5,274 km2. Geographically, the county is
located between Latitude 0 º 13 and 1º 10’ South and Longitude 35 º 28’ and 35º
36’east. Its headquarters is Nakuru Municipality, one of the fastest growing urban
centers in East Africa region. The County is bordered by other counties
namely;Kericho and Bomet to the west, Baringo and Laikipia to the North,
Nyandarua to the east, Narok to the south-west and Kajiado and Kiambu to the
south.
1.4. Administrative structure
The county is divided is divided into eleven administrative Sub-Counties namely;
Molo Njoro, Naivasha Gilgil, Kuresoi South, Kuresoi North, Subukia, Rongai,
Bahati, Nakuru West and Nakuru East. Each ward is represented by a member
of the county assembly.
1.5. Social and economic context
1.5.1. Social context
a) Poverty index
The county population that lives in poverty is estimated to be 29.1 percent. The
Human Poverty Index is a composite measure of poverty that combines several
basic factors affecting the quality of life. The major component included in the
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HPI survey includes longevity of life, knowledge acquisition, economic status and
social inclusion. According to the 2009, Kenya Human Development report,
Nakuru County’s HPI is 24.6% compared to the National average of 29.1%.
b) Human Development Index
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of average
achievements in key dimensions of human development, a long and healthy life
(life expectancy at birth), knowledge (expected years of schooling) and a decent
standard of living (Gross National Index Per Capita). The HDI of less than 0.550
signifies a low human development, 0.550 – 0.699 signifies medium human
development, 0.700 – 0.799 for high human development and 0.800 or greater
for very high human development.
Nakuru County has a Human Development Index of 0.5558. This implies extent
to which the county population meets the 3 criteria of HDI a long and healthy life,
knowledge and a decent standard of living. From the HDI categorization, the
county has a medium human development level.
c) Education
According to KNBS 2014, the literacy level of Nakuru County was 76.7% while
the Kenya national literacy level was 87.38 % and 80.59 % in 2010 and 2012,
respectively. Nakuru County literacy level is lower than the global average, which
was estimated at 83.95% and 86.29% in 2010 and 2012, respectively, and the
national average. The literacy rate has improved over the years and this is
attributed to FPE and the promotion of adult and continuous education. However,
there are disparities between rural and urban areas, with rural areas having lower
levels than urban areas.
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d) Demographic context
In 2009, the county population was 1,603,325. The Kenya National Bureau of
Statistics (KNBS) projected that the population would be 2,176,581 in 2018 and
2,479,311 in 2022. The population comprises of 48% male and 52% female, with
74% of the population being persons below the age of 34 years.
The county has an estimated population density of 214 persons per Km².
1.5.2. Economic context
The main forms of economic activities (industrial and trade) in the county are
Agriculture, Livestock, Commerce, Industries, Tourism, Mining, Co-operatives,
Trade, and Fisheries. The economic activities that have high generation of waste
in the county are Commerce, Industries in industrial area, Nakuru, Trade. The
table below summarizes the number of economic activities and the number of
entities.
Economic activity Number of entities
Manufacturers 105
Wholesale outlets 7,486
Retail outlets 50,159
Financial institutions 20
Retail food or agricultural markets 3
Livestock markets 5
Hotels 220
The population of the county that is employed in the formal sector is 38% while
62% is in the informal sector. The informal sector is the main employer in the
county.
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1.5.3. Urbanization
The county may be classified as urban and rural. It is estimated that 45.8% of
county population resides in towns and other urban areas.The main towns and
urban areas in the county are Nakuru town, Naivasha, Gilgil, Mai Mahiu, Molo,
Subukia, Mau Narok, Olenguruone, Njoro, Rongai, Dundori, Bahati,, Kikopey,
Total/Kamara, Keringet, and Kampiya Moto . The rising urbanization in the
county results in increase in the quantities of waste produced. This has resulted
in increase in demand for waste management services. Consequently, the
county has to strategically plan for the development of sustainable waste
management.
1.6. Waste management conceptual framework
Waste emanates as a result of human activities. The term “waste” in common
terms implies something that has no value and that should be discarded.
Management of waste is a public issue that has health, environment, economic
and social effects at household, local, national and international level. The level
of waste generation is directly related to population size, human behavior such
as production (including production processes) and consumption patterns and
management, recovery or utilization of waste products at the point of production
or intermediate level. Waste generated at one point may be raw materials for
another production process.
1.6.1. Waste streams and sources
Waste management is based on identifiable waste streams from the various
identifiable sources. Waste is ordinarily classified according to the waste streams
for purposes of effective management. A waste source may produce different
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waste streams e.g. a household may produce food and kitchen waste,
agricultural waste, papers and e-waste. There are different methods of collecting,
recovering, processing, treating and disposing the various waste streams. The
common waste streams are outlined in table 1–
Table 1: Waste Streams
Waste Streams
Food, kitchen and garden waste
Automotive waste (oil, tyres, end
of life vehicles (or vehicle parts)
Paper and cardboard
Agricultural waste
Textiles
Mining waste
Electrical and electronic waste (e-
waste)
Ferrous metals (iron and steel)
Non-ferrous metals (aluminum,
copper, lead)
Construction and demolition waste
Special health care waste
Sewage sludge
Batteries
Expired chemicals and
pharmaceuticals
The most common waste sources are outlines in table 2 below–
Table 2: Waste Sources
Waste Sources
Households
Offices
Cafes and restaurants, hotels, food
stalls
Schools, universities, laboratories
Fishing and fish processing facilities
Forestry operations
Building sites
Manufacturing facilities
Water treatment and sewage
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Retail operations (e.g. shops,
supermarkets, warehouses)
Markets
Public facilities (sports grounds,
street sweeping and cleaning)
Hospitals and other health care
facilities
Mines and mineral processing
facilities
Agriculture and food processing
facilities
treatment facilities
Land transport facilities (e.g. truck
depots, bus and train stations and
terminals)
Car yards and car repair shops
Ships, boats and aircraft (airports,
ports, marinas)
Whereas there are different waste streams, waste is normally divided into
hazardous and non-hazardous waste. The manner of managing the two types of
waste is very different due the potential health risks and hazardous. Waste may
in addition be classified broadly as municipal waste or industrial waste and post-
consumer waste.
One of the key concepts in waste management is municipal waste. Municipal
waste is regarded as waste generated by households and waste of similar nature
generated by commercial and industrial premises, institutions such as schools,
hospitals and other facilities inhabited by people, construction and demolition of
buildings, and from public spaces such as streets, markets, slaughter houses,
public toilets, bus stops, parks and gardens.
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1.6.2. Functional elements of a waste management system
Functional elements of a waste management system describe the value chain in
the core functions of a waste management system. Regulatory and management
system for waste management is mainly based on the functional elements. Table
3 below describes the functional elements of a waste management system–
Table 3: Functional Elements of a Waste Management System (or waste
elements system)
Functional element Description
Waste generation Encompasses activities in which materials are identified as no
longer being of value and are either thrown away or gathered
together for disposal
Waste handling and
separation, storage
and processing at
source
Involves activities associated with managing wastes until they
are placed in storage containers for collection. Handling also
entails the movement of loaded containers to the point of
collection. Separation of waste components at source facilitates
effective handling and storage of waste, particularly for recycling
and reuse purposes.
Collection Includes gathering of wastes and recyclable materials and the
transport of these materials, after collection, to the location
where the collection vehicle is emptied, such as materials-
processing facility, a transfer station, or a landfill
Transfer and
transport
Involves two steps (a) transfer of wastes from the smaller
collection vehicle to the larger transport equipment (b)
subsequent transport of wastes, usually over long distances to a
processing or disposal site. Transfer normally takes place at a
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transfer station
Separation,
processing and
transformation of
waste
Entails separation of waste and recovery or processing of waste
materials, which had been separated at source. This takes place
at materials recovery facilities, transfer stations, combustion
facilities and disposal sites. Transformation processes are used
to reduce the volume and weight requiring disposal and to
recover conversion products and energy. Combustion (to
produce energy) and composting are some of the most common
transformation processes.
Disposal Disposal by landfill or land spreading is the ultimate destination
of waste whether its waste collected and transported from
source or from transformation facilities (e.g. residues of
composting or combustion). The best practice is to dispose
waste through sanitary landfill which prevents public health
hazards and nuisances
Source: Kieth and Tchobanoglous (2002), Handbook of Waste Management,
McGraw-Hill, USA.
1.6.3. Integrated Waste Management (ISWM)
The modern approach to effective and sustainable waste management is what
has come to be commonly referred to as the Integrated Waste Management
(IWM). This integrated approach has been advanced by United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP) and the UN-Habitat. The approach may be
viewed from different analytical frameworks. The UNEP and UN-Habitat have
developed 2 complementary analytical frameworks on IWM. The analytical
frameworks are the “two-triangles” IWM analytical framework advanced by UN-
Habitat and the Waste Management Hierarchy advanced by UNEP.
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a) Two-triangles” ISWM analytical framework
The “Two triangles” analytical framework categorizes waste management
system into two pillars (triangles) i.e. the physical elements and governance
features. Table 4 below outlines the “Two-triangles” analytical framework.
Figure 1: "Two triangles" Analytical Framework
The first triangle comprises the three key physical elements of the ISWM
system, which are–
i) public health which entails maintaining healthy conditions in cities
and urban areas through a good waste collection service
ii) environment which entails protection of environment throughout the
waste chain, especially during treatment and disposal
iii) resource management which may be described as ‘closing the
loop’ since it entails returning both materials and nutrients to
beneficial use, through preventing waste and striving for high rates
of organics recovery, reuse and recycling.
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The second triangle comprises of the governance features of the ISWM
system, which supports sustenance of the first triangle. The governance
features entail a system that–
i) is inclusive, providing transparent spaces for stakeholders to
contribute as users, providers and enablers
ii) is financially sustainable, which implies cost-effective and
affordable waste management system
iii) rest on a base of sound institutions and pro-active policies
b) Waste Management
Hierarchy IWM analytical
framework
The waste management hierarchy
indicates an order of preference for
action to reduce and manage waste.
The waste hierarchy is presented as
an inverted pyramid with the most
preferred action being prevention of
waste generation followed by
reduction of waste generation (e.g.
through re-use), followed by
recycling (including composting or
anaerobic digestion), followed by
Figure 2: Waste Management Hierarchy
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material recovery and waste-energy processes such as combustion and pyrolysis
and the final action being disposal either in landfills or through incineration
without energy recovery for waste that was not prevented, diverted or recovered.
The IWM system forms a good foundation for waste management policy
framework and strategy development.
1.7. Policy and legislative framework on waste management
The policy and legislative framework for county aste management consist of the
constitution of Kenya and various statutes, sessional papers and sectoral plans
among others. This part highlights the laws and policies that relate to waste
management at county level.
1.7.1. Constitution of Kenya
Article 10 entrenches sustainable development as one of the national values.
waste management is one of the key drivers of sustainable development.
Article 43 guarantees the right to highest attainable standard of health,
reasonable standards of sanitation and clean and safe water. Waste is a major
contributor to prevalence of risk factors to communicable and noncommunicable
diseases and conditions. Consequently, effective, efficient and sustainable
management of waste especially in urban areas has will drastically reduce
incidences of communicable or noncommunicable diseases and conditions and
related health care burden as well as reduce associated public nuisance of
unmanaged waste.
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Article 69 of the Constitution provides for encouragement of public participation in
the management, protection and conservation of the environment; establishment
of systems of environmental impact assessment, environmental audit and
monitoring of the environment; elimination of processes and activities that are
likely to endanger the environment.
Section 2 (g) of the Fourth Schedule assigns to the county government the
function of refuse removal, refuse dumps and waste disposal.
1.7.2. The Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act (Cap 387)
The Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act, Cap 387 including
subsidiary legislation is the main national statute that governs environment
protection, conservation and management, which includes waste management.
In regard to waste management, the Act provides among others for–
a) development of county environment action plans which provide for
environment management systems
b) the standards of waste including issues such as handling, storage,
transportation, segregation and destruction of any waste
c) prohibition of handling dangerous waste
d) classification and management of hazardous and toxic waste
The Environmental Management and Coordination (Waste Management)
Regulations, 2006, and Environmental (Prevention of Pollution in Coastal Zone
and Other Segments of the Environment) Regulations, 2003 seek to implement
the statutory requirements on waste management.
1.7.3. National Environment Policy, 2013
The policy provides for governance framework for environment management. In
regard to waste management, the policy recognizes inefficient production
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processes, low durability of goods and unsustainable consumption and
production patterns lead to excessive waste generation. In order to address
these challenges, the policy provides for development of an integrated national
waste management strategy, promotion of use of economic incentives to manage
waste and promotion of establishment of facilities and incentives for cleaner
production waste recovery, recycling and re-use.
1.7.4. Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Policy
In regard to waste management, the Integrated Coastal Zone Management
(ICZM) Policy, Sessional Paper No. 14 of 2014 provides for pollution control and
waste management practices. The policy seeks to improve the management of
municipal waste through empowerment of county governments to effectively
manage urban waste, promotion of public private partnership in waste
management, strengthening of county governments to enforce laws for regulating
municipal waste and enforcement of Environmental Management and
Coordination (Waste Management) Regulations, 2006.
1.7.5. Kenya Vision 2030
The Kenya Vision 2030 lays the foundation for social and economic development
in Kenya. In regard to waste management, Kenya Vision 2030 provides for
development of waste management systems in at least 5 municipalities, and in
the proposed economic zones, regulation on use of plastic bags, development
and enforcement of mechanisms targeting pollution and waste management
regulations, strengthening of institutional capacities of multi-sectoral planning and
strengthening linkages between institutions of planning and environment
management, development of national waste management system and use of
market-based environment instruments for providing incentives or disincentives
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in waste management and establishment of initiative to clean the Nairobi River
as well as rivers and water fronts in Kisumu, Mombasa and Nakuru.
1.7.6. The National Waste Management Strategy, 2015
The National Waste Management Strategy,2015 is anchored on the Kenya
Vision 2030. It lays the foundation for strategic management of waste in Kenya.
The strategy provides for among others for–
a) definitions and classification of waste
b) the national context and status on waste management
c) the common waste management practices in Kenya
d) the challenges facing waste management in Kenya
e) integrated waste management
f) the waste management cycle and ideal approaches applicable to Kenya
The national strategy sets the foundation for development and adoption of county
waste management policies and strategies.
1.7.7. Global Policy Related to Waste Management
The global policy related to waste management is mainly contained in the United
Nations conventions and policies that provide for framework for waste
management and which have implications on county waste management
policies and laws. They include–
a) United Nations Convention on Climate Change. Article 4 on commitments
provides for promotion and cooperation in development, application and
diffusion including transfer of technologies, practices and processes that
control, reduce or prevent anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases
in sector such as waste management sectors
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b) The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Convention on Climate Change.
Article 1 (viii) provides for States’ obligation to limitation or and reduction
of methane emissions through recovery and use of waste management.
The Protocol obligates States to formulate and implement waste
management programmes that are intended to mitigate climate change
c) The Basel convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of
Hazardous Wastes and their Disposals. However, the control of
international movement of hazardous waste is a mandate of national
government
d) The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (Agenda 21-Global
Programme of Action on Sustainable Development). Chapter 7 provides
for sustainable human settlements which includes provision of basic
services such as waste collection, Chapter 20 provides for managing
hazardous wastes and Chapter 22 provides for managing wastes and
sewage which encourages waste minimization and increase reuse and
recycling
In addition, the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
establishes a global framework and commitment for sustainable development.
Specifically, key SDGs that have direct implications on waste management and
which shall be integrated in the county model policy shall include –
a) Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages
b) Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and
sanitation for all
c) Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable
industrialization and foster innovation
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d) Goal 11: Make cites and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and
sustainable
e) Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
1.7.8. Other policies and laws with implications on county waste
management policies and laws
There are other national policies and laws that have implications on county
waste management (or the process and institutional frameworks for county
policies and laws). These include–
a) County Governments Act, No. 17 of 2012, which provides for the
governance and management system and process in the county including
development planning, decentralization, citizen participation and policy
development among others
b) Public Finance Management Act, Cap 412 C, which provides for financial
planning and management at the national and county levels including
linkage of development planning, budgeting and public expenditure
c) Urban Areas and Cities Act, Cap 275, which provides for integrated
development planning in urban areas. The Act provides for development
of urban integrated development plans for urban areas and cities which
includes planning for waste management
d) Physical Planning Act, No. 6 of 1996, which provides forphysical planning
and development control in Kenya, which is mainly a county function.
Integrated Waste Management System requires functioning and effective
spatial planning,zoning and land laws.
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e) Legal Notice No. 137 on Transfer of Functions to County Governments,
2013, which provides for unbundling of county functions stipulated under
Part2 of the Fourth Schedule to the Constitution
f) Mombasa County Vision 2035, which envisages a scenario of a developed
integrated waste management facility, enacted waste segregation at
source, a recycling rate of 50%, and restricted illegal dumping and open
burning of waste.
1.8. County context on waste management
waste management remains a major challenge to the county. The most common
forms of waste generated in the county is the organic waste which is mainly
generated at household level and agricultural produce/food markets, hotels and
restaurants.
Waste category KG Percentage Mean High Low
Paper 179.6 7.1% 7.3% 9.9% 3.9%
Cardboard 45.5 1.8% 1.7% 2.5% 0.0%
HDPE 27.5 1.1% 1.2% 3.4% 0.0%
PET 44.0 1.7% 1.7% 4.2% 0.0%
Other Plastics 263.6 10.4% 10.3% 12.9% 4.1%
Glass 97.5 3.9% 3.9% 12.1% 0.0%
Textiles 72.0 2.8% 3.3% 10.7% 0.0%
Organic Food 1439.4 56.9% 56.6% 82.4% 39.1%
Organic Garden 0.0 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Ferrous 31.2 1.2% 1.2% 1.6% 0.6%
Non-ferrous 10.5 0.4% 0.4% 1.1% 0.0%
Hazardous 3.0 0.1% 0.1% 0.6% 0.0%
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WEEE 0.0 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Hard Plastics 29.5 1.2% 0.9% 5.6% 0.0%
Misc. Combustibles 27.0 1.1% 1.1% 3.2% 0.0%
Nappies 46.0 1.8% 1.7% 4.7% 0.0%
Fines 212.5 8.4% 8.7% 12.4% 3.2%
TOTAL 2528.7 100%
Source: Mott MacDonald Waste Nakuru Composition Study 2017
Figures on PET have decreased drastically as a result of its recovery (recycling).
The subcounties with industrial activities include Nakuru Town East, Nakuru
Town West, Naivasha, Gilgil, Molo, Njoro, and Rongai respectively.
waste generated in the rural parts of the county is disposed within the
households mainly through disposal in pits or open burning. Most of
biodegradable waste such as agricultural or human food waste is reused as food
for farm animals or its composted to produce manure for agricultural production.
Non-biodegradable waste such as containers are reused for other house hold
uses such as storage. Urban areas in the county generate most of the municipal
and industrial waste in substantial quantities. Nakuru Town East, Nakuru Town
West, Naivasha, towns generate most of the waste due to high population
density.
Most of the waste generated in urban areas is disposed in county designated
disposal sites at Gioto–Nakuru Town West, Naivasha and Mai Mahiu
respectively. Most waste is disposed in the same form as it was generated
without being recycled or reused or recovered. Open disposal of waste has
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continuously posed negative environmental health impact through leachate and
direct flow into water sources. In addition, the disposal methods in the county
have been a contributor to public nuisance. There is limited investment in waste
recycling and recovery systems in the county. Currently, there is a lot of
integrated waste management practices ongoing eg recycling and composting,
thus reducing the amount of waste going to the disposal sites.
Collection and transportation of waste generated at household, commercial and
industrial level in the county is mainly undertaken by private sector. The county
government provides waste collection and transportation services from the
public areas. The county government has put in place light waste collection bins
and waste collection containers in strategic places in urban areas. All these
improvements are geared towards attainment of NEMA’s ten minimum points as
per the National Waste Management strategy 2015. This however is below the
desired optimal level. The county government manages the 3 No. waste
disposal sites namely Gioto, Naivasha, and Mai Mahiu. The waste disposal sites
are currently undergoing major improvement/rehabilitation i.e. through opening
up access roads to enable its access, demarcation of tipping areas, embankment
has been put in place to curb waste spillages from the disposal sites to the
nearby roads, Trees and flowers have been planted for aesthetic value
improvement and reinforcement of the embankment. The county government has
made budgetary allocation for waste management e.g. procurement of refuse
skips and skip loaders, fencing of Gioto, and improvements of access roads, but
the allocations have been inadequate to meet the desired financial investment for
waste management.
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1.9. Policy rationale
The county government seeks to establish an effective, efficient and sustainable
waste management in order to facilitate realization of its development goals. This
waste management policy will be instrumental in advancing county social and
economic development. This policy is therefore developed in order to –
a) provide for a policy mechanism for implementing county functions related
to waste management as assigned under the Constitution of Kenya
b) provide for adoption of Integrated Waste Management system and
processes in the county
c) facilitate adoption and compliance with relevant international and national
standards for waste management in the county
d) facilitate the realization of Kenya Vision 2030 as it relates to waste
management
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Chapter 2
Policy Framework
2.1. Introduction
In order to comprehensively address waste management, a framework setting
the policy direction to be pursued by the county government and other
stakeholders is essential. This chapter describes the policy framework consisting
of the core policy measures to be pursued. In addition, the chapter lay out the
policy vision, mission and guisin principles.
2.2. Policy Goal
To minimize waste generation and promote re-use, recovery and recycling of
waste materialsandsustainable waste disposal.
2.3. Policy mission
To promote a sustainable, effective and integrated waste management system
2.4. Policy objectives
The policy shall pursue the following objectives–
a) Delivering a waste management system that is effective, equitable,
responsive and sustainable under the prevailing conditions
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b) Provision of public services (e.g. waste collection, transport, treatment and
disposal) suited to the needs of and affordable for local users
c) Protection of public and occupational health and the environment
d) Contributing to sustainable use of natural resources, e.g. through
materials recovery and recycling, soil improvement, energy generation
e) Contributing to economic development, including through fostering
resource efficient production and developing waste recovery and recycling
operations
f) Providing employment and enterprise development opportunities
g) Deploying technologies appropriate to prevailing conditions
h) Building the capacities of those forming part of the waste management
system
i) Encouraging and inviting research and development into technologies and
governance approaches for sustainable resource and waste management
2.5. Policy principles
The following shall be the guiding principles for the waste management policy–
a) Proximity principle which implies that waste should be managed
close to where it is generated
b) Self-sufficiency principle which implies that where possible and
practical, each urban area or zone should manage its own waste
c) Polluter pays principle whereby those who generate waste should
bear the cost of managing the waste to minimize risk to human
health and the environment
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d) Precautionary principle whereby appropriate policy measures may
be taken in order to safeguard human health and environment.
Even if scientific evidence is not conclusive it would be essential to
adopt precautionary approach
e) Sustainable developmentwhich is development that meets the
needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs
f) Inter-generational equitywhich implies that waste should not be
managed in a way that bequeaths legacy problems to subsequent
generations
g) Intra-generational equitywhich implies that waste management
resources and services should be equitably accessible to all
citizens or residents in the same generation. All interested parties
should have equitable possibilities to provide services and
equitable burden-sharing in terms of waste management facilities
(environmental justice)
h) Extended producer responsibility
2.6. Policy measures
The county shall adopt an integrated approach to waste management as
described in chapter 1 as well as the principles of waste management that form
the foundation of this policy. The policy measures shall be based on a
combination and integration of the functional elements in waste management,
waste management hierarchy and the two-triangle framework both of which form
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the integrated waste management system. This part shall prescribe the policy
measures that the government shall pursue. The policy measures shall be in the
form of policy statements, which prescribe the appropriate policy instruments in
waste management. In addition, the policy measures are based on the
constitutional functional assignment of county governments as well as
constitutional provisions.
2.6.1. Zoning for Waste Management
In order to comprehensively address waste management issues in Nakuru
County, the department shall ensure that the entire county is zoned into waste
operational zones. Private waste service providers in partnership with the county
shall service the zones. They shall be engaged as per the waste management
guidelines see appendix 1 to ensure efficient service delivery.
2.6.2. waste generation
Context
Generation of waste depends on product demands, production processes,
consumption demands, behaviour and patterns among others. Waste generation
has implications on resources used for production of products, which result in
varying levels of waste generation. Waste generation exists throughout the
product lifecycle.
Most waste generated in the county consists of municipal waste, which emanates
from consumption of processed products at household, commercial and industrial
levels. Some processes or activities such as industrial ones contribute to high
waste generation. Whereas, the county government has no legal mandate to
regulate production processes, which would reduce amount of waste generated,
it has a duty to promote appropriate production processes, change in
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consumption behavior and patterns. The aim is to prevent generation of waste
where possible through appropriate means.
Policy measures
In order to promote and facilitate prevention of waste generation through
sustainable waste generation processes, the county department responsible for
waste management shall –
a) Promote prevention of waste generation among product users
through awareness creation on behavior change, consumer
choices and consumption practices to reduce excessive
consumption or use and waste of diverse products
b) Collaborate and coordinate with national government and other
stakeholders in adopting measures for promoting resource
conservation and management to prevent or avoid excessive
utilization of resources which lead to excess generation of waste
c) Establish partnership and collaboration with manufacturers
wholesalers and retailers in adopting appropriate measures and
strategies for preventing waste generation
d) Engage with national government to adopt appropriate measures
for preventing waste in the product value chain and life-cycle such
as product and packaging design, manufacture, distribution and
product use
e) Promote in collaboration with national government and relevant
stakeholders the adoption of modern technology in product
manufacture so as to reduce excessive generation of waste
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f) In collaboration with other relevant public and private stakeholders,
promote reuse of products or materials e.g. containers or
packaging materials in order to reduce generation of waste
g) The department responsible for waste management shall establish
an inventory for all the waste streams which shall be disaggregated
according to the respective sources
2.6.3. waste handling and separation, storage and processing at source
Context
Waste handling and storage before collection and transport determines the
effectiveness of the rest of waste management system. Waste handling and
storage at point of generation requires adoption of public and environmental
health standards. In order to facilitate reduction, recycling and recovery of waste,
waste separation or segregation at source is essential. Currently, the county
experiences poor waste handling, storage and separation at the sources. This is
mostly common in the urban areas due to high population density and low
awareness of sustainable waste handling, separation and storage processes.
Other challenges faced by the county include storage of organic and inorganic
waste in the same containers, open storage of waste or disposal of waste in
outdoor open places directly from the source/point of generation or storage of
waste in open spaces within premises which is a threat to public and
environment health.
Policy measures
In order to ensure effective and appropriate waste handling, storage and
separation, the following policy measures shall be adopted–
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a) The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration
with relevant stakeholders carryout awareness creation and capacity
development to waste generators on handling, storage and processing of
waste at source
b) waste shall be segregated or separated at source or point of generation
into dry (recyclables) and wet waste (food waste and organic matter),
which shall be further segregated and stored under each of the two
categories into different forms of waste in accordance with the standards
and stored in appropriate receptacles in accordance with the prescribed
guidelines and standards
c) The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration
and coordination with national government, generators of waste and
relevant stakeholders develop and adopt strategies, measures and
standards to promote and facilitate segregation of waste at source or
point of generation
d) In accordance with the building code and development control laws and
policies, owners or occupiers or residential, commercial or industrial
premises shall install appropriate containers and spaces for waste
handling and storage within the premises for purposes of ease of
collection and which meet public and environment health standards for
purposes of ease of collection
e) Waste generated from any premises or source shall be separated and
stored within the premises before being collected and transported for
recovery and final disposal.
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f) The department responsible for waste management shall ensure adoption
of appropriate measures and processes for waste segregation at the point
of generation
g) Disposal of waste in open grounds or in non designated collection points
by a waste generator shall be prohibited
2.6.4. Waste collection
Context
Waste collection is the collection of waste from the point of generation or
production (residential, industrial, commercial or institutional) to the point of
treatment, recovery or disposal. Waste collection methods are determined by the
location of waste generation (i.e. public places, residential, commercial, industrial
or commercial). Uncollected waste leads to public and environmental health
hazards such as diseases and health conditions, public nuisance, and blockage
of drainage system, seepage of waste into water and soil among others.
The waste collection process is required to be efficient and carried out through
appropriate means. Waste collection services in the county especially for urban
areas are provided by the private sector. However, waste collection services for
public areas are carried out through municipal services provided by the county
government. Waste in the county is characterized with disposal of waste in open
areas before collection (open dumping) and inefficient and inadequate waste
collection services in both public and private places. Some localities in urban
areas where there lacks organized waste collection services experience
environmental and health challenges associated with open disposal of waste.
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Other challenges include inadequate waste collection points and containers or
bins as appropriate and low funding of waste collection services.
Policy measures
In order to address challenges associated with waste collection, the following
policy measures shall be adopted–
a) The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration
with other relevant public and private actors establish an efficient,
responsive and coordinated countywide waste collection services system
which shall among others include stakeholder consultation, mobilization
and participation, compliance with public and environment health
standards and collection of waste from public and private places and
maintenance of clean public streets and places
b) The department responsible for waste management shall in consultation
with National Environment Management Authority and other relevant
stakeholders designate, gazette and develop waste collection points in
each ward according to the waste management spatial map
c) The department responsible for waste management shall in consultation
with respective local residents representing residential, commercial,
institutional and industrial areas, place or install appropriate waste
collection containers, receptacles and bins in strategic public places for
purpose of collection of waste
d) All institutions such as schools or health facilities shall place or install
appropriate waste collection containers, receptacles and bins in strategic
places within the facilities for purpose of collection of waste which shall
conform to the prescribed standards
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e) waste collection services provided by public or privateactors shall comply
with the prescribed standards and operating procedures
f) waste collection services from households, commercial, institutional or
industrial premises shall be carried out by private sector service providers
in accordance with prescribed standards and guidelines, unless in areas
where there are no established private sector service providers for waste
collection
g) The department responsible for waste management shall establish a
system for collecting waste in informal settlements which do not have
access to private sector provision of waste collection services
h) A waste generator shall deposit any waste generated to the appropriate
waste collection point located within the geographical locality of the waste
generator and in the appropriate waste segregation or separation
collection receptacles
i) There shall be established a system of registration of waste collectors
including waste pickers for the purposes on coordinating waste collection,
facilitating stakeholder capacity development and ensuring compliance
with prescribed guidelines and standards
j) The department responsible for waste management shall in consultation
and collaboration with National Environment Management Authority and
other relevant stakeholder designate, gazette and develop waste transfer
stations according to the waste management spatial map and prescribed
standards. The department may establish or facilitate establishment of
specialized transfer stations for specific types of waste
k) The department responsible for waste management shall promote and
facilitate establishment of intermediary community based waste sorting
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centres which shall be integrated with the county waste management
system
l) The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration
with the department responsible for public health maintain waste collection
points in conformity with prescribedpublic and environment health
standards
m) The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration
with the department (s) responsible for women, youth, persons with
disabilities or other vulnerable groups and county treasury develop
initiatives for the groups to participate in co-management of waste
collection points and waste collection services for purposes of promoting
economic empowerment of the groups
n) The county government shall initiate and develop public private
partnership programmes for sustainable waste collection services
o) In accordance with Access to Government Procurement Opportunities
Policy, the county government shall provide preferential treatment to
youth, women and persons with disabilities in accessing thirty percent of
county government contracts for waste collection services
p) In procuring services for provision of waste collection services, the county
government shall consider a supplier’s integration of service delivery with
youth, women and persons with disabilities empowerment
2.6.5. waste transfer and transportation
Context
Waste transfer and transportation is directly related to waste collection. Waste is
generally collected for the purposes of transfer or transportation to the next point
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of waste management system. waste in the county is normally transported from
collection points directly to the final disposal sites or landfills. This has meant that
there has been limited intermediate waste processing such as recovery, recycling
and composting. The common mode of waste transportation is through trucks or
hard carts for transfer of waste from households or premises to waste collection
points. Most of the trucks are open which leads to waste dropping off during
transportation.
Policy measures
In order to address challenges associated with waste transfer, the following
policy measures shall be adopted–
a) Save for biomedical and hazardous waste, all waste shall be transferred
or transported to waste transfer stations or to material recovery facilities
for sorting and separation or processing after which waste shall be
transported to the appropriate landfill for final disposal as appropriate.
However, Construction and demolition waste may be transported to
specific areas approved by the county department responsible for waste
management in accordance with the standards
b) All waste transporters shall be registered and licensed by the county
government as prescribed
c) waste transportation services including plant and equipment shall
conform to the prescribed standards
d) The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration
with other public and private stakeholders establish market linkages
between waste transporters and women, youth, persons with disabilities or
other vulnerable groups involved in co-management of waste collection
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and for purposes of economic empowerment of the groups and effective
service delivery
e) In accordance with Access to Government Procurement Policy, the county
government shall provide preferential treatment to youth, women and
persons with disabilities in accessing thirty percent of county government
contracts for transfer and transportation of waste
f) In granting contracts for provision of waste transfer and transportation
services, the county government shall consider a supplier’s integration of
service delivery with youth, women and persons with disabilities
empowerment
g) waste transfer and transportation services from households, commercial,
institutional or industrial premises shall be carried out by private sector
service providers in accordance with prescribed standards and guidelines
h) The department responsible for waste management shall establish a
system for transfer and transportation waste in informal settlements which
do not have access to private sector provision of waste collection services
i) The department responsible for waste in collaboration with the
departments responsible for physical planning and transport and National
Environment Management Authority and in consultation with waste
transportation service providers, designate specific routes and time
schedule to be followed in transfer and transportation of waste
2.6.6. waste separation, processing and transformation
Context
Sustainable management of waste leads to processing and transformation of
waste into economic value. As a result very minimal waste is actually disposed in
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the final landfill. Waste separation entails separating waste according to potential
use such as recycling or recovery. Waste is separated into for example organics
and recyclables (which are further separated into for example e-waste, plastics,
metals, papers and junks such as wood among others). Waste processing and
transformation entails material recovery processes such as composting,
combustion and recycling of materials to make useful products.
The county lacks a structured system of separation, processing and
transformation of waste into useful materials that may be utilized for other
purposes. Most of the waste generated, which comes from urban areas, is
disposed through open dumping in dumpsites. The county lacks a coordinated
system for separation of waste and recycling. However, there are few to
initiatives for collection of recyclable materials especially metal and plastics.
Policy measures
In order to address the problem of poor waste separation, processing and
transformation, the following policy measures shall be adopted–
a) The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration
with other relevant stakeholders mobilize local communities and
neighbourhoodstopromote and facilitate collection and separation of
recyclable waste
b) The county government shall set aside such land as may be appropriate,
in a single or multiple lots for purposes of materials recovery and
processing
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c) The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration
with national government and other relevant stakeholders establish a
system for facilitating and promoting waste separation, processing and
transformation (material recovery andrecyclingwhich shall among others
include facilitation of enterprises involved in waste processing and
transformation to access waste placed in transfer stations, technology
acquisition, technical assistance and capacity development.
d) Final waste separation shall be undertaken at the transfer stations. Other
waste processing and transformation processes may take place at a
transfer station
e) The county government shall adopt appropriate economic incentives to
promote private sector participation in waste separation, processing and
transformation such as reduced fees, charges and levies for enterprises
involved in waste processing and transformation
f) The county government shall in collaboration and coordination with
national government and relevant stakeholders promote investment in
waste processing and transformation and establishment of wholesale and
retail outlets for sale of recycled products or recovered materials
g) The county government shall in accordance with the Public Procurement
and Disposal Act undertake purchase of appropriate products produced
from processed and transformed waste in order to promote market
development in waste management
h) The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration
with national government entities and relevant stakeholders develop and
adopt guidelines, standards and operating procedures for separation,
processing and transformation applicable to each waste stream in
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accordance with the established standards and best practices. All waste
generators shall comply with the established guidelines
i) Where there is no capacity to recycle any waste stream or type of waste,
the county government shall promote and facilitate market linkages
between local and external investors for purposes of supply chain
management
j) The department responsible for waste management shall, in collaboration
with relevant stakeholders establish technology and innovation hubs for
development of waste management technology
2.6.7. waste disposal
Context
waste disposal is the final stage in the process of discarding waste. Any
material that cannot be recycled or recovered is disposed mainly in the landfills
or through incineration especially for biomedical waste. A sustainable waste
management system is where few materials of waste are finally disposed.
However, most of the waste generated in the county is disposed through
dumping in the landfills which or open grounds in public places. This, as noted
earlier poses a threat to public and environmental health. The landfills in the
county are poorly sited especially in relation to residential areas and do not meet
the appropriate standards. The county has no sanitary landfill hence the waste
disposed in the open grounds has direct negative impact on the environment and
water resources. The ultimate goal is to have zero waste to landfills.
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Policy measures
In order to address challenges associated to waste disposal, the following policy
measures shall be adopted–
a) The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration
with the department responsible for physical planning, National
Environment Management Authority, residents in the potential areas for
siting landfills and other relevant stakeholders designate, gazette and
develop controlled sanitary landfills in accordance with the waste spatial
plan and the county spatial plan
b) All the open public places where waste is dumped shall be cleared and
placed under the respective intended public use
c) The department responsible for waste management shall ensure and
facilitate waste treatment before final disposal
d) The department responsible for waste management shall develop a
system and standard operating procedures for management of sanitary
landfills
e) For purposes of disposing biomedical waste, the department responsible
for health in collaboration with the department responsible for waste
management and relevant county and national government agencies shall
adopt appropriate modern technology and processes for disposal of
biomedical waste and shall ensure that private health facilities dispose
biomedical waste in accordance with national standards
f) The county government may provide services to private health facilities for
purposes of managing and disposing biomedical waste
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g) The county government shall implement and where applicable, enforce
national law and policy that prohibits disposal of waste into rivers and
water resources
h) Where the national government has established a landfill, the county
government shall utilize the landfill for purposes of disposing the waste
designated for disposal in the landfill.
i) The county government may collaborate with other counties in
establishing sanitary landfills
2.6.8. Waste management financing
Context
Provision of sustainable waste management services requires substantial
funding. It requires coordinated financial investment from public, private and
voluntary sectors. Some of the waste management processes such as
processing, transformation, treatment and disposal are capital intensive.
Consequently, for the county to achieve intended objectives for waste
management, there is need for adoption of diverse funding models and
instruments. In addition, cost sharing through user fees and charges are effective
mechanisms for sustainable waste management. Currently, there is low funding
for waste management in the county. There is low private sector investment in
waste management. In addition, public funding in the sector is below the levels
required for financing the municipal waste management services.
Policy measures
In order to address the policy challenges in financing waste management, the
following policy measures shall be adopted–
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a) There shall be levied appropriate user fees and charges for waste
management. The fees and charges shall be levied in accordance with the
tariff policy stipulated under the County Governments Act.
b) The county government shall provide incentives for promoting waste
recycling and waste material recovery which may include reduced fees,
levies and charges for enterprises engaged in the two processes
c) The county government shall in consultation with national government
adopt public-private partnership model of financing various processes in
waste management. Such partnership shall be based on efficiency, cost
effectiveness and sustainability of the model in provision of waste
management services
d) The county government shall facilitate its officers to acquire technical skills
and develop competencies for public private partnerships management
especially in initiation, development, negotiation, award and management
of public private partnerships in waste management
e) Subject to Public Finance Management Act, at least fifty percent of the
user fees and charges collected from waste management services shall
be utilized for the purpose of defraying operational costs associated with
provision of waste management services
f) The county government shall subsidize waste management services to
low income areas and informal settlements in accordance with the County
Governments Act
g) The county government shall progressively increase budgetary allocations
for implementation of this policy and laws related to waste management
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h) The county government shall mobilize resources in the form of grants and
donations from development partners for financing waste management
processes
2.6.9. Waste management and informal sector
Context
Informal sector is a key player in waste management. Most informal actors in
waste management include waste pickers, community based organizations, self
help groups, small and micro enterprises and individual actors such as waste
pickers and sorters among others. They play a significant role in the whole waste
management value chain. However, their work exposes them to numerous health
conditions and diseases especially respiratory ones. In addition, whereas they
generate some income from their activities, the incomes are very low. Due to
limited access to capital, most of their work is undertaken manually. The county
government recognizes the valuable role the informal sector plays in waste
management and the strategic need to facilitate their role so as to promote
employment creation.
Policy measures
In order to promote participation of informal sector in waste management, the
following policy measures shall be adopted in addition to measures described
above –
a) The county government shall facilitate the informal groups or individuals
involved in waste management value chain to access affordable capital
for waste management enterprise development
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b) The department responsible for waste management shall initiate capacity
development programs for informal sector engaged in waste
management as well as facilitate and support the sector to adopt health
requirements
c) The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration
with other relevant stakeholders facilitate and promote market linkage
between the informal sector and investors in waste management
d) The county government shall where appropriate develop service agency
agreements with the informal sector in the provision of waste
management services
2.6.10. Waste management and land use planning
Context
The quantities of various of waste streams generated depends on the population
density of waste generators in a given locality. Different zones produce different
types of waste and in various quantities. The location of waste collection points,
application of waste collection, transfer and transportation services are based on
spatial planning in a given locality. Further, the siting of waste disposal areas is
based on physical characteristics of the locality such as soil structure, terrain,
population density and impact of the locality to other physical resources such as
water resources. Consequently, land use planning has a significant role to play in
ensuring sustainable waste management. The county government has no waste
management spatial plan to, which guides various interventions in waste
management services.
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Policy measures
In order to ensure that there is sustainable waste management, it will be
essential to have appropriate and effective zoning for waste management. In this
regard–
1) The department responsible for spatial planning in collaboration
with the department responsible for waste management and other
relevant stakeholders, shall–
a) carry out waste management survey using Geographical
Information System (GIS), which shall consider –
(i) land use: topography, drainage and soil
(ii)infrastructure (transport, communications, health,
education, water and energy)
(iii) Economic base of the area (urban informal
economic base)
(iv) human settlements (density and land use)
(v) institutions such as schools and other
government institutions, industries and
commercial enterprises and non –state
organizations
b) develop the county waste management spatial plan which
shall include details for each sub-county and ward as the core
decentralized spatial units
c) designate the location of the collection points, transfer stations,
composting sites, waste recovery facility and landfills in
accordance with the waste management spatial plan
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d) regulate waste management in accordance with the waste
management spatial plan
2) The department responsible for waste management shall in
collaboration with departments responsible for spatial planning and
county administration map the county into waste management
zones for purposes of ensuring efficiency in service delivery and
coordination of stakeholder participation in waste management
3) The county government shall ensure that the county spatial plan
designates zoning and setting up of industries that are integrated in
terms of use of waste generated in some industries which is utilized
as raw materials in other industries
2.6.11. Planning, Partnerships, Participation and Inter-governmental
Relations
Context
waste management is complex due to multiplicity of social, economic and
environmental determinant factors and stakeholders. There is no single policy
measure or stakeholder that can manage waste effectively. There is need for
inclusivity of diverse stakeholders in waste management processes. Users and
providers of waste management services must partner and collaborate in order
to deal with all aspects of waste management. All the stakeholders should be
involved in identifying policy options and implementing programmes related to
waste management. The county government has a weak stakeholder
management process in regard to waste management. Users and non-state
providers of waste management services are usually excluded from active
participation in the management process.
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Policy measures
In order to ensure inclusion and participation of users and providers of waste
management services, the following policy measures shall be adopted–
a) The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration
with relevant stakeholders prepare a county waste management plan
which shall provide a framework for implementing this policy, national
policy and any law enacted for purposes of implementing this policy.
b) The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration
with relevant stakeholders –
(i) initiate programmes for mobilizing and creating awareness
among residents, local communities and neighbourhoods to
participate in sustainable waste management
(ii) establish mechanisms to receive and handle complaints
related to waste management service delivery from the
respective localities
(iii) facilitate community or area-based forums for users and
providers of waste management services to deliberate on
emerging issues in waste management to as to enhance
efficiency in service delivery
(iv) promote and facilitate stakeholder-led initiatives on waste
management
c) The department responsible for waste management shall consult, inform
and coordinate with relevant stakeholders on any matters related to
service delivery on waste management
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d) The county government shall liaise, consult, collaborate and coordinate
with the national government and neighbouring counties on matters
related to waste management
2.6.12. Information, Education and Communication
Context
Waste management depends on a combination of regulatory, service delivery
and information-based tools. Whereas regulatory tools are instrumentalcommand
and control instruments in behaviour in matters such as generation, handling and
disposal of waste, they cannot be fully effective unless they are complemented
by behaviour change by users and providers of waste management services.
Sustainable waste management depends on value- based approach by
individuals and entities. Strategic communication and messaging on waste
management is instrumental in shaping public opinion and support. The county
government lacks effective information, education and communication system
and processes. There is low awareness on sustainable waste management in
the county.
Policy measures
In order to increase awareness and change behavior on waste management, the
following policy measures shall be adopted–
a) The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration
with relevant stakeholders develop and implement information, education
and communication system and strategies targeting diverse users and
providers of waste management services and shall ensure that such
information is available to all stakeholders and county residents
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b) The department responsible for education and department responsible
for waste management shall in collaboration with national government
ministry responsible for education and relevant stakeholders develop
information, education and communication materials and initiate
dissemination, education and awareness creation programmes targeting
children and youth on waste management
c) The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration
with the department responsible for information technology develop
technology-based communication strategies on waste management
d) The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration
with the department responsible for information technology and relevant
stakeholders establish a waste information management system
2.6.13. Research and development
Context
Waste generation is dynamic and changes as society develops. The form of
waste streams changes as production processes change and new products and
packaging emerge. Consequently, there is need for continuous innovation in
intervention measures and strategies in waste management. In addition, there is
need for evidence-based decision making on waste management. There are
minimal research efforts undertaken by the county government in regard to waste
management.
Policy measures
In order to address the policy gaps in research and development, the following
policy measures shall be adopted–
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a) The department responsible for waste management shall facilitate a
capacity development programme for personnel in research and
development
b) The department responsible for waste management shall establish a
research unit to coordinate, promote and undertake research and
development related to environment management and governance
c) The department for waste management shall undertake and
collaborate with other relevant research institutions and institutes of
higher learning in carrying out research and development in waste
management
d) The department responsible for waste management shall in
collaboration with relevant stakeholders disseminate research
findings
e) The department responsible for waste management shall establish a
research data management system
f) The county executive committee shall ensure that evidence
generated through research informs decisions related to
management
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Chapter 3
Policy Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation
3.1. Introduction
This chapter outlines the mechanisms for implementing, monitoring and
evaluating the policy. For intended policy outcomes to be achieved, there is need
for effective policy implementation, monitoring and evaluation. This will require
strong institutional development, inclusion of stakeholders in governance, legal
and administrative reforms and integration with the county performance
management system.
3.2. Policy Implementation
3.2.1. Institutional framework
In order to ensure effective and efficient waste management, the following
institutions shall embrace multi-sectoral collaborations drawn from lead agencies,
private sector, county departments, institutions and other relevant stakeholders.
The multi-sectoral collaborations shall hold discussions when need arises.
3.2.2. Planning and Performance Management
Implementation of the policy shall be undertaken through development of
environment sectoral plan (or sectoral plan dealing with waste management). In
accordance with the County Governments Act, the environment sectoral plan
shall be part of the County Integrated Development Plan (CIDP 2018-2022). The
county Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) and the County Fiscal
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Strategy Paper shall adequately cover the strategies and programmes provided
under the environment sectoral plan. The sectoral plan shall be implemented
annually through the annual development plan
Implementation of this policy shall be integrated with the county performance
management system through the sectoral plan. The annual performance
contracting and targets for respective departments responsible for
implementation of this policy shall be aligned to activities and programmes in the
environment sectoral plan so as to ensure complementarity and inter-sectoral
approach in implementing this policy. Data related to policy implementation shall
be collected on a continuous basis in order to inform decision-making by the
county executive and other sector stakeholders.
3.2.3. Legal and Administrative Reforms
In addition to programmes and projects to be designed under the environment
sectoral plan (or sectoral plan dealing with waste management), appropriate
legal reforms related to waste management shall be undertaken. There shall be
prepared for enactment or adoption laws, guidelines, strategies, standards and
frameworks. Key among them shall be enactment of County Waste
Management Bill.
3.2.4. Collaboration with National Government
As stipulated under Article 6 and 189 of the Constitution, the county government
shall institute measures to cooperate, collaborate, consult and partner with the
national government in implementing this policy as well as implementing national
policies, laws and standards related to waste management . In this regard, the
department responsible for waste management shall initiate intergovernmental
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collaboration mechanisms with the national government ministry of environment
and other agencies responsible for matters related to environment.
3.2.5. Staff Capacity Development
The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration with
the department responsible for human resource management and the County
Public Service Board resource the department as well as other county
departments responsible for implementing this policy, with highly qualified
professional staff in line with respective policy measures. In addition, the
department responsible for waste management and department responsible for
human resource management shall develop and facilitate continuous
professional and capacity development for all relevant officers in various
departments responsible for implementing this policy.
3.3. Policy Monitoring and Evaluation
3.3.1. Design of indicators
In order to ensure effective implementation of this policy, there shall be a
continuous monitoring of the results of programmes and activities undertaken to
implement this policy. The department responsible for waste management shall
in collaboration with national and county stakeholders design the core outcome
indicators to be adopted in measuring the results.
3.3.2. Monitoring and evaluation framework and system
This policy shall be evaluated in accordance with overall county monitoring and
evaluation framework, standards and system. The following requirements shall
apply in regard to policy monitoring and evaluation–
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a) The department responsible for waste
management shall designate staff to be responsible for coordinating
monitoring and evaluation of implementation of this policy.
b) In each period of 3 months, the department
responsible for waste management shall prepare a report on the
progress made in implementing the policy, which shall be submitted
to county executive committee for consideration and decision-
making.
c) There shall be annual policy review, which shall
involve all waste management stakeholders. The review shall
provide feedback on successes, progress and challenges related to
policy implementation and whether policy outcome have been met in
each year. The policy review report shall be submitted to county
executive committee member for consideration and decision-making
d) The policy shall be evaluated at the end of each
period of 5 years to assess the extent to which policy outcomes
have been realized including policy impact
e) The department responsible for waste management shall
disseminate policy evaluation reports to county waste management
stakeholders.
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Appendix
COUNTY GOVERNMENT OF NAKURU
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT, NATURAL RESOURCES, ENERGY AND
WATER
WASTE MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES
PART 1
The County Government of Nakuru shall involve Private Sector in Waste Management
within the areas of jurisdiction.
PART II
i. The following policy guidelines shall be administered by the County
Secretary/County Director of Environment or any other authorized officer.
ii. Disposal of waste shall be done only in approved designated disposal sites or as
may be directed by the Director of Environment.
iii. All waste producers, handlers, transporters, disposal agents and County
Government of Nakuru shall when and where necessary facilitate separation,
re-use and recycling of waste shall be directed by the Director of
Environment.
iv. All private operators in waste management shall be licensed in accordance with
the stipulated licensing/permit regulations.
v. All private operators shall appoint qualified managers as approved by the Director
of Environment.
vi. The County Government of Nakuru shall be the overall supervisory and
regulatory authority in storage, handling, transportation, separation and
disposal of all generated wastes within its jurisdiction.
vii. Every waste transfer, treatment or disposal site shall be subjected to an
environmental impact assessment in accordance with the Environmental
Management and Co-ordination Act, 1999 for Special Waste Collection
(SWC).
viii. All hazardous waste shall under-go necessary pre-treatment by the producer or
licensed Private Collector before transportation to designated disposal ground
or transfer site.
ix. Any radio-active waste generated handling, transportation, storage or disposal
shall be authorized and supervised by the Radiation Authority in the Ministry
of Health in liaison with County Government of Nakuru.
x. Clinical and pathological waste handling and transportation shall be done by
specialized companies authorized by County Government of Nakuru and
disposal shall be by incineration or by burying in designated and constructed
underground pits approved by the County Government of Nakuru.
xi. All e-waste should be handled as per laid down regulations.
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PART III
LICENCING POLICY AND REGULATIONS
All companies, individuals enterprises or otherwise shall pay permit fee to the
County Government of Nakuru in accordance with their classification and
category as approved by the County Director of Environment.
The contract shall be renewed every three years while permit is renewed yearly
subject to performance and meeting other requirements prerequisite.
The permit fee shall be subject to review from time to time.
Categorization of Waste Collectors
1) General Waste Collection (GWC)
To handle domestic, commercial, garden and non-hazardous agricultural waste
2) Specialized Waste Collectors (SWC)
To handle clinical
3) Toxic, hazardous-industrial.
Authorization& Licensing
In line with provisions of Section 33, 34, & 37 of the Environmental Management By-
Laws, written application shall be forwarded to the Director of Environment for
consideration and approval.
The application shall provide the following details;
Service provider – Name
- Copy of identification/registration
- Contacts – Telephone, Box number, Office location, email
In addition to one acquiring an authorization letter from County Director of Environment,
appropriate business permit from county Director of Environment
Storage
- Wake generator to provide adequate and approved waste receptacles.
- To store waste in approved designated areas accessible
- Bins and the waste storage room(s) should be spacious, well lit and with
an impervious wall and floor that is easy to sanitize.
- All measures should be employed not to continue, pollute or be source of
nuisance to neighborhoods and Environment.Sanitization
- All tools, equipment’s, PPE, stores and transport facilities should
be cleaned and sanitized as per usage in order to render them free
from dirt, germs and foul smell.
- Sanitary pads waste to dispose of other than through incineration,
should be first sanitized in an appropriate method/procedure as
prescribed by County Director of Environment.
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- Method/procedure, equipment’s and sanitization materials will be
spelt out by service provider and approved and supervised by
County Director of Environment or his representative.
- The process of sanitization should be designed and executed in a
manner that will not be source of danger to personnel,
neighborhood and Environments.
Disposal
- Sanitary pads waste will be disposed of through incineration in an
approved licensed facility (Incinerator) or in an approved method and
in a designated site.
- In applying for authorization to engage in the sanitary pads waste
handling, the applicant shall spelt out disposal method to be employed
for consideration and approval.
Records/Reports
- All necessary records and documents required in provision of this
service will be well/correctly recorded and kept and always available
for perusal by the County Director of Environment or his/her
representative and any other authorized Government
Officer/authorized person.
Customer records
Service provision agreement(s)
Service provision time table and delivery documents.
Quantity of bin per customer and waste collected and dates.
Sanitization and or disposal records.
Authorization/approval/permits documents/monthly reports to be submitted
before 5thof subsequent month, the service provider will submit report of previous
month to County Director of Environment.
The report should show the following;
1. Customers/Institutions served.
2. Quantity of waste collected, sanitized and or disposed.
3. Sanitization procedure used – including quantity and date.
4. Final disposal – records/proof.
5. Final disposal – records/proof.
GENERAL
1. In addition to above guidelines the service provider must abide by all other laws,
regulations and an appropriate practice incidental to sound waste handling,
collection, transportation, storage and disposal.
2. The whole process of provision and servicing of sanitary bins will be maintained
in hygienic and sound Environment practice.
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3. The County Government of Nakuru remains the sole supervisor and regulator of
waste handling and treatment/disposal as per the relevant Acts, Rules and
Regulations incidental to the service.
4. The breach of any of these guidelines, policy guidelines in Private Sector
involvement in waste Management, relevant laws, by-laws and or instructions
from the County Director of Environment will lead to revocation of authorization,
permit and or may lead to legal action.
5. That these regulations are subject to review from time to time in view of
improving the service, adhering to laid down regulations/laws.
6. The County Government of Nakuru or any of its officers are exonerated from any
liability that may arise in course of operation – service provision.
7. The County Government of Nakuru will ensure compliance to thee guidelines in
order to ensure the service is carried out in a way that may not compromise health
and or Environment sustainability.
8. Before authorization the service provider (individual, organization, firm or
company) will sign a declaration form – stating having read and understood the
guidelines/rules and that the individual or organization will follow the rules.
DECLARATION TO ABIDE TO GUIDELINES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
SERVICES.
Particulars
Name………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………….
Organization………………………………………………………………………………
………
Registration
Certificate…………………………………………………………………………
ID card No……………………………………………………………………
Address P.O
Box…………………………………………..Town……………………………
Telephone/Mobile No……………………………….E-Mail
address…………………………
Physical
Address……………………………………………………………………………………
………
Directors: Name ID No. Contacts
..……………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………
Declaration
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I/We…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………
Declare that I/We have interest to engage in and or am/we are engaged in waste
management Service Provision. I/We have read and have understood the content of the
guidelines and pledge to abide to the guidelines, County supervision and direction in
incidental to the service provision.
Signed
1. …………………………………………………Name……………………………
……….Position…………………………………..
2. …………………………………………………Name……………………………
……….Position…………………………………..
3. …………………………………………………Name……………………………
……….Position…………………………………..
Permits required
Service provision permit
county wastes disposal fee and tipping charges per trip
refuse removal inspection fee per zone for firms/CBOs per month(GWC)
NOTE: All waste collectors shall register with umbrella organization (body of waste
collectors firms) and attend a bi – annual meeting chaired by County Director of
Environment.
PART IV
REGULATIONS
1) The private waste operator shall be legally registered with the registrar of
companies or any other relevant body. Evidence of registration will be availed by
the operator who will supply a verified copy to director of Environment.
2) Toxic and clinical wastes should be handled by specialized companies, which
shall have qualified staff. The operator shall apply special ways and means in
collecting, handling, transporting, pre- treating and disposing of the waste.
Vehicles transporting such wastes shall be clearly marked “HAZADOUS
WASTE”
3) All waste transportation vehicle shall be suitably covered to avoid spillage on the
street during collection and transportation
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4) The vehicles and equipment used by the operators for the purpose hereof shall
have identification number allocated by the county director of environment and
same be clearly and conspicuously mounted on the body of the vehicles
5) All vehicles, tools, equipment and other related machinery used by the operators
shall be inspected and approved by the director of environment before
commencement of operations and there after periodically during operations
6) The operator should keep register indicating waste collected and areas covered
including evidence of proper disposal of the same for inspection by the director of
environment. In addition the operator shall avail to Director of Environment a
comprehensive client inventory on monthly basis
7) Containers and waste handling facilities used shall have the company logo clearly
and bodily inscribed
8) The vehicles and equipment’s shall be maintained in clean state at all the times
9) i) All staff engaged in waste management services shall have appropriate
protective gears while on duty
ii) The staff should have good conduct and good customer relations quality
10) The operator shall dispose of waste at designated sites only or at points approved
the county director of environment
11) No waste shall be transported or disposed of on weekends and between 4.00 pm
and 8.00 am on week days and between 12.oo noon and 8.00 am during weekends
and public holidays without written approval from county director of environment
or environmental officers
12) The operator shall have an office at the zone of operation which shall be used
among others things to receive payments and complaints which may emanate
from the client served. The office shall be open from Monday to Saturdays
13) Every waste operator shall operate promptly (at most 48 hours) to complaints
raised by their clients and / or members of the public and council
14) The county director of environment shall have the right and access to inspect the
various contracts between operator and their clients
15) All operations in waste management shall be carried out under the guidance of the
county director of environment
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16) Each operator shall sign an agreement to adhere to all requirements, specification
and standards as may be directed by the county director of environment from time
to time
17) Each operator shall obtain a permit (s) as required by law and all regulations
18) If the private operator is found to be in breach of any of these regulation(s), the
county director of environment shall cancel or suspend the operators permit or
take any other action he may deem appropriate
PART V
PERSONNEL
All personnel engage in waste collection shall be provided with adequate and appropriate
personal protective gears that shall be well maintained and labeled. The protective gear
shall be worn at all times during waste collection and transportation
1. The private waste collectors in liaison with the council shall ensure that all the
personnel engaged in waste collection shall be well informed of all waste
management issues and hazards associated with waste handling
2. PRIVATE waste operators shall engage waste collection managers/ supervisors
who shall possess the following qualification or disciplines :-
Environmental related courses or Environmental Health Sciences
waste management course or reasonable span of experience on waste
management level of supervisor from a reputable organization and should be
literate
3. All laws, rules and regulations pertaining to labour must be followed and adhered
to before engagement of human labour and throughout course of operation
PART VI
VEHICLES, TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
In addition to manufactures΄ standard specification, the following shall apply:-
1) The vehicle / equipment shall be complete with all fittings and fully operational in
every aspect with the requirements of the Traffic Act and any other law in order
to run on public highways
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2) Vehicles used for the transportation should have a tipping / ejection mechanism or
any other mechanism acceptable to the county director of environment
3) Capacity recommended for refuse collection vehicles should be 3 ton, 7 ton and 8-
10 ton
PART VII
COLLECTION MODE AND FREQUENCY
1) Garbage collection shall be at kerb or road reserve well poisoned by garbage
producer for ease of collection
2) Garbage should be in suitable receptacles supplied by the private waste handler at
a fee borne by waste generator
3) Where the waste to be collected cannot be placed in waste receptacles provided,
the producer shall ensure the waste is well wrapped in any other suitable material
such as carton which facilitate easy of collection
4) Collection and disposal of waste emanating from rearing of dairy animals, fowls
and any other domestic animal shall be by private arrangement made by the
producer and shall not be linked to domestic waste collection arrangement
5) Collection of waste from households shall be at least once; while from trade
premises shall be at least twice a week
6) Waste collection time table shall be drawn and approved by the county director of
environment before commencement of the services and the same shall be made
available to the clients served and the director of environment
7) In the event that the time table (of collection) cannot be adhered to for unforeseen
circumstances the operator shall undertake to inform and discuss the same with
both the county director of environment and the client served
8) The private waste operator will be responsible for collection of dead pets without
extra charge to the owners ( cats, dogs and parrots) and reporting of other dead
animals for management by relevant authorities and departments
9) Waste collection involve litter management along, road reserves and other public
places and removal of illegal dumplings’ which fall under zone of operation of the
particular waste collector
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10) Any cleanup exercise facilitated by well-wishers shall be organized by the county
director of environment with liaison with firm collecting garbage in affected zone
PART VIII
COMPLAINS RESPONSE
1) The private waste handler / collector shall operate an office within the area of
operation which shall be used among other things to receive complaints from
clients served and a register of the same maintained
2) The private waste collector shall respond promptly to the complaints raised and
ensure recurrent of the same does not happen
3) Where the private waste collector fail to respond to complaint (s) raised, the
matter shall be reported to the county director of environment who will take the
necessary action
4) Complaint over waste management issue by private waste collectors against a
member of the public shall be in written note and where the response is not
forthcoming; the private waste handler shall report the matter to the county
director of environment who will take appropriate measures
PART IX
FINANCE
1) Any private garbage collector before signing an agreement with county shall be
required to proof financial ability to engage in refuse collection, transportation
and or disposal services
2) The private garbage collector shall obtain a license / permit at a cost and
conditions stipulated by the county from time to time
3) The private garbage collector shall levy and collect charges to all clients within
area of jurisdiction as stipulated in the agreement with the county and any review
of the same shall be subject to approval by the county
PART V
GENERAL
1) The County Government of Nakuru is the sole supervisor and regulator in waste
handling ( collection, disposal, sorting and recycling)
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2) Private waste operator shall sign a contract of three years renewal of the same
shall depend on performance and competitive bidding
3) The County Government of Nakuru shall take all reasonable and lawful measures
including enacting the relevant By – laws aimed at ensuring that the private sector
involvement in waste management is successful
4) The policy regulations shall be subject to review from time to time
NOTE
The Draft is Subject to Review as Per the Guidance of County Director of
Environment, Natural Resources and Energy.
“TWO TRIANGLES” ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK
Public Health Inclusivity
Collection User and Provider
Sound Institutions :
and Pro-active Policies :
Environment
Disposal
Governa
3Rs Financial
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Sustainability
Cea TE eC ER TAT eT RE Integrated Sustainable Waste Management oe
Source: © Dawid Wilson, Costas Velis, Ljiljana Rodie. Concept adapted from: Scheinberg, A., Wilson, D.C. and Rodie, L (2010) Solid Waste Management in the World’s Cities.
Earthscan for UN-Habitat.
WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY
Most preferred
Disposal
v
Least preferred
Source: UNEP (2011). Towards a Green Economy:
Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication.
Nakuru County Government
Nakuru County Sessional Paper No……………of 2019
on
County Waste Management Policy
June2019
Nakuru County Waste Management Policy
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1 ................................................................................................................................ 5
Background and Situational Analysis ............................................................................... 5
1.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 5
1.2. Policy development process .................................................................................. 5
1.3. Geographic location and size ................................................................................ 6
1.4. Administrative structure .......................................................................................... 6
1.5. Social and economic context ................................................................................. 6
1.5.1. Social context ................................................................................................................................... 6
1.5.2. Economic context ......................................................................................................... 8
1.5.3. Urbanization .................................................................................................................. 9
1.6. Solid waste management conceptual framework ............................................. 9
1.6.1. Waste streams and sources ...................................................................................... 9
1.6.2. Functional elements of a solid waste management system ............................ 12
1.6.3. Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) .................................................... 13
1.7. Policy and legislative framework on solid waste management ................... 16
1.7.1. Constitution of Kenya ............................................................................................... 16
1.7.2. The Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act (Cap 387) ............. 17
1.7.3. National Environment Policy, 2013 ....................................................................... 17
1.7.4. Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Policy ...................................... 18
1.7.5. Kenya Vision 2030 .................................................................................................... 18
1.7.6. The National Solid Waste Management Strategy, 2015 .................................. 19
1.7.7. Global Policy Related to Solid Waste Management ......................................... 19
1.7.8. Other policies and laws with implications on county solid waste
management policies and laws ................................................................................................ 21
1.8. County context on solid waste management ................................................... 22
1.9. Policy rationale........................................................................................................ 25
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Chapter 2 .............................................................................................................................. 26
Policy Framework ............................................................................................................... 26
2.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 26
2.2. Policy Goal ............................................................................................................... 26
2.3. Policy mission ......................................................................................................... 26
2.4. Policy objectives ..................................................................................................... 26
2.5. Policy principles ...................................................................................................... 27
2.6. Policy measures ..................................................................................................... 28
2.6.1. Zoning for Solid Waste Management ................................................................... 29
2.6.2. Solid waste generation............................................................................................. 29
2.6.3. Solid waste handling and separation, storage and processing at source .... 31
2.6.4. Solid waste collection ............................................................................................... 33
2.6.5. Solid waste transfer and transportation ............................................................... 36
2.6.6. Solid waste separation, processing and transformation .................................. 38
2.6.7. Solid waste disposal ................................................................................................. 41
2.6.8. Solid waste management financing ...................................................................... 43
2.6.9. Solid waste management and informal sector ................................................... 45
2.6.10. Solid waste management and land use planning .............................................. 46
2.6.11. Planning, Partnerships, Participation and Inter-governmental Relations ..... 48
2.6.12. Information, Education and Communication ....................................................... 50
2.6.13. Research and development .................................................................................... 51
Chapter 3 .............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Policy Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation ..................................................... 53
3.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 53
3.2. Policy Implementation ........................................................................................... 53
3.2.1. Institutional framework ............................................................................................. 53
3.2.2. Planning and Performance Management ............................................................ 53
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3.2.3. Legal and Administrative Reforms ........................................................................ 54
3.2.4. Collaboration with National Government ............................................................. 54
3.2.5. Staff Capacity Development ................................................................................... 55
3.3. Policy Monitoring and Evaluation ....................................................................... 55
3.3.1. Design of indicators .................................................................................................. 55
3.3.2. Monitoring and evaluation framework and system ............................................ 55
Appendix .............................................................................................................................. 57
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Chapter 1
Background and Situational Analysis
1.1. Introduction
Waste management remains one of the critical development challenges globally,
nationally and at the county level. Waste is inevitable due to ordinary human
activities such as industrial production, consumption at household level,
construction and commercial processes among others. However, accumulation
of waste has environmental, health, social and economic implications in the long
term. Consequently, public interventions in waste management coupled with
engagement with private actors are required in order to achieve optimal results.
This policy provides for the guiding framework for Waste management in Nakuru
County. The policy shall guide the county waste management actors providing
effective, efficient and sustainable services while utilizing waste as an economic
resource.
1.2. Policy development process
This policy was developed through a consultative process. The key policy actors
in waste management in the county were engaged during the preparation
process. Specifically national and county departments involved in waste
management included National Environment Management Authority (NEMA),
county departments in charge of public health; public works and trade were
consulted. In addition, private actors in waste management such as waste
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collectors and transporters, resident associations, waste sorters and recyclers
participated in the process.
1.3. Geographic location and size
The county is located in the rift valley region of Kenya. It covers an area of
7,495.1 Km², with an arable area of 5,274 km2. Geographically, the county is
located between Latitude 0 º 13 and 1º 10’ South and Longitude 35 º 28’ and 35º
36’east. Its headquarters is Nakuru Municipality, one of the fastest growing urban
centers in East Africa region. The County is bordered by other counties
namely;Kericho and Bomet to the west, Baringo and Laikipia to the North,
Nyandarua to the east, Narok to the south-west and Kajiado and Kiambu to the
south.
1.4. Administrative structure
The county is divided is divided into eleven administrative Sub-Counties namely;
Molo Njoro, Naivasha Gilgil, Kuresoi South, Kuresoi North, Subukia, Rongai,
Bahati, Nakuru West and Nakuru East. Each ward is represented by a member
of the county assembly.
1.5. Social and economic context
1.5.1. Social context
a) Poverty index
The county population that lives in poverty is estimated to be 29.1 percent. The
Human Poverty Index is a composite measure of poverty that combines several
basic factors affecting the quality of life. The major component included in the
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HPI survey includes longevity of life, knowledge acquisition, economic status and
social inclusion. According to the 2009, Kenya Human Development report,
Nakuru County’s HPI is 24.6% compared to the National average of 29.1%.
b) Human Development Index
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of average
achievements in key dimensions of human development, a long and healthy life
(life expectancy at birth), knowledge (expected years of schooling) and a decent
standard of living (Gross National Index Per Capita). The HDI of less than 0.550
signifies a low human development, 0.550 – 0.699 signifies medium human
development, 0.700 – 0.799 for high human development and 0.800 or greater
for very high human development.
Nakuru County has a Human Development Index of 0.5558. This implies extent
to which the county population meets the 3 criteria of HDI a long and healthy life,
knowledge and a decent standard of living. From the HDI categorization, the
county has a medium human development level.
c) Education
According to KNBS 2014, the literacy level of Nakuru County was 76.7% while
the Kenya national literacy level was 87.38 % and 80.59 % in 2010 and 2012,
respectively. Nakuru County literacy level is lower than the global average, which
was estimated at 83.95% and 86.29% in 2010 and 2012, respectively, and the
national average. The literacy rate has improved over the years and this is
attributed to FPE and the promotion of adult and continuous education. However,
there are disparities between rural and urban areas, with rural areas having lower
levels than urban areas.
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d) Demographic context
In 2009, the county population was 1,603,325. The Kenya National Bureau of
Statistics (KNBS) projected that the population would be 2,176,581 in 2018 and
2,479,311 in 2022. The population comprises of 48% male and 52% female, with
74% of the population being persons below the age of 34 years.
The county has an estimated population density of 214 persons per Km².
1.5.2. Economic context
The main forms of economic activities (industrial and trade) in the county are
Agriculture, Livestock, Commerce, Industries, Tourism, Mining, Co-operatives,
Trade, and Fisheries. The economic activities that have high generation of waste
in the county are Commerce, Industries in industrial area, Nakuru, Trade. The
table below summarizes the number of economic activities and the number of
entities.
Economic activity Number of entities
Manufacturers 105
Wholesale outlets 7,486
Retail outlets 50,159
Financial institutions 20
Retail food or agricultural markets 3
Livestock markets 5
Hotels 220
The population of the county that is employed in the formal sector is 38% while
62% is in the informal sector. The informal sector is the main employer in the
county.
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1.5.3. Urbanization
The county may be classified as urban and rural. It is estimated that 45.8% of
county population resides in towns and other urban areas.The main towns and
urban areas in the county are Nakuru town, Naivasha, Gilgil, Mai Mahiu, Molo,
Subukia, Mau Narok, Olenguruone, Njoro, Rongai, Dundori, Bahati,, Kikopey,
Total/Kamara, Keringet, and Kampiya Moto . The rising urbanization in the
county results in increase in the quantities of waste produced. This has resulted
in increase in demand for waste management services. Consequently, the
county has to strategically plan for the development of sustainable waste
management.
1.6. Waste management conceptual framework
Waste emanates as a result of human activities. The term “waste” in common
terms implies something that has no value and that should be discarded.
Management of waste is a public issue that has health, environment, economic
and social effects at household, local, national and international level. The level
of waste generation is directly related to population size, human behavior such
as production (including production processes) and consumption patterns and
management, recovery or utilization of waste products at the point of production
or intermediate level. Waste generated at one point may be raw materials for
another production process.
1.6.1. Waste streams and sources
Waste management is based on identifiable waste streams from the various
identifiable sources. Waste is ordinarily classified according to the waste streams
for purposes of effective management. A waste source may produce different
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waste streams e.g. a household may produce food and kitchen waste,
agricultural waste, papers and e-waste. There are different methods of collecting,
recovering, processing, treating and disposing the various waste streams. The
common waste streams are outlined in table 1–
Table 1: Waste Streams
Waste Streams
Food, kitchen and garden waste
Automotive waste (oil, tyres, end
of life vehicles (or vehicle parts)
Paper and cardboard
Agricultural waste
Textiles
Mining waste
Electrical and electronic waste (e-
waste)
Ferrous metals (iron and steel)
Non-ferrous metals (aluminum,
copper, lead)
Construction and demolition waste
Special health care waste
Sewage sludge
Batteries
Expired chemicals and
pharmaceuticals
The most common waste sources are outlines in table 2 below–
Table 2: Waste Sources
Waste Sources
Households
Offices
Cafes and restaurants, hotels, food
stalls
Schools, universities, laboratories
Fishing and fish processing facilities
Forestry operations
Building sites
Manufacturing facilities
Water treatment and sewage
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Retail operations (e.g. shops,
supermarkets, warehouses)
Markets
Public facilities (sports grounds,
street sweeping and cleaning)
Hospitals and other health care
facilities
Mines and mineral processing
facilities
Agriculture and food processing
facilities
treatment facilities
Land transport facilities (e.g. truck
depots, bus and train stations and
terminals)
Car yards and car repair shops
Ships, boats and aircraft (airports,
ports, marinas)
Whereas there are different waste streams, waste is normally divided into
hazardous and non-hazardous waste. The manner of managing the two types of
waste is very different due the potential health risks and hazardous. Waste may
in addition be classified broadly as municipal waste or industrial waste and post-
consumer waste.
One of the key concepts in waste management is municipal waste. Municipal
waste is regarded as waste generated by households and waste of similar nature
generated by commercial and industrial premises, institutions such as schools,
hospitals and other facilities inhabited by people, construction and demolition of
buildings, and from public spaces such as streets, markets, slaughter houses,
public toilets, bus stops, parks and gardens.
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1.6.2. Functional elements of a waste management system
Functional elements of a waste management system describe the value chain in
the core functions of a waste management system. Regulatory and management
system for waste management is mainly based on the functional elements. Table
3 below describes the functional elements of a waste management system–
Table 3: Functional Elements of a Waste Management System (or waste
elements system)
Functional element Description
Waste generation Encompasses activities in which materials are identified as no
longer being of value and are either thrown away or gathered
together for disposal
Waste handling and
separation, storage
and processing at
source
Involves activities associated with managing wastes until they
are placed in storage containers for collection. Handling also
entails the movement of loaded containers to the point of
collection. Separation of waste components at source facilitates
effective handling and storage of waste, particularly for recycling
and reuse purposes.
Collection Includes gathering of wastes and recyclable materials and the
transport of these materials, after collection, to the location
where the collection vehicle is emptied, such as materials-
processing facility, a transfer station, or a landfill
Transfer and
transport
Involves two steps (a) transfer of wastes from the smaller
collection vehicle to the larger transport equipment (b)
subsequent transport of wastes, usually over long distances to a
processing or disposal site. Transfer normally takes place at a
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transfer station
Separation,
processing and
transformation of
waste
Entails separation of waste and recovery or processing of waste
materials, which had been separated at source. This takes place
at materials recovery facilities, transfer stations, combustion
facilities and disposal sites. Transformation processes are used
to reduce the volume and weight requiring disposal and to
recover conversion products and energy. Combustion (to
produce energy) and composting are some of the most common
transformation processes.
Disposal Disposal by landfill or land spreading is the ultimate destination
of waste whether its waste collected and transported from
source or from transformation facilities (e.g. residues of
composting or combustion). The best practice is to dispose
waste through sanitary landfill which prevents public health
hazards and nuisances
Source: Kieth and Tchobanoglous (2002), Handbook of Waste Management,
McGraw-Hill, USA.
1.6.3. Integrated Waste Management (ISWM)
The modern approach to effective and sustainable waste management is what
has come to be commonly referred to as the Integrated Waste Management
(IWM). This integrated approach has been advanced by United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP) and the UN-Habitat. The approach may be
viewed from different analytical frameworks. The UNEP and UN-Habitat have
developed 2 complementary analytical frameworks on IWM. The analytical
frameworks are the “two-triangles” IWM analytical framework advanced by UN-
Habitat and the Waste Management Hierarchy advanced by UNEP.
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a) Two-triangles” ISWM analytical framework
The “Two triangles” analytical framework categorizes waste management
system into two pillars (triangles) i.e. the physical elements and governance
features. Table 4 below outlines the “Two-triangles” analytical framework.
Figure 1: "Two triangles" Analytical Framework
The first triangle comprises the three key physical elements of the ISWM
system, which are–
i) public health which entails maintaining healthy conditions in cities
and urban areas through a good waste collection service
ii) environment which entails protection of environment throughout the
waste chain, especially during treatment and disposal
iii) resource management which may be described as ‘closing the
loop’ since it entails returning both materials and nutrients to
beneficial use, through preventing waste and striving for high rates
of organics recovery, reuse and recycling.
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The second triangle comprises of the governance features of the ISWM
system, which supports sustenance of the first triangle. The governance
features entail a system that–
i) is inclusive, providing transparent spaces for stakeholders to
contribute as users, providers and enablers
ii) is financially sustainable, which implies cost-effective and
affordable waste management system
iii) rest on a base of sound institutions and pro-active policies
b) Waste Management
Hierarchy IWM analytical
framework
The waste management hierarchy
indicates an order of preference for
action to reduce and manage waste.
The waste hierarchy is presented as
an inverted pyramid with the most
preferred action being prevention of
waste generation followed by
reduction of waste generation (e.g.
through re-use), followed by
recycling (including composting or
anaerobic digestion), followed by
Figure 2: Waste Management Hierarchy
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material recovery and waste-energy processes such as combustion and pyrolysis
and the final action being disposal either in landfills or through incineration
without energy recovery for waste that was not prevented, diverted or recovered.
The IWM system forms a good foundation for waste management policy
framework and strategy development.
1.7. Policy and legislative framework on waste management
The policy and legislative framework for county aste management consist of the
constitution of Kenya and various statutes, sessional papers and sectoral plans
among others. This part highlights the laws and policies that relate to waste
management at county level.
1.7.1. Constitution of Kenya
Article 10 entrenches sustainable development as one of the national values.
waste management is one of the key drivers of sustainable development.
Article 43 guarantees the right to highest attainable standard of health,
reasonable standards of sanitation and clean and safe water. Waste is a major
contributor to prevalence of risk factors to communicable and noncommunicable
diseases and conditions. Consequently, effective, efficient and sustainable
management of waste especially in urban areas has will drastically reduce
incidences of communicable or noncommunicable diseases and conditions and
related health care burden as well as reduce associated public nuisance of
unmanaged waste.
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Article 69 of the Constitution provides for encouragement of public participation in
the management, protection and conservation of the environment; establishment
of systems of environmental impact assessment, environmental audit and
monitoring of the environment; elimination of processes and activities that are
likely to endanger the environment.
Section 2 (g) of the Fourth Schedule assigns to the county government the
function of refuse removal, refuse dumps and waste disposal.
1.7.2. The Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act (Cap 387)
The Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act, Cap 387 including
subsidiary legislation is the main national statute that governs environment
protection, conservation and management, which includes waste management.
In regard to waste management, the Act provides among others for–
a) development of county environment action plans which provide for
environment management systems
b) the standards of waste including issues such as handling, storage,
transportation, segregation and destruction of any waste
c) prohibition of handling dangerous waste
d) classification and management of hazardous and toxic waste
The Environmental Management and Coordination (Waste Management)
Regulations, 2006, and Environmental (Prevention of Pollution in Coastal Zone
and Other Segments of the Environment) Regulations, 2003 seek to implement
the statutory requirements on waste management.
1.7.3. National Environment Policy, 2013
The policy provides for governance framework for environment management. In
regard to waste management, the policy recognizes inefficient production
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processes, low durability of goods and unsustainable consumption and
production patterns lead to excessive waste generation. In order to address
these challenges, the policy provides for development of an integrated national
waste management strategy, promotion of use of economic incentives to manage
waste and promotion of establishment of facilities and incentives for cleaner
production waste recovery, recycling and re-use.
1.7.4. Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Policy
In regard to waste management, the Integrated Coastal Zone Management
(ICZM) Policy, Sessional Paper No. 14 of 2014 provides for pollution control and
waste management practices. The policy seeks to improve the management of
municipal waste through empowerment of county governments to effectively
manage urban waste, promotion of public private partnership in waste
management, strengthening of county governments to enforce laws for regulating
municipal waste and enforcement of Environmental Management and
Coordination (Waste Management) Regulations, 2006.
1.7.5. Kenya Vision 2030
The Kenya Vision 2030 lays the foundation for social and economic development
in Kenya. In regard to waste management, Kenya Vision 2030 provides for
development of waste management systems in at least 5 municipalities, and in
the proposed economic zones, regulation on use of plastic bags, development
and enforcement of mechanisms targeting pollution and waste management
regulations, strengthening of institutional capacities of multi-sectoral planning and
strengthening linkages between institutions of planning and environment
management, development of national waste management system and use of
market-based environment instruments for providing incentives or disincentives
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in waste management and establishment of initiative to clean the Nairobi River
as well as rivers and water fronts in Kisumu, Mombasa and Nakuru.
1.7.6. The National Waste Management Strategy, 2015
The National Waste Management Strategy,2015 is anchored on the Kenya
Vision 2030. It lays the foundation for strategic management of waste in Kenya.
The strategy provides for among others for–
a) definitions and classification of waste
b) the national context and status on waste management
c) the common waste management practices in Kenya
d) the challenges facing waste management in Kenya
e) integrated waste management
f) the waste management cycle and ideal approaches applicable to Kenya
The national strategy sets the foundation for development and adoption of county
waste management policies and strategies.
1.7.7. Global Policy Related to Waste Management
The global policy related to waste management is mainly contained in the United
Nations conventions and policies that provide for framework for waste
management and which have implications on county waste management
policies and laws. They include–
a) United Nations Convention on Climate Change. Article 4 on commitments
provides for promotion and cooperation in development, application and
diffusion including transfer of technologies, practices and processes that
control, reduce or prevent anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases
in sector such as waste management sectors
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b) The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Convention on Climate Change.
Article 1 (viii) provides for States’ obligation to limitation or and reduction
of methane emissions through recovery and use of waste management.
The Protocol obligates States to formulate and implement waste
management programmes that are intended to mitigate climate change
c) The Basel convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of
Hazardous Wastes and their Disposals. However, the control of
international movement of hazardous waste is a mandate of national
government
d) The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (Agenda 21-Global
Programme of Action on Sustainable Development). Chapter 7 provides
for sustainable human settlements which includes provision of basic
services such as waste collection, Chapter 20 provides for managing
hazardous wastes and Chapter 22 provides for managing wastes and
sewage which encourages waste minimization and increase reuse and
recycling
In addition, the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
establishes a global framework and commitment for sustainable development.
Specifically, key SDGs that have direct implications on waste management and
which shall be integrated in the county model policy shall include –
a) Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages
b) Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and
sanitation for all
c) Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable
industrialization and foster innovation
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d) Goal 11: Make cites and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and
sustainable
e) Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
1.7.8. Other policies and laws with implications on county waste
management policies and laws
There are other national policies and laws that have implications on county
waste management (or the process and institutional frameworks for county
policies and laws). These include–
a) County Governments Act, No. 17 of 2012, which provides for the
governance and management system and process in the county including
development planning, decentralization, citizen participation and policy
development among others
b) Public Finance Management Act, Cap 412 C, which provides for financial
planning and management at the national and county levels including
linkage of development planning, budgeting and public expenditure
c) Urban Areas and Cities Act, Cap 275, which provides for integrated
development planning in urban areas. The Act provides for development
of urban integrated development plans for urban areas and cities which
includes planning for waste management
d) Physical Planning Act, No. 6 of 1996, which provides forphysical planning
and development control in Kenya, which is mainly a county function.
Integrated Waste Management System requires functioning and effective
spatial planning,zoning and land laws.
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e) Legal Notice No. 137 on Transfer of Functions to County Governments,
2013, which provides for unbundling of county functions stipulated under
Part2 of the Fourth Schedule to the Constitution
f) Mombasa County Vision 2035, which envisages a scenario of a developed
integrated waste management facility, enacted waste segregation at
source, a recycling rate of 50%, and restricted illegal dumping and open
burning of waste.
1.8. County context on waste management
waste management remains a major challenge to the county. The most common
forms of waste generated in the county is the organic waste which is mainly
generated at household level and agricultural produce/food markets, hotels and
restaurants.
Waste category KG Percentage Mean High Low
Paper 179.6 7.1% 7.3% 9.9% 3.9%
Cardboard 45.5 1.8% 1.7% 2.5% 0.0%
HDPE 27.5 1.1% 1.2% 3.4% 0.0%
PET 44.0 1.7% 1.7% 4.2% 0.0%
Other Plastics 263.6 10.4% 10.3% 12.9% 4.1%
Glass 97.5 3.9% 3.9% 12.1% 0.0%
Textiles 72.0 2.8% 3.3% 10.7% 0.0%
Organic Food 1439.4 56.9% 56.6% 82.4% 39.1%
Organic Garden 0.0 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Ferrous 31.2 1.2% 1.2% 1.6% 0.6%
Non-ferrous 10.5 0.4% 0.4% 1.1% 0.0%
Hazardous 3.0 0.1% 0.1% 0.6% 0.0%
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WEEE 0.0 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Hard Plastics 29.5 1.2% 0.9% 5.6% 0.0%
Misc. Combustibles 27.0 1.1% 1.1% 3.2% 0.0%
Nappies 46.0 1.8% 1.7% 4.7% 0.0%
Fines 212.5 8.4% 8.7% 12.4% 3.2%
TOTAL 2528.7 100%
Source: Mott MacDonald Waste Nakuru Composition Study 2017
Figures on PET have decreased drastically as a result of its recovery (recycling).
The subcounties with industrial activities include Nakuru Town East, Nakuru
Town West, Naivasha, Gilgil, Molo, Njoro, and Rongai respectively.
waste generated in the rural parts of the county is disposed within the
households mainly through disposal in pits or open burning. Most of
biodegradable waste such as agricultural or human food waste is reused as food
for farm animals or its composted to produce manure for agricultural production.
Non-biodegradable waste such as containers are reused for other house hold
uses such as storage. Urban areas in the county generate most of the municipal
and industrial waste in substantial quantities. Nakuru Town East, Nakuru Town
West, Naivasha, towns generate most of the waste due to high population
density.
Most of the waste generated in urban areas is disposed in county designated
disposal sites at Gioto–Nakuru Town West, Naivasha and Mai Mahiu
respectively. Most waste is disposed in the same form as it was generated
without being recycled or reused or recovered. Open disposal of waste has
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continuously posed negative environmental health impact through leachate and
direct flow into water sources. In addition, the disposal methods in the county
have been a contributor to public nuisance. There is limited investment in waste
recycling and recovery systems in the county. Currently, there is a lot of
integrated waste management practices ongoing eg recycling and composting,
thus reducing the amount of waste going to the disposal sites.
Collection and transportation of waste generated at household, commercial and
industrial level in the county is mainly undertaken by private sector. The county
government provides waste collection and transportation services from the
public areas. The county government has put in place light waste collection bins
and waste collection containers in strategic places in urban areas. All these
improvements are geared towards attainment of NEMA’s ten minimum points as
per the National Waste Management strategy 2015. This however is below the
desired optimal level. The county government manages the 3 No. waste
disposal sites namely Gioto, Naivasha, and Mai Mahiu. The waste disposal sites
are currently undergoing major improvement/rehabilitation i.e. through opening
up access roads to enable its access, demarcation of tipping areas, embankment
has been put in place to curb waste spillages from the disposal sites to the
nearby roads, Trees and flowers have been planted for aesthetic value
improvement and reinforcement of the embankment. The county government has
made budgetary allocation for waste management e.g. procurement of refuse
skips and skip loaders, fencing of Gioto, and improvements of access roads, but
the allocations have been inadequate to meet the desired financial investment for
waste management.
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1.9. Policy rationale
The county government seeks to establish an effective, efficient and sustainable
waste management in order to facilitate realization of its development goals. This
waste management policy will be instrumental in advancing county social and
economic development. This policy is therefore developed in order to –
a) provide for a policy mechanism for implementing county functions related
to waste management as assigned under the Constitution of Kenya
b) provide for adoption of Integrated Waste Management system and
processes in the county
c) facilitate adoption and compliance with relevant international and national
standards for waste management in the county
d) facilitate the realization of Kenya Vision 2030 as it relates to waste
management
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Chapter 2
Policy Framework
2.1. Introduction
In order to comprehensively address waste management, a framework setting
the policy direction to be pursued by the county government and other
stakeholders is essential. This chapter describes the policy framework consisting
of the core policy measures to be pursued. In addition, the chapter lay out the
policy vision, mission and guisin principles.
2.2. Policy Goal
To minimize waste generation and promote re-use, recovery and recycling of
waste materialsandsustainable waste disposal.
2.3. Policy mission
To promote a sustainable, effective and integrated waste management system
2.4. Policy objectives
The policy shall pursue the following objectives–
a) Delivering a waste management system that is effective, equitable,
responsive and sustainable under the prevailing conditions
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b) Provision of public services (e.g. waste collection, transport, treatment and
disposal) suited to the needs of and affordable for local users
c) Protection of public and occupational health and the environment
d) Contributing to sustainable use of natural resources, e.g. through
materials recovery and recycling, soil improvement, energy generation
e) Contributing to economic development, including through fostering
resource efficient production and developing waste recovery and recycling
operations
f) Providing employment and enterprise development opportunities
g) Deploying technologies appropriate to prevailing conditions
h) Building the capacities of those forming part of the waste management
system
i) Encouraging and inviting research and development into technologies and
governance approaches for sustainable resource and waste management
2.5. Policy principles
The following shall be the guiding principles for the waste management policy–
a) Proximity principle which implies that waste should be managed
close to where it is generated
b) Self-sufficiency principle which implies that where possible and
practical, each urban area or zone should manage its own waste
c) Polluter pays principle whereby those who generate waste should
bear the cost of managing the waste to minimize risk to human
health and the environment
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d) Precautionary principle whereby appropriate policy measures may
be taken in order to safeguard human health and environment.
Even if scientific evidence is not conclusive it would be essential to
adopt precautionary approach
e) Sustainable developmentwhich is development that meets the
needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs
f) Inter-generational equitywhich implies that waste should not be
managed in a way that bequeaths legacy problems to subsequent
generations
g) Intra-generational equitywhich implies that waste management
resources and services should be equitably accessible to all
citizens or residents in the same generation. All interested parties
should have equitable possibilities to provide services and
equitable burden-sharing in terms of waste management facilities
(environmental justice)
h) Extended producer responsibility
2.6. Policy measures
The county shall adopt an integrated approach to waste management as
described in chapter 1 as well as the principles of waste management that form
the foundation of this policy. The policy measures shall be based on a
combination and integration of the functional elements in waste management,
waste management hierarchy and the two-triangle framework both of which form
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the integrated waste management system. This part shall prescribe the policy
measures that the government shall pursue. The policy measures shall be in the
form of policy statements, which prescribe the appropriate policy instruments in
waste management. In addition, the policy measures are based on the
constitutional functional assignment of county governments as well as
constitutional provisions.
2.6.1. Zoning for Waste Management
In order to comprehensively address waste management issues in Nakuru
County, the department shall ensure that the entire county is zoned into waste
operational zones. Private waste service providers in partnership with the county
shall service the zones. They shall be engaged as per the waste management
guidelines see appendix 1 to ensure efficient service delivery.
2.6.2. waste generation
Context
Generation of waste depends on product demands, production processes,
consumption demands, behaviour and patterns among others. Waste generation
has implications on resources used for production of products, which result in
varying levels of waste generation. Waste generation exists throughout the
product lifecycle.
Most waste generated in the county consists of municipal waste, which emanates
from consumption of processed products at household, commercial and industrial
levels. Some processes or activities such as industrial ones contribute to high
waste generation. Whereas, the county government has no legal mandate to
regulate production processes, which would reduce amount of waste generated,
it has a duty to promote appropriate production processes, change in
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consumption behavior and patterns. The aim is to prevent generation of waste
where possible through appropriate means.
Policy measures
In order to promote and facilitate prevention of waste generation through
sustainable waste generation processes, the county department responsible for
waste management shall –
a) Promote prevention of waste generation among product users
through awareness creation on behavior change, consumer
choices and consumption practices to reduce excessive
consumption or use and waste of diverse products
b) Collaborate and coordinate with national government and other
stakeholders in adopting measures for promoting resource
conservation and management to prevent or avoid excessive
utilization of resources which lead to excess generation of waste
c) Establish partnership and collaboration with manufacturers
wholesalers and retailers in adopting appropriate measures and
strategies for preventing waste generation
d) Engage with national government to adopt appropriate measures
for preventing waste in the product value chain and life-cycle such
as product and packaging design, manufacture, distribution and
product use
e) Promote in collaboration with national government and relevant
stakeholders the adoption of modern technology in product
manufacture so as to reduce excessive generation of waste
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f) In collaboration with other relevant public and private stakeholders,
promote reuse of products or materials e.g. containers or
packaging materials in order to reduce generation of waste
g) The department responsible for waste management shall establish
an inventory for all the waste streams which shall be disaggregated
according to the respective sources
2.6.3. waste handling and separation, storage and processing at source
Context
Waste handling and storage before collection and transport determines the
effectiveness of the rest of waste management system. Waste handling and
storage at point of generation requires adoption of public and environmental
health standards. In order to facilitate reduction, recycling and recovery of waste,
waste separation or segregation at source is essential. Currently, the county
experiences poor waste handling, storage and separation at the sources. This is
mostly common in the urban areas due to high population density and low
awareness of sustainable waste handling, separation and storage processes.
Other challenges faced by the county include storage of organic and inorganic
waste in the same containers, open storage of waste or disposal of waste in
outdoor open places directly from the source/point of generation or storage of
waste in open spaces within premises which is a threat to public and
environment health.
Policy measures
In order to ensure effective and appropriate waste handling, storage and
separation, the following policy measures shall be adopted–
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a) The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration
with relevant stakeholders carryout awareness creation and capacity
development to waste generators on handling, storage and processing of
waste at source
b) waste shall be segregated or separated at source or point of generation
into dry (recyclables) and wet waste (food waste and organic matter),
which shall be further segregated and stored under each of the two
categories into different forms of waste in accordance with the standards
and stored in appropriate receptacles in accordance with the prescribed
guidelines and standards
c) The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration
and coordination with national government, generators of waste and
relevant stakeholders develop and adopt strategies, measures and
standards to promote and facilitate segregation of waste at source or
point of generation
d) In accordance with the building code and development control laws and
policies, owners or occupiers or residential, commercial or industrial
premises shall install appropriate containers and spaces for waste
handling and storage within the premises for purposes of ease of
collection and which meet public and environment health standards for
purposes of ease of collection
e) Waste generated from any premises or source shall be separated and
stored within the premises before being collected and transported for
recovery and final disposal.
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f) The department responsible for waste management shall ensure adoption
of appropriate measures and processes for waste segregation at the point
of generation
g) Disposal of waste in open grounds or in non designated collection points
by a waste generator shall be prohibited
2.6.4. Waste collection
Context
Waste collection is the collection of waste from the point of generation or
production (residential, industrial, commercial or institutional) to the point of
treatment, recovery or disposal. Waste collection methods are determined by the
location of waste generation (i.e. public places, residential, commercial, industrial
or commercial). Uncollected waste leads to public and environmental health
hazards such as diseases and health conditions, public nuisance, and blockage
of drainage system, seepage of waste into water and soil among others.
The waste collection process is required to be efficient and carried out through
appropriate means. Waste collection services in the county especially for urban
areas are provided by the private sector. However, waste collection services for
public areas are carried out through municipal services provided by the county
government. Waste in the county is characterized with disposal of waste in open
areas before collection (open dumping) and inefficient and inadequate waste
collection services in both public and private places. Some localities in urban
areas where there lacks organized waste collection services experience
environmental and health challenges associated with open disposal of waste.
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Other challenges include inadequate waste collection points and containers or
bins as appropriate and low funding of waste collection services.
Policy measures
In order to address challenges associated with waste collection, the following
policy measures shall be adopted–
a) The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration
with other relevant public and private actors establish an efficient,
responsive and coordinated countywide waste collection services system
which shall among others include stakeholder consultation, mobilization
and participation, compliance with public and environment health
standards and collection of waste from public and private places and
maintenance of clean public streets and places
b) The department responsible for waste management shall in consultation
with National Environment Management Authority and other relevant
stakeholders designate, gazette and develop waste collection points in
each ward according to the waste management spatial map
c) The department responsible for waste management shall in consultation
with respective local residents representing residential, commercial,
institutional and industrial areas, place or install appropriate waste
collection containers, receptacles and bins in strategic public places for
purpose of collection of waste
d) All institutions such as schools or health facilities shall place or install
appropriate waste collection containers, receptacles and bins in strategic
places within the facilities for purpose of collection of waste which shall
conform to the prescribed standards
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e) waste collection services provided by public or privateactors shall comply
with the prescribed standards and operating procedures
f) waste collection services from households, commercial, institutional or
industrial premises shall be carried out by private sector service providers
in accordance with prescribed standards and guidelines, unless in areas
where there are no established private sector service providers for waste
collection
g) The department responsible for waste management shall establish a
system for collecting waste in informal settlements which do not have
access to private sector provision of waste collection services
h) A waste generator shall deposit any waste generated to the appropriate
waste collection point located within the geographical locality of the waste
generator and in the appropriate waste segregation or separation
collection receptacles
i) There shall be established a system of registration of waste collectors
including waste pickers for the purposes on coordinating waste collection,
facilitating stakeholder capacity development and ensuring compliance
with prescribed guidelines and standards
j) The department responsible for waste management shall in consultation
and collaboration with National Environment Management Authority and
other relevant stakeholder designate, gazette and develop waste transfer
stations according to the waste management spatial map and prescribed
standards. The department may establish or facilitate establishment of
specialized transfer stations for specific types of waste
k) The department responsible for waste management shall promote and
facilitate establishment of intermediary community based waste sorting
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centres which shall be integrated with the county waste management
system
l) The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration
with the department responsible for public health maintain waste collection
points in conformity with prescribedpublic and environment health
standards
m) The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration
with the department (s) responsible for women, youth, persons with
disabilities or other vulnerable groups and county treasury develop
initiatives for the groups to participate in co-management of waste
collection points and waste collection services for purposes of promoting
economic empowerment of the groups
n) The county government shall initiate and develop public private
partnership programmes for sustainable waste collection services
o) In accordance with Access to Government Procurement Opportunities
Policy, the county government shall provide preferential treatment to
youth, women and persons with disabilities in accessing thirty percent of
county government contracts for waste collection services
p) In procuring services for provision of waste collection services, the county
government shall consider a supplier’s integration of service delivery with
youth, women and persons with disabilities empowerment
2.6.5. waste transfer and transportation
Context
Waste transfer and transportation is directly related to waste collection. Waste is
generally collected for the purposes of transfer or transportation to the next point
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of waste management system. waste in the county is normally transported from
collection points directly to the final disposal sites or landfills. This has meant that
there has been limited intermediate waste processing such as recovery, recycling
and composting. The common mode of waste transportation is through trucks or
hard carts for transfer of waste from households or premises to waste collection
points. Most of the trucks are open which leads to waste dropping off during
transportation.
Policy measures
In order to address challenges associated with waste transfer, the following
policy measures shall be adopted–
a) Save for biomedical and hazardous waste, all waste shall be transferred
or transported to waste transfer stations or to material recovery facilities
for sorting and separation or processing after which waste shall be
transported to the appropriate landfill for final disposal as appropriate.
However, Construction and demolition waste may be transported to
specific areas approved by the county department responsible for waste
management in accordance with the standards
b) All waste transporters shall be registered and licensed by the county
government as prescribed
c) waste transportation services including plant and equipment shall
conform to the prescribed standards
d) The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration
with other public and private stakeholders establish market linkages
between waste transporters and women, youth, persons with disabilities or
other vulnerable groups involved in co-management of waste collection
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and for purposes of economic empowerment of the groups and effective
service delivery
e) In accordance with Access to Government Procurement Policy, the county
government shall provide preferential treatment to youth, women and
persons with disabilities in accessing thirty percent of county government
contracts for transfer and transportation of waste
f) In granting contracts for provision of waste transfer and transportation
services, the county government shall consider a supplier’s integration of
service delivery with youth, women and persons with disabilities
empowerment
g) waste transfer and transportation services from households, commercial,
institutional or industrial premises shall be carried out by private sector
service providers in accordance with prescribed standards and guidelines
h) The department responsible for waste management shall establish a
system for transfer and transportation waste in informal settlements which
do not have access to private sector provision of waste collection services
i) The department responsible for waste in collaboration with the
departments responsible for physical planning and transport and National
Environment Management Authority and in consultation with waste
transportation service providers, designate specific routes and time
schedule to be followed in transfer and transportation of waste
2.6.6. waste separation, processing and transformation
Context
Sustainable management of waste leads to processing and transformation of
waste into economic value. As a result very minimal waste is actually disposed in
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the final landfill. Waste separation entails separating waste according to potential
use such as recycling or recovery. Waste is separated into for example organics
and recyclables (which are further separated into for example e-waste, plastics,
metals, papers and junks such as wood among others). Waste processing and
transformation entails material recovery processes such as composting,
combustion and recycling of materials to make useful products.
The county lacks a structured system of separation, processing and
transformation of waste into useful materials that may be utilized for other
purposes. Most of the waste generated, which comes from urban areas, is
disposed through open dumping in dumpsites. The county lacks a coordinated
system for separation of waste and recycling. However, there are few to
initiatives for collection of recyclable materials especially metal and plastics.
Policy measures
In order to address the problem of poor waste separation, processing and
transformation, the following policy measures shall be adopted–
a) The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration
with other relevant stakeholders mobilize local communities and
neighbourhoodstopromote and facilitate collection and separation of
recyclable waste
b) The county government shall set aside such land as may be appropriate,
in a single or multiple lots for purposes of materials recovery and
processing
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c) The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration
with national government and other relevant stakeholders establish a
system for facilitating and promoting waste separation, processing and
transformation (material recovery andrecyclingwhich shall among others
include facilitation of enterprises involved in waste processing and
transformation to access waste placed in transfer stations, technology
acquisition, technical assistance and capacity development.
d) Final waste separation shall be undertaken at the transfer stations. Other
waste processing and transformation processes may take place at a
transfer station
e) The county government shall adopt appropriate economic incentives to
promote private sector participation in waste separation, processing and
transformation such as reduced fees, charges and levies for enterprises
involved in waste processing and transformation
f) The county government shall in collaboration and coordination with
national government and relevant stakeholders promote investment in
waste processing and transformation and establishment of wholesale and
retail outlets for sale of recycled products or recovered materials
g) The county government shall in accordance with the Public Procurement
and Disposal Act undertake purchase of appropriate products produced
from processed and transformed waste in order to promote market
development in waste management
h) The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration
with national government entities and relevant stakeholders develop and
adopt guidelines, standards and operating procedures for separation,
processing and transformation applicable to each waste stream in
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accordance with the established standards and best practices. All waste
generators shall comply with the established guidelines
i) Where there is no capacity to recycle any waste stream or type of waste,
the county government shall promote and facilitate market linkages
between local and external investors for purposes of supply chain
management
j) The department responsible for waste management shall, in collaboration
with relevant stakeholders establish technology and innovation hubs for
development of waste management technology
2.6.7. waste disposal
Context
waste disposal is the final stage in the process of discarding waste. Any
material that cannot be recycled or recovered is disposed mainly in the landfills
or through incineration especially for biomedical waste. A sustainable waste
management system is where few materials of waste are finally disposed.
However, most of the waste generated in the county is disposed through
dumping in the landfills which or open grounds in public places. This, as noted
earlier poses a threat to public and environmental health. The landfills in the
county are poorly sited especially in relation to residential areas and do not meet
the appropriate standards. The county has no sanitary landfill hence the waste
disposed in the open grounds has direct negative impact on the environment and
water resources. The ultimate goal is to have zero waste to landfills.
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Policy measures
In order to address challenges associated to waste disposal, the following policy
measures shall be adopted–
a) The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration
with the department responsible for physical planning, National
Environment Management Authority, residents in the potential areas for
siting landfills and other relevant stakeholders designate, gazette and
develop controlled sanitary landfills in accordance with the waste spatial
plan and the county spatial plan
b) All the open public places where waste is dumped shall be cleared and
placed under the respective intended public use
c) The department responsible for waste management shall ensure and
facilitate waste treatment before final disposal
d) The department responsible for waste management shall develop a
system and standard operating procedures for management of sanitary
landfills
e) For purposes of disposing biomedical waste, the department responsible
for health in collaboration with the department responsible for waste
management and relevant county and national government agencies shall
adopt appropriate modern technology and processes for disposal of
biomedical waste and shall ensure that private health facilities dispose
biomedical waste in accordance with national standards
f) The county government may provide services to private health facilities for
purposes of managing and disposing biomedical waste
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g) The county government shall implement and where applicable, enforce
national law and policy that prohibits disposal of waste into rivers and
water resources
h) Where the national government has established a landfill, the county
government shall utilize the landfill for purposes of disposing the waste
designated for disposal in the landfill.
i) The county government may collaborate with other counties in
establishing sanitary landfills
2.6.8. Waste management financing
Context
Provision of sustainable waste management services requires substantial
funding. It requires coordinated financial investment from public, private and
voluntary sectors. Some of the waste management processes such as
processing, transformation, treatment and disposal are capital intensive.
Consequently, for the county to achieve intended objectives for waste
management, there is need for adoption of diverse funding models and
instruments. In addition, cost sharing through user fees and charges are effective
mechanisms for sustainable waste management. Currently, there is low funding
for waste management in the county. There is low private sector investment in
waste management. In addition, public funding in the sector is below the levels
required for financing the municipal waste management services.
Policy measures
In order to address the policy challenges in financing waste management, the
following policy measures shall be adopted–
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a) There shall be levied appropriate user fees and charges for waste
management. The fees and charges shall be levied in accordance with the
tariff policy stipulated under the County Governments Act.
b) The county government shall provide incentives for promoting waste
recycling and waste material recovery which may include reduced fees,
levies and charges for enterprises engaged in the two processes
c) The county government shall in consultation with national government
adopt public-private partnership model of financing various processes in
waste management. Such partnership shall be based on efficiency, cost
effectiveness and sustainability of the model in provision of waste
management services
d) The county government shall facilitate its officers to acquire technical skills
and develop competencies for public private partnerships management
especially in initiation, development, negotiation, award and management
of public private partnerships in waste management
e) Subject to Public Finance Management Act, at least fifty percent of the
user fees and charges collected from waste management services shall
be utilized for the purpose of defraying operational costs associated with
provision of waste management services
f) The county government shall subsidize waste management services to
low income areas and informal settlements in accordance with the County
Governments Act
g) The county government shall progressively increase budgetary allocations
for implementation of this policy and laws related to waste management
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h) The county government shall mobilize resources in the form of grants and
donations from development partners for financing waste management
processes
2.6.9. Waste management and informal sector
Context
Informal sector is a key player in waste management. Most informal actors in
waste management include waste pickers, community based organizations, self
help groups, small and micro enterprises and individual actors such as waste
pickers and sorters among others. They play a significant role in the whole waste
management value chain. However, their work exposes them to numerous health
conditions and diseases especially respiratory ones. In addition, whereas they
generate some income from their activities, the incomes are very low. Due to
limited access to capital, most of their work is undertaken manually. The county
government recognizes the valuable role the informal sector plays in waste
management and the strategic need to facilitate their role so as to promote
employment creation.
Policy measures
In order to promote participation of informal sector in waste management, the
following policy measures shall be adopted in addition to measures described
above –
a) The county government shall facilitate the informal groups or individuals
involved in waste management value chain to access affordable capital
for waste management enterprise development
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b) The department responsible for waste management shall initiate capacity
development programs for informal sector engaged in waste
management as well as facilitate and support the sector to adopt health
requirements
c) The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration
with other relevant stakeholders facilitate and promote market linkage
between the informal sector and investors in waste management
d) The county government shall where appropriate develop service agency
agreements with the informal sector in the provision of waste
management services
2.6.10. Waste management and land use planning
Context
The quantities of various of waste streams generated depends on the population
density of waste generators in a given locality. Different zones produce different
types of waste and in various quantities. The location of waste collection points,
application of waste collection, transfer and transportation services are based on
spatial planning in a given locality. Further, the siting of waste disposal areas is
based on physical characteristics of the locality such as soil structure, terrain,
population density and impact of the locality to other physical resources such as
water resources. Consequently, land use planning has a significant role to play in
ensuring sustainable waste management. The county government has no waste
management spatial plan to, which guides various interventions in waste
management services.
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Policy measures
In order to ensure that there is sustainable waste management, it will be
essential to have appropriate and effective zoning for waste management. In this
regard–
1) The department responsible for spatial planning in collaboration
with the department responsible for waste management and other
relevant stakeholders, shall–
a) carry out waste management survey using Geographical
Information System (GIS), which shall consider –
(i) land use: topography, drainage and soil
(ii)infrastructure (transport, communications, health,
education, water and energy)
(iii) Economic base of the area (urban informal
economic base)
(iv) human settlements (density and land use)
(v) institutions such as schools and other
government institutions, industries and
commercial enterprises and non –state
organizations
b) develop the county waste management spatial plan which
shall include details for each sub-county and ward as the core
decentralized spatial units
c) designate the location of the collection points, transfer stations,
composting sites, waste recovery facility and landfills in
accordance with the waste management spatial plan
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d) regulate waste management in accordance with the waste
management spatial plan
2) The department responsible for waste management shall in
collaboration with departments responsible for spatial planning and
county administration map the county into waste management
zones for purposes of ensuring efficiency in service delivery and
coordination of stakeholder participation in waste management
3) The county government shall ensure that the county spatial plan
designates zoning and setting up of industries that are integrated in
terms of use of waste generated in some industries which is utilized
as raw materials in other industries
2.6.11. Planning, Partnerships, Participation and Inter-governmental
Relations
Context
waste management is complex due to multiplicity of social, economic and
environmental determinant factors and stakeholders. There is no single policy
measure or stakeholder that can manage waste effectively. There is need for
inclusivity of diverse stakeholders in waste management processes. Users and
providers of waste management services must partner and collaborate in order
to deal with all aspects of waste management. All the stakeholders should be
involved in identifying policy options and implementing programmes related to
waste management. The county government has a weak stakeholder
management process in regard to waste management. Users and non-state
providers of waste management services are usually excluded from active
participation in the management process.
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Policy measures
In order to ensure inclusion and participation of users and providers of waste
management services, the following policy measures shall be adopted–
a) The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration
with relevant stakeholders prepare a county waste management plan
which shall provide a framework for implementing this policy, national
policy and any law enacted for purposes of implementing this policy.
b) The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration
with relevant stakeholders –
(i) initiate programmes for mobilizing and creating awareness
among residents, local communities and neighbourhoods to
participate in sustainable waste management
(ii) establish mechanisms to receive and handle complaints
related to waste management service delivery from the
respective localities
(iii) facilitate community or area-based forums for users and
providers of waste management services to deliberate on
emerging issues in waste management to as to enhance
efficiency in service delivery
(iv) promote and facilitate stakeholder-led initiatives on waste
management
c) The department responsible for waste management shall consult, inform
and coordinate with relevant stakeholders on any matters related to
service delivery on waste management
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d) The county government shall liaise, consult, collaborate and coordinate
with the national government and neighbouring counties on matters
related to waste management
2.6.12. Information, Education and Communication
Context
Waste management depends on a combination of regulatory, service delivery
and information-based tools. Whereas regulatory tools are instrumentalcommand
and control instruments in behaviour in matters such as generation, handling and
disposal of waste, they cannot be fully effective unless they are complemented
by behaviour change by users and providers of waste management services.
Sustainable waste management depends on value- based approach by
individuals and entities. Strategic communication and messaging on waste
management is instrumental in shaping public opinion and support. The county
government lacks effective information, education and communication system
and processes. There is low awareness on sustainable waste management in
the county.
Policy measures
In order to increase awareness and change behavior on waste management, the
following policy measures shall be adopted–
a) The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration
with relevant stakeholders develop and implement information, education
and communication system and strategies targeting diverse users and
providers of waste management services and shall ensure that such
information is available to all stakeholders and county residents
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b) The department responsible for education and department responsible
for waste management shall in collaboration with national government
ministry responsible for education and relevant stakeholders develop
information, education and communication materials and initiate
dissemination, education and awareness creation programmes targeting
children and youth on waste management
c) The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration
with the department responsible for information technology develop
technology-based communication strategies on waste management
d) The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration
with the department responsible for information technology and relevant
stakeholders establish a waste information management system
2.6.13. Research and development
Context
Waste generation is dynamic and changes as society develops. The form of
waste streams changes as production processes change and new products and
packaging emerge. Consequently, there is need for continuous innovation in
intervention measures and strategies in waste management. In addition, there is
need for evidence-based decision making on waste management. There are
minimal research efforts undertaken by the county government in regard to waste
management.
Policy measures
In order to address the policy gaps in research and development, the following
policy measures shall be adopted–
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a) The department responsible for waste management shall facilitate a
capacity development programme for personnel in research and
development
b) The department responsible for waste management shall establish a
research unit to coordinate, promote and undertake research and
development related to environment management and governance
c) The department for waste management shall undertake and
collaborate with other relevant research institutions and institutes of
higher learning in carrying out research and development in waste
management
d) The department responsible for waste management shall in
collaboration with relevant stakeholders disseminate research
findings
e) The department responsible for waste management shall establish a
research data management system
f) The county executive committee shall ensure that evidence
generated through research informs decisions related to
management
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Chapter 3
Policy Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation
3.1. Introduction
This chapter outlines the mechanisms for implementing, monitoring and
evaluating the policy. For intended policy outcomes to be achieved, there is need
for effective policy implementation, monitoring and evaluation. This will require
strong institutional development, inclusion of stakeholders in governance, legal
and administrative reforms and integration with the county performance
management system.
3.2. Policy Implementation
3.2.1. Institutional framework
In order to ensure effective and efficient waste management, the following
institutions shall embrace multi-sectoral collaborations drawn from lead agencies,
private sector, county departments, institutions and other relevant stakeholders.
The multi-sectoral collaborations shall hold discussions when need arises.
3.2.2. Planning and Performance Management
Implementation of the policy shall be undertaken through development of
environment sectoral plan (or sectoral plan dealing with waste management). In
accordance with the County Governments Act, the environment sectoral plan
shall be part of the County Integrated Development Plan (CIDP 2018-2022). The
county Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) and the County Fiscal
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Strategy Paper shall adequately cover the strategies and programmes provided
under the environment sectoral plan. The sectoral plan shall be implemented
annually through the annual development plan
Implementation of this policy shall be integrated with the county performance
management system through the sectoral plan. The annual performance
contracting and targets for respective departments responsible for
implementation of this policy shall be aligned to activities and programmes in the
environment sectoral plan so as to ensure complementarity and inter-sectoral
approach in implementing this policy. Data related to policy implementation shall
be collected on a continuous basis in order to inform decision-making by the
county executive and other sector stakeholders.
3.2.3. Legal and Administrative Reforms
In addition to programmes and projects to be designed under the environment
sectoral plan (or sectoral plan dealing with waste management), appropriate
legal reforms related to waste management shall be undertaken. There shall be
prepared for enactment or adoption laws, guidelines, strategies, standards and
frameworks. Key among them shall be enactment of County Waste
Management Bill.
3.2.4. Collaboration with National Government
As stipulated under Article 6 and 189 of the Constitution, the county government
shall institute measures to cooperate, collaborate, consult and partner with the
national government in implementing this policy as well as implementing national
policies, laws and standards related to waste management . In this regard, the
department responsible for waste management shall initiate intergovernmental
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collaboration mechanisms with the national government ministry of environment
and other agencies responsible for matters related to environment.
3.2.5. Staff Capacity Development
The department responsible for waste management shall in collaboration with
the department responsible for human resource management and the County
Public Service Board resource the department as well as other county
departments responsible for implementing this policy, with highly qualified
professional staff in line with respective policy measures. In addition, the
department responsible for waste management and department responsible for
human resource management shall develop and facilitate continuous
professional and capacity development for all relevant officers in various
departments responsible for implementing this policy.
3.3. Policy Monitoring and Evaluation
3.3.1. Design of indicators
In order to ensure effective implementation of this policy, there shall be a
continuous monitoring of the results of programmes and activities undertaken to
implement this policy. The department responsible for waste management shall
in collaboration with national and county stakeholders design the core outcome
indicators to be adopted in measuring the results.
3.3.2. Monitoring and evaluation framework and system
This policy shall be evaluated in accordance with overall county monitoring and
evaluation framework, standards and system. The following requirements shall
apply in regard to policy monitoring and evaluation–
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a) The department responsible for waste
management shall designate staff to be responsible for coordinating
monitoring and evaluation of implementation of this policy.
b) In each period of 3 months, the department
responsible for waste management shall prepare a report on the
progress made in implementing the policy, which shall be submitted
to county executive committee for consideration and decision-
making.
c) There shall be annual policy review, which shall
involve all waste management stakeholders. The review shall
provide feedback on successes, progress and challenges related to
policy implementation and whether policy outcome have been met in
each year. The policy review report shall be submitted to county
executive committee member for consideration and decision-making
d) The policy shall be evaluated at the end of each
period of 5 years to assess the extent to which policy outcomes
have been realized including policy impact
e) The department responsible for waste management shall
disseminate policy evaluation reports to county waste management
stakeholders.
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Appendix
COUNTY GOVERNMENT OF NAKURU
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT, NATURAL RESOURCES, ENERGY AND
WATER
WASTE MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES
PART 1
The County Government of Nakuru shall involve Private Sector in Waste Management
within the areas of jurisdiction.
PART II
i. The following policy guidelines shall be administered by the County
Secretary/County Director of Environment or any other authorized officer.
ii. Disposal of waste shall be done only in approved designated disposal sites or as
may be directed by the Director of Environment.
iii. All waste producers, handlers, transporters, disposal agents and County
Government of Nakuru shall when and where necessary facilitate separation,
re-use and recycling of waste shall be directed by the Director of
Environment.
iv. All private operators in waste management shall be licensed in accordance with
the stipulated licensing/permit regulations.
v. All private operators shall appoint qualified managers as approved by the Director
of Environment.
vi. The County Government of Nakuru shall be the overall supervisory and
regulatory authority in storage, handling, transportation, separation and
disposal of all generated wastes within its jurisdiction.
vii. Every waste transfer, treatment or disposal site shall be subjected to an
environmental impact assessment in accordance with the Environmental
Management and Co-ordination Act, 1999 for Special Waste Collection
(SWC).
viii. All hazardous waste shall under-go necessary pre-treatment by the producer or
licensed Private Collector before transportation to designated disposal ground
or transfer site.
ix. Any radio-active waste generated handling, transportation, storage or disposal
shall be authorized and supervised by the Radiation Authority in the Ministry
of Health in liaison with County Government of Nakuru.
x. Clinical and pathological waste handling and transportation shall be done by
specialized companies authorized by County Government of Nakuru and
disposal shall be by incineration or by burying in designated and constructed
underground pits approved by the County Government of Nakuru.
xi. All e-waste should be handled as per laid down regulations.
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PART III
LICENCING POLICY AND REGULATIONS
All companies, individuals enterprises or otherwise shall pay permit fee to the
County Government of Nakuru in accordance with their classification and
category as approved by the County Director of Environment.
The contract shall be renewed every three years while permit is renewed yearly
subject to performance and meeting other requirements prerequisite.
The permit fee shall be subject to review from time to time.
Categorization of Waste Collectors
1) General Waste Collection (GWC)
To handle domestic, commercial, garden and non-hazardous agricultural waste
2) Specialized Waste Collectors (SWC)
To handle clinical
3) Toxic, hazardous-industrial.
Authorization& Licensing
In line with provisions of Section 33, 34, & 37 of the Environmental Management By-
Laws, written application shall be forwarded to the Director of Environment for
consideration and approval.
The application shall provide the following details;
Service provider – Name
- Copy of identification/registration
- Contacts – Telephone, Box number, Office location, email
In addition to one acquiring an authorization letter from County Director of Environment,
appropriate business permit from county Director of Environment
Storage
- Wake generator to provide adequate and approved waste receptacles.
- To store waste in approved designated areas accessible
- Bins and the waste storage room(s) should be spacious, well lit and with
an impervious wall and floor that is easy to sanitize.
- All measures should be employed not to continue, pollute or be source of
nuisance to neighborhoods and Environment.Sanitization
- All tools, equipment’s, PPE, stores and transport facilities should
be cleaned and sanitized as per usage in order to render them free
from dirt, germs and foul smell.
- Sanitary pads waste to dispose of other than through incineration,
should be first sanitized in an appropriate method/procedure as
prescribed by County Director of Environment.
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- Method/procedure, equipment’s and sanitization materials will be
spelt out by service provider and approved and supervised by
County Director of Environment or his representative.
- The process of sanitization should be designed and executed in a
manner that will not be source of danger to personnel,
neighborhood and Environments.
Disposal
- Sanitary pads waste will be disposed of through incineration in an
approved licensed facility (Incinerator) or in an approved method and
in a designated site.
- In applying for authorization to engage in the sanitary pads waste
handling, the applicant shall spelt out disposal method to be employed
for consideration and approval.
Records/Reports
- All necessary records and documents required in provision of this
service will be well/correctly recorded and kept and always available
for perusal by the County Director of Environment or his/her
representative and any other authorized Government
Officer/authorized person.
Customer records
Service provision agreement(s)
Service provision time table and delivery documents.
Quantity of bin per customer and waste collected and dates.
Sanitization and or disposal records.
Authorization/approval/permits documents/monthly reports to be submitted
before 5thof subsequent month, the service provider will submit report of previous
month to County Director of Environment.
The report should show the following;
1. Customers/Institutions served.
2. Quantity of waste collected, sanitized and or disposed.
3. Sanitization procedure used – including quantity and date.
4. Final disposal – records/proof.
5. Final disposal – records/proof.
GENERAL
1. In addition to above guidelines the service provider must abide by all other laws,
regulations and an appropriate practice incidental to sound waste handling,
collection, transportation, storage and disposal.
2. The whole process of provision and servicing of sanitary bins will be maintained
in hygienic and sound Environment practice.
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3. The County Government of Nakuru remains the sole supervisor and regulator of
waste handling and treatment/disposal as per the relevant Acts, Rules and
Regulations incidental to the service.
4. The breach of any of these guidelines, policy guidelines in Private Sector
involvement in waste Management, relevant laws, by-laws and or instructions
from the County Director of Environment will lead to revocation of authorization,
permit and or may lead to legal action.
5. That these regulations are subject to review from time to time in view of
improving the service, adhering to laid down regulations/laws.
6. The County Government of Nakuru or any of its officers are exonerated from any
liability that may arise in course of operation – service provision.
7. The County Government of Nakuru will ensure compliance to thee guidelines in
order to ensure the service is carried out in a way that may not compromise health
and or Environment sustainability.
8. Before authorization the service provider (individual, organization, firm or
company) will sign a declaration form – stating having read and understood the
guidelines/rules and that the individual or organization will follow the rules.
DECLARATION TO ABIDE TO GUIDELINES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
SERVICES.
Particulars
Name………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………….
Organization………………………………………………………………………………
………
Registration
Certificate…………………………………………………………………………
ID card No……………………………………………………………………
Address P.O
Box…………………………………………..Town……………………………
Telephone/Mobile No……………………………….E-Mail
address…………………………
Physical
Address……………………………………………………………………………………
………
Directors: Name ID No. Contacts
..……………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………
Declaration
Nakuru County Waste Management Policy
Page| 61
I/We…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………
Declare that I/We have interest to engage in and or am/we are engaged in waste
management Service Provision. I/We have read and have understood the content of the
guidelines and pledge to abide to the guidelines, County supervision and direction in
incidental to the service provision.
Signed
1. …………………………………………………Name……………………………
……….Position…………………………………..
2. …………………………………………………Name……………………………
……….Position…………………………………..
3. …………………………………………………Name……………………………
……….Position…………………………………..
Permits required
Service provision permit
county wastes disposal fee and tipping charges per trip
refuse removal inspection fee per zone for firms/CBOs per month(GWC)
NOTE: All waste collectors shall register with umbrella organization (body of waste
collectors firms) and attend a bi – annual meeting chaired by County Director of
Environment.
PART IV
REGULATIONS
1) The private waste operator shall be legally registered with the registrar of
companies or any other relevant body. Evidence of registration will be availed by
the operator who will supply a verified copy to director of Environment.
2) Toxic and clinical wastes should be handled by specialized companies, which
shall have qualified staff. The operator shall apply special ways and means in
collecting, handling, transporting, pre- treating and disposing of the waste.
Vehicles transporting such wastes shall be clearly marked “HAZADOUS
WASTE”
3) All waste transportation vehicle shall be suitably covered to avoid spillage on the
street during collection and transportation
Nakuru County Waste Management Policy
Page| 62
4) The vehicles and equipment used by the operators for the purpose hereof shall
have identification number allocated by the county director of environment and
same be clearly and conspicuously mounted on the body of the vehicles
5) All vehicles, tools, equipment and other related machinery used by the operators
shall be inspected and approved by the director of environment before
commencement of operations and there after periodically during operations
6) The operator should keep register indicating waste collected and areas covered
including evidence of proper disposal of the same for inspection by the director of
environment. In addition the operator shall avail to Director of Environment a
comprehensive client inventory on monthly basis
7) Containers and waste handling facilities used shall have the company logo clearly
and bodily inscribed
8) The vehicles and equipment’s shall be maintained in clean state at all the times
9) i) All staff engaged in waste management services shall have appropriate
protective gears while on duty
ii) The staff should have good conduct and good customer relations quality
10) The operator shall dispose of waste at designated sites only or at points approved
the county director of environment
11) No waste shall be transported or disposed of on weekends and between 4.00 pm
and 8.00 am on week days and between 12.oo noon and 8.00 am during weekends
and public holidays without written approval from county director of environment
or environmental officers
12) The operator shall have an office at the zone of operation which shall be used
among others things to receive payments and complaints which may emanate
from the client served. The office shall be open from Monday to Saturdays
13) Every waste operator shall operate promptly (at most 48 hours) to complaints
raised by their clients and / or members of the public and council
14) The county director of environment shall have the right and access to inspect the
various contracts between operator and their clients
15) All operations in waste management shall be carried out under the guidance of the
county director of environment
Nakuru County Waste Management Policy
Page| 63
16) Each operator shall sign an agreement to adhere to all requirements, specification
and standards as may be directed by the county director of environment from time
to time
17) Each operator shall obtain a permit (s) as required by law and all regulations
18) If the private operator is found to be in breach of any of these regulation(s), the
county director of environment shall cancel or suspend the operators permit or
take any other action he may deem appropriate
PART V
PERSONNEL
All personnel engage in waste collection shall be provided with adequate and appropriate
personal protective gears that shall be well maintained and labeled. The protective gear
shall be worn at all times during waste collection and transportation
1. The private waste collectors in liaison with the council shall ensure that all the
personnel engaged in waste collection shall be well informed of all waste
management issues and hazards associated with waste handling
2. PRIVATE waste operators shall engage waste collection managers/ supervisors
who shall possess the following qualification or disciplines :-
Environmental related courses or Environmental Health Sciences
waste management course or reasonable span of experience on waste
management level of supervisor from a reputable organization and should be
literate
3. All laws, rules and regulations pertaining to labour must be followed and adhered
to before engagement of human labour and throughout course of operation
PART VI
VEHICLES, TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
In addition to manufactures΄ standard specification, the following shall apply:-
1) The vehicle / equipment shall be complete with all fittings and fully operational in
every aspect with the requirements of the Traffic Act and any other law in order
to run on public highways
Nakuru County Waste Management Policy
Page| 64
2) Vehicles used for the transportation should have a tipping / ejection mechanism or
any other mechanism acceptable to the county director of environment
3) Capacity recommended for refuse collection vehicles should be 3 ton, 7 ton and 8-
10 ton
PART VII
COLLECTION MODE AND FREQUENCY
1) Garbage collection shall be at kerb or road reserve well poisoned by garbage
producer for ease of collection
2) Garbage should be in suitable receptacles supplied by the private waste handler at
a fee borne by waste generator
3) Where the waste to be collected cannot be placed in waste receptacles provided,
the producer shall ensure the waste is well wrapped in any other suitable material
such as carton which facilitate easy of collection
4) Collection and disposal of waste emanating from rearing of dairy animals, fowls
and any other domestic animal shall be by private arrangement made by the
producer and shall not be linked to domestic waste collection arrangement
5) Collection of waste from households shall be at least once; while from trade
premises shall be at least twice a week
6) Waste collection time table shall be drawn and approved by the county director of
environment before commencement of the services and the same shall be made
available to the clients served and the director of environment
7) In the event that the time table (of collection) cannot be adhered to for unforeseen
circumstances the operator shall undertake to inform and discuss the same with
both the county director of environment and the client served
8) The private waste operator will be responsible for collection of dead pets without
extra charge to the owners ( cats, dogs and parrots) and reporting of other dead
animals for management by relevant authorities and departments
9) Waste collection involve litter management along, road reserves and other public
places and removal of illegal dumplings’ which fall under zone of operation of the
particular waste collector
Nakuru County Waste Management Policy
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10) Any cleanup exercise facilitated by well-wishers shall be organized by the county
director of environment with liaison with firm collecting garbage in affected zone
PART VIII
COMPLAINS RESPONSE
1) The private waste handler / collector shall operate an office within the area of
operation which shall be used among other things to receive complaints from
clients served and a register of the same maintained
2) The private waste collector shall respond promptly to the complaints raised and
ensure recurrent of the same does not happen
3) Where the private waste collector fail to respond to complaint (s) raised, the
matter shall be reported to the county director of environment who will take the
necessary action
4) Complaint over waste management issue by private waste collectors against a
member of the public shall be in written note and where the response is not
forthcoming; the private waste handler shall report the matter to the county
director of environment who will take appropriate measures
PART IX
FINANCE
1) Any private garbage collector before signing an agreement with county shall be
required to proof financial ability to engage in refuse collection, transportation
and or disposal services
2) The private garbage collector shall obtain a license / permit at a cost and
conditions stipulated by the county from time to time
3) The private garbage collector shall levy and collect charges to all clients within
area of jurisdiction as stipulated in the agreement with the county and any review
of the same shall be subject to approval by the county
PART V
GENERAL
1) The County Government of Nakuru is the sole supervisor and regulator in waste
handling ( collection, disposal, sorting and recycling)
Nakuru County Waste Management Policy
Page| 66
2) Private waste operator shall sign a contract of three years renewal of the same
shall depend on performance and competitive bidding
3) The County Government of Nakuru shall take all reasonable and lawful measures
including enacting the relevant By – laws aimed at ensuring that the private sector
involvement in waste management is successful
4) The policy regulations shall be subject to review from time to time
NOTE
The Draft is Subject to Review as Per the Guidance of County Director of
Environment, Natural Resources and Energy.
“TWO TRIANGLES” ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK
Public Health Inclusivity
Collection User and Provider
Sound Institutions :
and Pro-active Policies :
Environment
Disposal
Governa
3Rs Financial
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Sustainability
Cea TE eC ER TAT eT RE Integrated Sustainable Waste Management oe
Source: © Dawid Wilson, Costas Velis, Ljiljana Rodie. Concept adapted from: Scheinberg, A., Wilson, D.C. and Rodie, L (2010) Solid Waste Management in the World’s Cities.
Earthscan for UN-Habitat.
WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY
Most preferred
Disposal
v
Least preferred
Source: UNEP (2011). Towards a Green Economy:
Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication.
Phone numbers
- 201317
- 226
- 14394569
- 15
- 201519
- 2636104
- 25287100
- 38717
- 203018
Phone numbers
- 2 .............................................................................................................................. 26
- 1439.4 56.9
- 387) ............. 17
- 2013 ....................................................................... 17
- 2015 .................................. 19
- 263.6 10.4
- 2528.7 100
- 2030 .................................................................................................... 18
- 1 ................................................................................................................................ 5
Law clause
- Article 10
- art2
- Article 1
- Article 69
- Section 33
- Section 2
- Article 6
- Article 4
- ART 1
- Article 43
Law code
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