Republic of Ethiopia (2004) EPA Environmental impact assessment guideline on pesticides

Republic of Ethiopia (2004) EPA Environmental impact assessment guideline on pesticides


The Federal Environmental Protection Authority

Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline
On

Pesticides

NOT FOR CITATION

This guidelines is still under development and shall be binding
after consensus is reached between the Environmental Protection
Authority and the Environmental Units of Competent Sectoral
Agencies

May 2004
Addis Ababa

Ethiopia


Table of content
Page

LIST OF ACRONYMS.......................................................................................................................................III

GLOSSARY.........................................................................................................................................................IV

1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................................1

2 BACKGROUND.............................................................................................................................................3

2.1 PESTICIDE IMPORT, PRODUCTION AND USE IN ETHIOPIA.........................................................................3
2.1.1 Pesticide importation.......................................................................................................................3
2.1.2 Local pesticide formulation..............................................................................................................3
2.1.3 Pesticide use pattern........................................................................................................................3

2.2 MAJOR CAUSES OF PESTICIDES IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT..............................................................4
2.3 TYPES, CATEGORIES AND CLASSIFICATION OF PESTICIDES......................................................................6

2.3.1 Types of pesticides according to chemical formulation...................................................................7
2.3.2 Types according to use.....................................................................................................................8
2.3.3 Classification of pesticides according to hazard (Based on WHO Classification, 1996)................8
2.3.4 Category of pesticides......................................................................................................................9

3 POLICIES AND LEGAL FRAME WORK................................................................................................9

3.1 NATIONAL POLICIES.................................................................................................................................9
3.1.1 Environmental Policy of Ethiopia....................................................................................................9
3.1.2 The Draft Agricultural Policy........................................................................................................10

3.2 LEGAL ISSUES.........................................................................................................................................11
3.2.1 Applicable National Legal Instruments..........................................................................................11
3.2.2 Sect oral legal requirements..........................................................................................................13
3.2.3 Provisional standards for industrial pollution control in Ethiopia...............................................13

3.3 INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT................................................................................................................13

4 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF PESTICIDES USE..........................................................14

4.1 IMPACTS ON WATER................................................................................................................................15
4.2 IMPACTS ON THE AIR..............................................................................................................................15
4.3 IMPACTS OF PESTICIDES IN THE SOIL......................................................................................................15
4.4 IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH.................................................................................................................16
4.5 IMPACT ON WILD LIFE AND LIVESTOCK (NON-TARGET SPECIES)............................................................16
4.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT......................................................................................................................17

5 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS TO MINIMIZE THE IMPACTS OF PESTICIDES......................18

5.1 USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT TOOLS..................................................................................18
5.2 APPLICATION OF DIFFERENT CULTIVATION PRACTICES.........................................................................19
5.3 BUILDING IN RESISTANCE.......................................................................................................................19
5.4 USE OF NATURAL ENEMIES PREDATORS AND PATHOGENS..................................................................19
5.5 USE OF BIO PESTICIDES..........................................................................................................................20
5.6 APPLICATION OF BIRTH CONTROL.........................................................................................................20
5.7 USE OF INSECT SEX ATTRACTANTS, PHEROMONE..................................................................................20
5.8 USE OF CHEMICAL ALTERNATIVES TO PESTICIDE...................................................................................20
5.9 EDUCATION AND INFORMATION.............................................................................................................20
5.10 IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (EMS)..............................................20
5.11 OTHER IMPORTANT CONSIDERATION FOR SUSTAINABLE PESTICIDES MANAGEMENT.............................21

5.11.1Choosing site........................................................................................................................................21
5.11.2 Labeling procedure.............................................................................................................................21
5.11.3 General packaging requirement..........................................................................................................22
5.11.4 Storage requirements..........................................................................................................................22
5.11.5 Transportation requirements...............................................................................................................23
5.11.6 Pesticide application methods.............................................................................................................24
5.11.7 Health and Safety Measures................................................................................................................24
5.11.10 Disposal.............................................................................................................................................28

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6 ANNEX..........................................................................................................................................................30

6.1 ANNEX 1.LIST OF PRIOR INFORMED CONSENT (PIC) CHEMICALS SUBJECT TO THE PRIOR INFORMED
CONSENT PROCEDURE.........................................................................................................................................30

6.1.1 Annex 2. Lists of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and its suggested alternatives.............31
6.2 ANNEX 3. PROVISIONAL EFFLUENT STANDARDS FOR PESTICIDE FORMULATION AND PRODUCTION...34
6.3 CHECKLIST ON PESTICIDES PRODUCTION AND USE.................................................................................35

7 Reference........................................................................................................................................................37

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List of Acronyms

ADLI Agricultural Development Lead Industrialization

CO Carbon Monoxide

EC- Emulsihable Concentrate

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EPA- Environmental Protection Authority

ESPRP Ethiopian Sustainable Poverty Reduction Program

FAO Food Agricultural Organization

GDP- Great Domestic Production

IPM- Integrates Pest Management

ISO International Standards Organization

IVM- Integrated Vector Management

LD50 Lethal Dosage that kill 50% of the total animal

MOA- Ministry of Agriculture

PIC- Prior Informed Consent

POPs - Persistent Organic Pollutants

PPE Personal Protective Equipment

PRC- Pesticide Registration and Control

RSPM Respiratory Suspended Particular Matter

SPM Suspended Particular Matter

SO2 Sulfur Dioxide

ULV Ultra Low Volume

WHO- World Health Organization

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Glossary

Biologically amplification– (also called biological magnification)- the amplification

of pesticides concentrations in the fatty tissues of organisms in a progressively highly

increased amount in food chains.

Bioaccumulation –is the process of retention or building up of non-biodegradable or

slowly biodegradable chemicals, especially pesticides in the body of an organism.

Cleaner production- is application of an integrated pollution prevention

environmental strategy to processes, products and services to increase over all

efficiency and reduce the risk to humans and the environment.

Disposal-any operation to recycle, neutralizing, destruct, or isolate products

Environmental impact: The degree of change in an environment resulting from the

effect of an activity on the environment, whether desirable or undesirable. Impacts

may be the direct consequence of an organization’s activities or may be indirectly

caused by them.

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) for short is a formal study process used

to predict the environmental consequences of a proposed major development project


Environmental management – a management approach to reduce over all

environmental impacts

Hazardous waste -any discarded materials that contains one or more of 39

toxic ,carcinogenic ,mutagenic ,or teteratognic compounds at levels that exceed

established limit flammable reactive or unsuitable enough to explode or release toxic

fumes capable of corroding metal containers such as tanks ,drams, and barrels.

Hazardous Chemical-chemicals that can cause harm because it is flammable or

explosive, or that can irritate (such a strong acids or alkaline substances or cause

allergic reactions on the immune system

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Integrated pest management (IPM) combined a better pesticide application regime

with biological control and other ecological and biological crop protection techniques.

Integrated Vector Management (IVM): represents the use of alternatives

pesticides, targeted pesticide use, and non-pesticide vector control methods.

Obsolete Pesticide: are defined as stocked pesticides that can no longer be used

for their original purpose or any other purpose that are also hazardous and therefore

require disposal.

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs): chemical compounds that are highly toxic,

persist in the environment, bio-accumulate in fatty tissues of living organisms, travel

long distances and naturally migrate toward colder climates.

Pesticide: any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing,

destroying or controlling any pest, including vectors of human or animal disease,

unwanted species of plant or animals causing harm during or other wise interfering

with the production, processing, storage transport, or marketing of food, agricultural

commodities, wood and wood products or animal foodstuffs, or which may be

administered to animals for the control of insects, arachnids or other pests in or on

their bodies.(FAO,1990)

Pest: Any animal, plant or pathogen, which causes damage of annoyances to man,

his animals, crops or possessions.

Pest management: The reduction of pest problems through the calculated

economic use of control methods in correspondence with the characteristics of the

pest organism and environmental interests.

Toxic chemical-Chemical that is fatal to humans in low dose or fatal to over 50% of

test animals at stated concentration

Vector: A carrier, such as an insect, that transmits a pathogen from a diseased plant

or animal to a health one.

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1 INTRODUCTION

Chemical pesticides was discovered six decades ago and considered as the miracle to turn
modern farming around; it was assumed that, for developed world, great profits would be
made and for the less developed continents hunger would become a thing of that past, as a
mass production of food becomes a reality. Since their initial introduction six decades ago, a
vast range of chemicals pesticides have been developed, and distributed through out the
world.

How ever, the miracle had a limited life span, and would have far-reaching and devastating
consequences.

In developing countries lack of awareness and proper management, trained man power,
disposal facility etc has resulted in adverse impacts on human health and the environment.

Agriculture as the dominant sector of the Ethiopian economy, accounts for about 50% of
GDP and 85 % of export revenue, and providing livelihood for 85 % of the population. As it is
evident from the current development strategies and policies, such as Development-Led-
Industrialization (ADLI) policy, ESPRP, etc., one can envisage that agriculture will continue to
dominate the economy for a long time in the future.

It is thus, obvious that productivity of, agriculture sector, especially small holder agriculture
largely depends on substantial in puts of chemical pesticides. Besides, chemical pesticides
are being used in domestic, health and industrial uses.

However, in Ethiopia, Impacts of pesticides to a given locality /environment has not been
clearly identified, assessed and compiled. There is no system for risk monitoring and
communication. It is therefore essential to put in place mechanisms by which concerned and
affected community members could understand the impacts of pesticides and their
containments to their surrounding environment and health.

This is an imperative to introduce guidance for safe use and managements of pesticides.

Assessing impacts of pesticides on the environment and people involved in the production,
use and disposal of pesticides within Ethiopia will support to identify and predict possible
impacts and mitigation measures.

Therefore providing guidance to producers and users of pesticide become an urgent need to
the country.

Therefore the objectives of this guideline are to:

Indicate major impacts and possible mitigation measures of pesticides,
Guide people on safe production, use, handling and disposal of pesticides,
Support various pesticides based sectoral development packages of the country, such as
agriculture, Health, industries, etc.
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Ensure the safe management of pesticides in the country, especially the implementation of
IPM, IVM and CP strategies.

The main contents of this environmental impact assessment guideline on pesticide use are
the Introduction part which tries to give brief overview about the initial discovery of pesticides
and the likely out come of pesticide use in different economic sectors. A background section
discusses about the importation, local formulation and the possible impacts observed in
Ethiopia. Section 3 assess national policy and regulatory frame work developed within the
country as well as about the different environmental obligations which the country is
signatory to. Major environmental impacts of pesticide, general consideration to minimize the
impact of pesticides, as comprehensive guide to users are presented in section four. At last
essential information that ought to be relevant to the guideline is annexed in the guideline
document.

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2 Background

The introduction of pesticide in Ethiopia date back to 1960.pesticides is mostly introduced to

Ethiopia for agricultural purposes.

2.1 Pesticide Import, Production and use in Ethiopia

Ethiopia is one of the African countries that use different kinds of pesticides for agricultural,

industrial and health care purposes. In most cases pesticides are imported to Ethiopia.

However there is one factory that formulates pesticides within the country.

2.1.1 Pesticide importation

Pesticides are mainly imported for agricultural purposes while some amounts of pesticides

are imported for health care and industrial purposes. Both public and private enterprises are

engaged in pesticide importation business. Currently, about 20 organizations are actively

involved in importation and sale of pesticides.

Large quantities of pesticides are imported annually to Ethiopia. In this regard, over 3000

tons of various types of pesticides that are worth more than USD 20 million are imported

annually.

2.1.2 Local pesticide formulation

There is one local pesticide formulation plant in Adami Tulu.. The plant has a capacity to

formulate 1500 tons of dust and the same quantity liquid formulations every year. Major

pesticide formulated include, Malation, (Ethiolation 5% Dust and Ethiolathion50%EC),

Endosulfan (Ethiosulfan 25% ULV), Diazinon (Ethiozinone 60% EC), and Fenithrothion

(Ethiothrothion 50% EC)). The plant imports active ingredients and solvents from foreign

countries, mostly from Italy and Israel.

2.1.3 Pesticide use pattern

Commercial farmers are the major users of pesticides in Ethiopia. They are accounted for

use of about 80%of the pesticides imported into the country. The remaining 20% of the total

import is used for small scale farming, for household, health and industrial purposes. The use

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of pesticides in the individual smallholder farmers is very low, except for 2,4 –D herbicide that

is used to control herbs in the farmland.

2.2 Major causes of pesticides impact on the Environment

Ethiopian farmers found pesticides to be supportive input for there agricultural production,

however, its improper use in the past has shown that small scale peasant farming and some

large scale mechanized agriculture have caused an impact on air, water, soil and human

beings. Some of the underlining causes are outlined hereunder:

 Lack of awareness

 Inadequate training,

 Lack of appropriate and timely information about the proper use and

management of pesticides,

 Inappropriate use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE),

 Wrong notion that pesticides is the best solution to pest problems,

 Poor guidance about the safe use and handling,

 Lack of standard safety practice, etc.

 Improper use of pesticides

 Wrong mix of different types of pesticides,

 Use of pesticides for unintended purposes,

 Use of pesticides containers for domestic uses,

 Wrong trade and Sectoral motives, etc

 Weak enforcement

 Absence or late issuance of regulations and guidelines,

 In adequate implementation of the issued regulations,

 Weak monitoring or a follow-up activities,

 Lack of well defined incentive or punitive structure, etc.

 Lack of Integration, weak institutional setup, and poor networking and exchange of

information among key stakeholders.

 Obsolete pesticide accumulation- large quantities of obsolete pesticides can be

accumulated due to:

 Inaccurate prediction of the occurrence of pests,

 Poor pesticides management

 Un suitable products or packaging
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 Banning of products

 Donations or purchases in excess or requirements

 Commercial interest of the pesticide industry and hidden factors.

 Weak institutional framework.

At present, there are large amount of obsolete pesticides accumulated in different countries

these are:

 100,000 tons in developing countries

 15000 tons in Africa

 5,000-10,000 tons in Asia,

 3000 tons Ethiopia

 Disposal problems- there is no disposal facility in Africa due to the cost of disposal

per ton of obsolete pesticide is high. The cost for disposal for a tone of obsolete

pesticides is estimated between $3,500 and $5000.

 wing to Nature of pesticides

 Biologically amplification– (also called biological magnification) - the

amplification of pesticides concentrations in the fatty tissues of organisms in a

progressively highly increased amount in food chains. (see fig 1) .

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 Creating Resistant Pests, Super pests and New Pests

Spraying a field with a pesticide kills most of the pests. However, a few

individuals of the target species survive to reproduce because they were

missed, received fewer doses or because they have genes that protect them

from that poison. Each time the resistant survivors are sprayed, the next

generation contains a higher percentage of resistant organisms as a result of

natural selection. Thus these groups of pests will develop resistant to the

pesticides.

 Pesticide Residues

In most cases, residue of used pesticide create serious problem for the

environment. For instance the presence of appreciable level of Organo

chlorine insecticides residues, such as DDT, lindane and dieldrin in human

blood and milk, and cow milk will result in adverse effects on human health

when the accumulation reaches at the level of damage.

 Absence of ideal type of pesticides

Unfortunately no known pesticide meets all these criteria, and most don’t even

come closer to be effective, environmentally friendly and less costly due to lack

the ability to:

 Kill only the target pest,

 Harm no other species, non target species,

 Disappear or break down into something harmless after doing its job,

 suppress resistance development in target organisms, and

 Be cheaper than doing nothing

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Fig1. Biomagnifications

Fig. 1.FIG.1

6


2.3 Types, Categories and classification of pesticides
In this section the types and category and classification of pesticides are made according to

their chemical formulation, use, level of hazard and status.

2.3.1 Types of pesticides according to chemical formulation

 Chlorinated hydrocarbons

 this group are broad spectrum pesticides, include DDT, Aldrin, Dieldrin,

Toxaphene, Lindane, Chlordane, Methooxychlor, Kepone.

 their persistence in the environmental media range between 2 and15 years.

 Organophosphate

 include broad and narrow spectrum pesticides such as Malathion, Parathion,

Methyl parathion, Diazinon.

 their persistence in the environment is generally low to moderate (normally

1to12 weeks). Some can last several years. Organophosphate can easily

contaminate water supply because they are water-soluble.

 don’t have characteristics of bioaccumulation and amplification.

 highly toxic to human and other animals. Malathion is less toxic to mammals

than other Organophosphates.

 Carbamates

 are broad and narrow spectrum agents. Examples include: carbaryl, (sevin),

propoxur carbo furan,aldicarb, maned zineb and methomyl.

 are less persistence (days to weeks)

 don’t bioaccumulate and are not biologically amplified

 their toxicity for humans and other animals are from low to high unfortunately

they are highly toxic to honeybees.

 Botanical

 are group of broad and narrow spectrum agents produced naturally by plants or

by chemical modifications of such natural substances. Examples of natural

botanicals include rotenone, pyrethrum and camphor.

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 are low persistence (day to week) are effective at a low dose, do not

bioaccumulate, are not biologically amplified.

 have low to moderate toxicity to humans and animals .

 Most are expensive.

 Microbotanicals

 these are diverse array of microorganisms, including bacteria , fungi, and

protozoan,

 selectively kill insects, usually by producing certain toxins. Examples include

Bacillus, Popilliae (beetles),

 have low persistence (day to weeks) are effective at a low dose,

 do not bioaccumulate, are not biologically amplified, and

 have low toxicity to humans and other animals.

2.3.2 Types according to use

Pesticides according to their use can be classified into Insecticides,

 Insecticide -for control of insects

 Acaricides-for the control of mites and ticks

 Herbicides- for the control of weeds

 Avicidescides- for the control of birds

 Fungicides- for the control of fungus

 Nematocides- for the control of nematodes

 Molllucides- for the control of snails and slugs

 Rodenticides – for the control of rodents

2.3.3 Classification of pesticides according to hazard (Based on WHO
Classification, 1996)

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) pesticides have been classified into four

categories: That are extremely hazardous, highly hazardous. moderately hazardous, slightly

hazardous, depending on their acute oral and dermal LD50 .Values for solids in both oral and

dermal tests is always lower in all four categories of acquit toxicity levels. In the same way

solid pesticides have lower acquit toxicity than liquid pesticides.(See table. 1.

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Table 1. LD50 Based hazardous classification

Class LD 50 for the rat (mg/Kg body weight)

Oral Dermal

Solids Liquids Slids Liquids

1a Extremely hazardous 5 or less 20 or less 10 or less 40 or less

1b Highly hazardous 5-50 20-200 10-100 40-100

II Moderately hazardous 50-500 200-2000 100-1000 100-4000

III Slightly hazardous 500-2000 2000-3000 Over 1000 Over 4000

Source: Guide line to classification2000-2002

2.3.4 Category of pesticides
Pesticides are generally categorized into three groups. Those are:

 Unbanded- used or registered.

 Banded- a pesticide for which all registered uses have prohibited by final

government regulatory action for health or environmental reasons.

 Obsolete-that can no longer used for original purposes.

3 Policies and Legal Frame Work

Understanding the over all importance of issues associated with pesticides, the government

of Ethiopia has reacted in so many ways to address the problems.

Accordingly, the Federal Democratic Republic government of Ethiopia has developed policies

and legal frameworks related to safe production and use of pesticides.

Ethiopia has also accepted different international agreement related to pesticides. The

following is the highlights of major policies and legal frameworks, which required

considerations in safe management of pesticides.

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3.1 National Policies

3.1.1 Environmental Policy of Ethiopia
The country has approved an environmental policy in 1997. The overall policy goal is to

improve and enhance the health and quality of life of Ethiopians through sound management

of natural resources and with objective of sustainable development.

The policy calls among other things for prevention of pollution.

In the sectoral environmental policies that relates to Soil Husbandry and Sustainable

Agriculture the emphasis is on:

 the use of biological and cultural methods in an integrated manner to control pest and

diseases,

 to safe guard human and environmental health by adequately regulate the agricultural

chemicals.

3.1.2 The Draft Agricultural Policy

Objective

 to sustainablly enhance the production and productivity of agricultural sector for

improvement of the living conditions of the people,

 to conserve and rational utilization of natural resource for sustainable

agricultural development,

 Policy elements on crop protection focus on non –migratory and Migratory

pests. The policy statements include:


 urging the farmers to control non –migratory pests before they move

to the nearby farm areas,

 If these pest population increases and beyond the control of

farmers ,government should support these farmers,

 Importation and handing over of crop protection technologies should

be based on testing their effectiveness,

 spraying pesticides considered as effective control of Migratory

pests,

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 the need for the establishment of plant quarantine system to prevent

intrusion of exotic pests or move out of the country,

 Development of pesticide registration and control system, etc.

3.2 Legal issues

3.2.1 Applicable National Legal Instruments
The following is the highlight of some of the National Legal instruments that are related to

pesticides use and managements.

3.2.1.1 Proclamation of the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia (Proclamation No 1/1995)

In the constitution of Ethiopia has captured the most important aspects of sustainable

development. This has been sufficiently reflected in the provisions govern the right to

development (art. 43), where peoples right to:

 improved living standards and to sustainable development,

 consultation and participation regarding matters that may affect their wellbeing,

 sustainable development, and

 enhanced capacity for development and meet their basic needs provided for; as well

as Environmental right (art.44),where peoples right to:

 clean and healthy environment, and

 proper compensation are recognized.

It is to be noted that any undertaking related to pesticide should cognizant of these broad

right enshrined in the constitution.

3.2.1.2 Special decree for Pesticides Registration (Proc.20/1990)

This decree:

 Covers agricultural, household, public health, and industrial pesticides;
 Provides registration and control responsibilities to Ministry of Agriculture;

 seeks to promote safer pesticide handling and use in the country;

 Requires that all pesticides should be registered on the basis of demonstrated product

effectiveness and safety for humans, non-target organisms and the environment;

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 Prohibits importation of highly hazardous, severally restricted or banned pesticides

(including most organochlorines); and

 Obliges that all pesticides must display labels that meet specific MoA label

requirements.

 requires data on:

 Specification;

 Common name of the active ingredient, according to ISO standard;

 Chemical name;

 Empirical and molecular weight;

 Chemical and physical properties of the active ingredients;

 the formulation products; and

 Efficacy data to make the registration complete.

The decree also includes requirements for consideration for acceptance, testing

procedure and the content of report and information for recommendation to be filled by

the researcher.

3.2.1.3 Applicable Environmental Proclamations

 Environmental impact assessment proclamation (Proclamation No 299/2002)

This proclamation requires that major development programme, plans and projects of

the private and public sectors are subject to EIA before their approval. This

proclamation also provides a legal base to harmonize and integrate environmental

economic, cultural and social considerations into the planning and decision making

process and there by promotes sustainable development.

3.2.1.4 The Environmental Pollution Control proclamation (No 300/2002 )
This proclamation aims at eliminating or when not possible, to mitigate pollution as

undesirable consequence of social and economic development activities. It further

requires among other things for:

 control of pollution,

 management of hazardous waste, chemical and radioactive substances,

 Respect of environmental standards,

 Punitive and incentive measures etc. are included in the proclamation

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3.2.2 Sect oral legal requirements

 Labor proclamation (42/93)
The Labour proclamation obliges that an employer shall take the necessary measures to

adequately safeguard the health and safety of the workers.

 Public health proclamation (200/2000 )

This proclamation:

 Prohibits discharging of untreated liquid waste generated from septic

tanks, seepage pits and industries into water bodies, or water

convergences

 Prohibits the disposal of solid or liquid or any other waste in a

manner which contaminates the environment or affect the health of

the society, etc.

3.2.3 Provisional standards for industrial pollution control in Ethiopia

 The country has provisional effluent and emission standards which

specially contains pesticide formulation and production standards.

3.3 International Agreement
Ethiopia has ratified four international conventions that have importance in pesticides

managements. Consideration of these conventions is therefore essential. These conventions

include:

 Rotterdam convention, Prior Informed Consent (PIC)

 Ethiopia has ratified this convention in July 2002, by means of

proclamation No.278/2002.

 The objective of the convention is to promote shared responsibility

and cooperative efforts among parties in the international trade of

certain banned or severely restricted hazardous chemicals and

severely hazardous pesticides formulations in order to protect human

health and the environment from potential harms.(see annex)

 Basel convention -

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 Ethiopia ratified the Convention in April 2000 by means of

proclamation No 357/2002.Its amendment was ratified through

proclamation No. 356/2002.

 Objective of the convention include ensuring environmentally safe

transfer, disposal of hazardous wastes, and limiting “Toxic trade” in

hazardous wastes.

 Stockholm convention ( POPs,)

 Ethiopia ratified the convention in May 22, 2002 by means of

proclamation No.279/2002.

 The objective of this convention is to protect human health and the

environment from persistent organic pollutants (see annex---- for list

of these chemicals).

 Bamako Convention (1991)

 Ethiopia has ratified the convention by means of proclamation No

355/2002.

 The convention refers to" the Ban Of The Import Into Africa And The

Control Of Transboundary Movement And Management Of

Hazardous Wastes Within Africa"

 The general obligation in the convention include:

 Hazardous Waste Import Ban,

 Ban on Dumping of Hazardous Wastes at Sea and Internal

Waters ,

 Parties required further action consistent with the convention

in controlling Waste Generation

Note: A person who will be engaged in pesticide production and use should take note of provisions of these

conventions and national instruments developed to implement them.

4 Major Environmental Impact of Pesticides Use

Pesticides once entered to the environment will have negative impacts on air, water, soil,

human beings and animals.

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It is important to take note of the following impacts that possibly emanate from production,

use, handling, and disposal etc. of pesticides in order to come up with a proactive workable

Environmental management system.

4.1 Impacts on water
Pesticide residue in water can cause serious pollution; both of ground water as well as

surface water and may resulted in:

 the death of fish and also have other ecological impacts;

 change in the organoleptic properties of water (its odor, taste);

 negative effect on the process of oxygen formation by phytoplankton, on the vital

activities of the inhabitants of the water ecosystems;

 impacts that transmitted along the food chains, and accumulate in food products;

 direct toxic action (acute or chronic toxicity) and indirectly (dimensioning of the

content of oxygen dissolved in the water, a change in the chemical composition of

water, extermination of water insects, etc);

 disturbing aquatic ecology; and

 Adverse effects on wetlands aquatic flora, etc.

4.2 Impacts on the air

The following table shows some pesticides related air pollutants and their effects on health.

Name of pollutant Health impacts

RSPM Respiratory illness, including chronic bronchitis and asthma; heart diseases.

SO2
Heart diseases; respiratory problems including pulmonary emphysema, cancer, eye

burning, headache, etc.

NO2 Lung irritation, viral infection, airway resistance, chest tightness, etc.

SPM Pneumoconiosis, restrictive lung diseases, asthma, cancer, etc.

Benzene It causes immunotoxicity, carcinogenicity, asthma, anemia, unconsciousness etc.

Ozone Impaired lung function, chest pains, coughing, irritation of eyes, nose etc.

CO CO poisoning cause cherry lips, unconsciousness, death by asphyxiation etc.

Lead It causes decreased hemoglobin synthesis, anemia, damage the nervous and renal

EIA GUIDELINE ON PESTICIDE, FEPA, 2004 15


(kidney) systems etc.

4.3 Impacts of pesticides in the soil
Pesticides are introduced into the soil for destroying soil dwelling pests, nematodes, and the

pathogens of bacterial and fungal disease. Herbicides are widely introduced into the soil.

Pesticides also get into the soil after treatment of the green organs of plants. They are

washed off by atmosphere precipitation and carried off by the wind.

Pesticides may get into soil in the form of their residues contained in leaves, roots, etc.

 Depending on the conditions poisonous chemicals may remain in the soil unchanged

and retain their toxicity for a more or less prolonged time.

 Persistent use of DDT and its related chemicals can thoroughly undermine the

productivity of the soil over time by destroying the microorganisms and nutrients that

nourish crops. This decreases agricultural productivity of land and makes it vulnerable

to desertification.

4.4 Impacts on human health
Use of pesticides creates substantial health impacts in all parts of the World. Pesticides

effects can be decided broadly into two categories:

 Acute effects, which appear immediately or very soon after exposure and

 Chronic effects, which may manifest themselves many years later and whose origins

are often difficult to trace.

Each year in the world, an estimated 500,000 humans are poisoned by pesticide with 10,000

fatal (WHO 1996). Pesticide health related impacts may include:

 Headache, irritability, dizziness, loss of appetite, nausea, muscle twitching,

convulsion, loss of consciousness, and possible death.

 Carcinogenic effects,

 Neurobehavioral effect,

 Reproductive deficits,

 Diabetes and others.

EIA GUIDELINE ON PESTICIDE, FEPA, 2004 16


4.5 Impact on wild life and livestock (non-target species)
Pesticides are designed to kill pest organisms and may be also harm non-target species,

and resulted in:

 population decline through the use of pesticides over large areas;

 Reproductive effect such as egg shell thinning , deformity and birth defects;

 Metabolic changes;

 tumors and cancer;

 behavioral changes;

 abnormally functioning thyroid glands;

 Sub-lethal or lethal poisoning of mammals and other vertebrate;

 through extinction of the pest population -losses of food sources for many birds;

particularly migratory species;

 toxicity to bees which are pollinators, with adverse effects on the production of certain

crops;

 long-term negative effects on the reproductive processes of birds of prey and aquatic

species of certain insecticides eg DDT);

 high mobility and biological amplification of persistent pesticides.

4.6 Socio-Economic Impact
 Positive socio-economic impacts include:

 Increased income and/or security of yield for farmers;

 Increased employment opportunities; and

 Improved food supply.

 Negative socio-economic impacts include:

 Risk of human contamination to dealers, formulators, applicators and farmers;

Health risks and associated economic impacts from contamination of surface; and

ground potable water supplies contaminated by pesticides containing wastes;

 Acute health effects resulting from contamination of food and water stored in

pesticide containers, from the transportation of pesticide and food stuffs in the

same vehicle;

 Health risks from pesticide residues remaining on a crop after application,

 Loss of revenue from cash crops if these cannot be sold on world markets

 because of illegal residue levels;

EIA GUIDELINE ON PESTICIDE, FEPA, 2004 17


 Crop losses due to the emergence of new and/or more resistant pests (insects,

plant pathogenic fungi, bacteria), spread of disease vectors and emergence of a

‘pesticide treadmill’, whereby farmers obliged to pay more and more for a control

program that does less and less good.

Note Short term benefit long term side effect

5 General considerations to minimize the impacts of pesticides

To avert the impacts of pesticides there are a number of reactive and proactive ways. The

following outline only key measures to be considered.

5.1 Use of Environmental Management Tools

 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)- EIA can be used as a method of

predicting in advance the potential impacts of pesticides production use handling,

disposal and indicating an appropriate management measures.

 Integrated Pest Management (IPM)- uses combinations of approaches to control

pest. The approaches include cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical controls in

an integrated manner. In this approach each crop and its pest are evaluated as an

ecological system. The overall aim of IPM is not to eradication of pest population but

maintenance at just below economically damaging levels.

 Integrated Vector Management (IVM)-is tool for integrated disease prevention and

management. Integrated Disease Management (IDM) includes a mix of disease

control elements, such as vaccines, case detection and drug treatment, public

education campaigns, and integrated vector management. Integrated vector control

methods include the use of alternatives non-pesticide measures, similar to

environmental management, targeted pesticide use and alternative pesticide use.

 Cleaner production (CP)-is defined by UNEP as the continuous application of an

integrated preventive environmental strategy to processes and products to reduce risk

to humans and the environment.

 For production processes CP includes conserving raw materials and energy,

eliminating toxic processing materials and reducing the quantity and toxicity of all

emissions and wastes before they entered into the production process.

EIA GUIDELINE ON PESTICIDE, FEPA, 2004 18


 For products, the approach focuses on the reduction of environmental impacts

along the entire life cycle of a product that is from raw materials extraction to the

ultimate disposal of the product.

 The order of preference in decision making on design and operation of CP

strategies can follow the following steps: fallows:

 Prevention of generation of waste

 Recycling

 Treatment

 Safe disposal

Cleaner production does not always require new technologies and equipment. Some

examples of practical cleaner production techniques include Good house keeping and

operating procedure, material substitutions, etc.

5.2 Application of different Cultivation Practices
Some of the useful practices in crop cultivation are:

 Rotating crops- changing crops planted in a field each year so that one crop’s

pests don’t have time to multiply uncontrollably;

 Planting rows of hedges or trees in and around crop fields. These hinder insect

invasions and provide habitats for their natural enemies;

 Adjusting planting times- ensure that major insect pests either starve or get eaten

by their natural predators;

 Growing crops in areas where their major pests do not exist;

 Switching from monocultures to modernized versions of intercropping,

agroforestry, and polyculture. Plant diversity helps control pests;

 Removing diseased or infected plants and stalks and other crop residues that

harbor pests;

 Using photodegradable plastic to keep weeds from sprouting between crop rows;

 Using denser planting patterns. This crowds out weeds among some crops;

 Mowing weeds instead of using herbicides;

 Using vacuum machines that gently remove harmful bugs from plants;

EIA GUIDELINE ON PESTICIDE, FEPA, 2004 19


5.3 Building in Resistance
Plants and animals that are genetically resistant to certain pest insects, fungi, and diseases

can be developed. However, needs careful considerations.

5.4 Use of Natural Enemies Predators and pathogens
Disease-causing bacteria and viruses can be encouraged or imported to regulate pest

populations.

5.5 Use of Bio pesticides
Use of Botanicals such as extract from neem trees, Microbes for example, Bacillus

thuringensis (Bt) toxin.

5.6 Application of Birth Control
Males of some insect pest species can be sterilized by then released in hordes in an infested

area to mate unsuccessfully with fertile wild females.

5.7 Use of Insect Sex Attractants, pheromone
Insect sex attractants/pheromone can be used to lure pests into traps or to attract their

natural predators into crop fields (usually the more effective approach).

5.8 Use of Chemical alternatives to pesticide
Different alternatives are mentioned for all 8 POPs pesticides. See annex---

5.9 Education and information
Educating farmers, consumers, policy makers, and company’s owners is critical to help

reduce improper production, unnecessary pesticide use and resulting economic loss as well

as risks to human health, wildlife and ecosystems.

5.10 Implementation of Environmental Management System (EMS)
Environmental Management system Is an integrated approach to overall management

system designed based on findings of environmental issues involving, in our case

sustainable pesticide management. As an inbuilt system, EMS as appropriate may defines or

includes:

 the environmental policy of the organization;

 the necessary organizational structure and responsibilities;

 the required human resources and training needs;

EIA GUIDELINE ON PESTICIDE, FEPA, 2004 20


 monitoring activities, including defined methods,, parameters and time frame for action;

 reporting and communication strategies;

 education, awareness and information;

 policy on occupational health and safety;

 practices and procedures for good house keeping; etc.

5.11 Other important consideration for sustainable pesticides management
The following are important aspects of pesticides management that require special safety

considerations at various stages of the project life cycle. These include:

5.11.1Choosing site
 Site should be:

 far away from residential, and ecologically sensitive areas,

 located in an area not prone to flooding,

 inaccessible to any nearby surface water source or located in an area that has a

high water table, etc.

5.11.2 Labeling procedure

 Labels should specifically indicates:

 Trade or brand Name,

 Ingredient statement,

 Common or chemical name,

 Type of formulation,

 Net content of the package,

 Name and address of manufacturer, distributor,

 Registration or license number,

 Warning or signal words,

 Hazards to humans and domestic animals,

 Environmental hazards,

 Physical and chemical hazards,

 Statement of practical first aid treatment,

 Re-entry statement,

 Storage and disposal directions,

 Warranty statement,

EIA GUIDELINE ON PESTICIDE, FEPA, 2004 21


Note must be attached to or printed on the side of the container and must be included the phrase approved by

in both English and the official local languages

5.11.3 General packaging requirement
Pesticides product and their formulations shall be packed in suitable, clean and dry

containers which will not be affected by the product they contain in size given in Table 2 & 3.

Table 2. Packaging size for solid pesticides

Range of size Pack size

50 gm up to 1 kg 50 g ,100g,250g,500g,1kg

Above 1 kg up to 5 kg 2.5kg,5kg

Above 5 kg up to 25 kg 10 kg,25kg

Above 25 kg up to 200 kg 50 kg,100kg,200kg

Table 2 Pack sizes for liquid pesticides

Range of sizes Pack sizes

100 ml up to 1 l 100 ml,250ml,500ml,1l

Above 1 l up to 10 l 5 l, 10 l

Above 10 l up to 200 l 25 l, 100 l and 200 l

 The container for the product, shall be of sufficient strength and shall provide all the

necessary protection against compaction, atmospheric moisture, oxidation, loss by

evaporation and contamination to ensure that the product suffers no deterioration

under normal conditions of transit and storage, etc. (please follow specific pesticides

packaging requirements of working draft guidelines, WD 4496:2002).

5.11.4 Storage requirements

 All pesticide storage areas must be securely fenced to prevent unauthorized

access,

 All doors and gates should be efficiently locked or padlocked,

 In case of fire, the address of the person(s) holding the keys should be fixed to the

gate or door, etc.

 The building:

 Should be constructed of fire-resistant materials such as concrete block or metal,

EIA GUIDELINE ON PESTICIDE, FEPA, 2004 22


 Should be well ventilated preferably by natural wind flow to minimize temperature

increases and keep fumes from accumulating,

 Should be surrounded by a ditch to keep any liquid spills from draining away,

 Should be constructed to allow tight security. (Locking doors, barred windows),

 Should be well lit by sunlight or electric lights,

 Have a water supply for spill decontamination, etc.

 Managing pesticide stores:

 “First in first out” procedure should be followed to minimize the deterioration

of pesticides and pesticide containers,

 Different types of pesticides should be stored separately to prevent possible

cross- contamination. Herbicides should never be stored next to insecticides

and fungicides as cross-contamination is likely,

 Pesticide should be stored on pallets to avoid dampness, this is specially

true for dry formulations such as dusts, granules and wet table powders

which will damp and lose their efficacy if they get wet,

 No food, drink or animal feed should be stored in pesticide store,

 Protective clothing should not be stored in the same room with pesticide,

 All pesticides should be labeled, etc.

5.11.5 Transportation requirements
 Use well maintained vehicles to avoid accidents and delays,

 Use open vehicles covered with tarpaulins to decrease any possible build-

up of heat or vapors and to protect the pesticide from rain,

 Make sure that drivers are aware of the dangers associated with the

materials transporting,

 Vehicles transporting pesticides should never be left unattended,

 Containers should be well secured in the bed of the vehicles with ropes,

chocks, etc.

 Never transport leaking or badly deteriorated containers,

 Do not transport food, beverages or animal feed together with pesticides,

 Load and unload pesticides very carefully to minimize the chance of

dropping containers. Pesticides can be off-loaded by rolling containers onto

used types, etc.

EIA GUIDELINE ON PESTICIDE, FEPA, 2004 23


5.11.6 Pesticide application methods
To achieve the best result, it is essential that the right amount of pesticides should reach

the target. Too much chemicals can damage crops and cause excessive chemical

pollution on the environment. Too little is also will not eliminate the pest. Therefore

accurate matching of different chemicals and spraying techniques to crop and the

environment is very important.

There are a variety of techniques for the application of different pesticides depending up

on the type of pesticide , formulation and size.

Type of Sprayer

The name given to the equipment used for applying pesticide is sprayer (sprayer

system).A wide range of spraying equipment is available on the market to suit small,

medium and large targets. The most common sprayer equipment used by small- scale

farmers are:

 Manual hydraulic knapsack sprayer

 Ultra Low Volume(ULV)sprayer

 Motorized Knapsacks Mist Blowers

 Vehicle Mounted Sprayer

Aerial application

Pilot should hold the appropriate license /permit/authority to apply the particular pesticide and

be able to demonstrate his competence in the use of the pesticide chosen with respect to:

 Suitability for the particular operation

 Application rate

 Effects on the target area

 Hazards to man, and effects they may have on non-target vegetation and animals ,

and special precautions to be taken. ( for detail please refer Ethiopian Standard

Authority’s working draft WD 4499: 2002).

5.11.7 Health and Safety Measures
Before starting mixing, loading and applying pesticides, and after understanding the

label directions, make certain you have taken the following precautions:

 Have detergent or soap and an adequate supply of water available,

EIA GUIDELINE ON PESTICIDE, FEPA, 2004 24


 Know the early symptoms of poisoning for the pesticide you are using,

 Know the first aid procedures and make certain that materials and supplies

are available,

 Be certain that materials are available to handle spills,

 Make certain that all equipment is functioning properly,

 Do not work alone; be sure help is available if you get into trouble,

 Have all the recommended protective clothing and equipment.

 Double-check that the respirator fits properly and has the correct canister

cartridge,

 Never eat, drink, smoke, or go the bathroom while working with pesticides,

without first washing your hands,

5.11.7. 1 Mixing and Loading

To begin mixing and loading:

 Reread the label and follow the directions; pay special attention to the

warnings and precautions,

 Make sure only authorized mixers, loaders and/or supervisors are in the

mixing and loading area. No other people or animals should be there,

 Work only in a well-ventilated, well-lighted area,

 Pesticide containers should be in a secure position when opening, to

prevent any spillage. Be sure everyone is wearing the proper personal

protective device,

 Mix and pour concentrated pesticides down low, preferably below waist

level. Never pour pesticides at eye level. A spill or splash could be

disastrous. Always remove clothing and wash yourself and your clothing

thoroughly, immediately (within two minutes), if pesticides are spilled or

splashed on you,

 Stand with your back to the wind -- upwind -- so that any fumes or dusts are

blown away from you,

 Pour the pesticide into water, never water into the pesticide,

 If stirring is necessary, use a stir stick, never your hands,

 Mix and load on a concrete slab where spills can be contained. Avoid mixing

or loading near surface water or near the mouth of well,
EIA GUIDELINE ON PESTICIDE, FEPA, 2004 25


 Never pour pesticide directly into a spray tank. Always mix and dilute in a

small container,

 When pouring, keep your head well above the spray tank, to prevent

pesticides from splashing in your face. Protect your eyes with splash-proof

goggles,

 Never overflow a spray tank. The cleanup could be an all-day, all-night task

- costly and dangerous, etc.

During Mixing and Loading

Mixing and loading pesticides are among the most dangerous tasks involving work with these

products, because it is at this time that people are working with open containers of

concentrated pesticides. For this reason:

 Perform this activity after being well-informed of the dangers,

 Under the supervision of a properly certified, licensed applicator whenever

handling "Restricted-Use Pesticides."

 Mixing and loading should never be done without a full understanding of the

pesticide label and with the use of all recommended personal protective

equipment.

 The label should clearly identify the dangers involved and

 The precautions to follow may indicate the signs and symptoms of poisoning and

recommend first aid practices, should one be exposed to the product.

After the mixing-loading task has been completed :

 Securely close pesticide containers immediately after use. Return unused pesticide

to its proper storage,

 Clean up all spills, no matter how small the amount,

 Wash mixing and loading pails, measuring devices and stirring equipment or tools

in strong detergent water, rinse in clear water, air-dry and store,

 Wash your personal protective equipment in detergent, rinse and hang to air-dry,

 The wash and rinse water used in steps 3 and 4 can best be disposed of by

pouring it into the spray tank. Do not overfill the spray tank; leave room for the

rinse water,

EIA GUIDELINE ON PESTICIDE, FEPA, 2004 26


 Remove your clothing and launder separately with heavy-duty liquid detergent and

hot water. DO NOT USE BLEACH as it could cause a dangerous chemical

reaction. Line-dry the clothing where it is exposed to sunlight,

 Take a hot shower using detergent-type soap. Do not forget to wash your hair. Put

on clean clothing, etc.

5.11.7.2 During and after application

During application

 Wear recommended protective clothing, even if it is not or uncomfortable,

 if a nozzle gets clogged do not try to below it out with your mouth; use a fine wire or

stick,

 Never eat, drink or smoke,

 Avoid pesticide application:

- When the wind velocity is greater than 4m/second,

- During hottest part of the day,

- If rain is expected with in next 12 hours,

- If pesticide spills on workers, etc.

After application

 Make sure that you have used all the pesticides in your sprayer,

 Never leave empty containers at the application site. Store them until they can be

properly disposed off,

 Do not re-enter or allow others to re-enter the treated area before 24 hours after

the application,

 Remove your protective clothing and wash them separately from all other clothes,

 Wash your body with soap and water,

 Do not wash up in a river stream or lake, as this contaminates the water source,

 Evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment,

 Keep all necessary records of the treatment operation, etc.

5.11.8 Action in case of pesticide poisoning
 Pay attention to breathing, give artificial respiration if required.

 Remove patient from contaminated area.

EIA GUIDELINE ON PESTICIDE, FEPA, 2004 27


 Act calmly; keep patient comfortable and safety at rest.

 Remove contaminated clothing, wash exposed skin and eyes, thoroughly.

 Use large quantities of water to remove pesticide from the body. If no water is

available, dub or gently wipe the skin with clothes or paper which could then be

destroyed.

 Lay patient on his side.

 If material is highly toxic and has been swallowed , induce vomiting (only in conscious

patients)

 Seek medical advice

5.11.9 Instruction of cleaning up spills and leaked pesticides
 First read the instructions on the product of label or material safety data sheet.

 Unauthorized persons should be kept away from the contaminated area .

 The store should be ventilated immediately as much as possible.

 Work in team of at least two persons. All person involved in the clean –up were

appropriate protective clothing , Eyewash , soap and plenty of water should kept at

hand.

 In the event of leakage: contain the leaking drum. In an over drum , or pump its

contents into another drum. As a very temporary “first aid” measure, it is often possible

to stop leakage by rolling the drum into a position so that the leak is on top.

 Mop up the leaked product with observant material ( special soil control material ,

sawdust , earth or lime), sweep up and pack the material .Lay a ring (small dike ) of

absorbent material around the contaminated area . Wet the area with a detergent

solution.(e.g 10% sodium carbonate solution , or 5 percent caustic soda solution ).

Into the ring of absorbent material .Remove the material after all liquid has been

absorbed .Repeat if necessary. Clean equipment with detergent solution.

 Contaminated materials (e.g soil, soft floor material, absorbent materials) are regarded

as hazardous waste and should be carefully packed and properly labeled for disposal

or temporary storage until disposal can be carried out.

5.11.10 Disposal
Products that cannot be used for their intended purpose (s) or permitted alternatives, and

that cannot be reformulated to become useable again, should be considered for disposal.

EIA GUIDELINE ON PESTICIDE, FEPA, 2004 28


 Treatment / Disposal Methods

Disposal methods that may be acceptable, depending on the type of product and local

circumstances include:

 High temperature incineration,

 Chemical treatment,

 Specially engineered landfill (for immobilized materials, incinerator ash and

slag),

 Long term storage, etc.

Disposal methods unsuitable for bulk quantities of pesticides are:

 Open burning ,

 Burying or landfill disposal,

 Discharge to sewers,

 Solar evaporation,

 Land farming superficial application,

 Deep well injection, etc.

Promising new developments in waste disposal that can be used for pesticides waste

disposal:

 Plasma energy pyrolysis,

 Gas-phase chemical reaction,

 Molten salt oxidation process,

 Metallurgical –based treatment process (molten metal method),


EIA GUIDELINE ON PESTICIDE, FEPA, 2004 29


6 Annex

6.1 Annex 1.List of Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Chemicals subject to the
prior informed consent procedure

Chemical Relevant CAS number(s) Category
2,4,5-T 93-76-5 Pesticide
Aldrin 309-00-2 Pesticide
Captafol 2425-06-1 Pesticide
Chlordane 57-74-9 Pesticide
Chlordimeform 6164-98-3 Pesticide
DDT 50-29-3 Pesticide
Dieldrin 60-57-1 Pesticide
Dinoseb and dinoseb salts 88-85-7 Pesticide
1,2-dibromoethane (EDB) 106-93-4 Pesticide
Fluoroactetamide 640-19-7 Pesticide
HCH (mixed isomers) 608-73-1 Pesticide
Heptachlor 76-44-8 Pesticide
Hexachlorobenzene 118-74-1 Pesticide
Lindane 58-89-9 Pesticide
Mercury compounds, including inorganic mercury
compounds, alkyl mercury compounds and
alkyloxyalkyl and aryl mercury compounds

Pesticide

Pentachlorophenol 87-86-5 Pesticide
Monocrotophos (soluble liquid formulations of the
substance that exceed 600 g active ing redient/1)

6223-22-4 Severely hazardous pesticide
formulation

Methamidophos(soluble liquid formulations of the
substance that exceed 600 g active ingredient/1)

10265-92-6 Severely hazardous pesticide
formulation

Phosphamidon (soluble liquid formulations of the
substance that exceed 1000g active ingredient/1)

13171-21-6 (mixture,(E)&(Z)
isomers)

23783-98-4
((Z)-isomer)

297-99-4
((E)-isomer)

Severely hazardous pesticide
formulation

Mehyl-paraghion (emulsifiable concentrates (EC) with
19.5%, 40%, 50%,60% active ingredient and dusts
containing 1.5%, 2% and 3% active ingredient)

298-00-0 Severely hazardous pesticide
formulation

Parathion (all formulations-aerosols,dustable powder
(DP), emulsifiable concentrate (EC), granules (GR) and
wettable powders (WP) of this substance are included,
except capsule suspensions (CS))

56-38-2 Severely hazardous pesticide
formulation

Crocidolite 12001-28-4 Industrial
Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) 36355-01-8 (hexa-) Industrial
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) 1336-36-3 Industrial
Polychlorinated terphenyls (PCT) 61788-33-8 Industrial
Tris (2,3-dibromoprophyl) phosphate 126-72-7

EIA GUIDELINE ON PESTICIDE, FEPA, 2004 30


6.1.1 Annex 2. Lists of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and its suggested
alternatives

. Alternatives to aldrin
Crop Pest Alternatives

Maize Soil pests Chlorpyrifos

Sarbaryl (carbamate)

Tree nurseries Termites Carbosulfan (carbamate)

Carbofuran (carbamate)

Chlorpyriphos

Cypermethrin

Grain storage Microfungi Pirimiphos-methyl

Pyrethrum

sand

ashes

Sugarcane Termites Carbofuran (carbamate)

Rice Microfungi (several sp.) Carbaryl (carbamate)

Malathion

Pine Leafcutting ant Resmethrin

Wheat Termites Chlorpyrifos

Lindane

alternatives to dieldrin

Use Pest/disease Alternative

Crops Locusts Chlorpyriphos

Deltamethrin

Fenitrothion

Malathion

Grasslands Termites Bromophos

Endosulfan

Groundnuts Termites Carbofuran


EIA GUIDELINE ON PESTICIDE, FEPA, 2004 31


Alternatives to chlordane

Use Pest Alternative

Sugarcane and maize Termites carbofuran (carbamate)

chlorpyriphos (organophosphate)

Carbaryl (carbamate)

Eucalyptus Termites carbosulfan (carbamate)

carbofuran (carbamate)

phorate (organophosphate)

Building construction Termites bendiocarb (carbamate)

carbaryl (carbamate )

carbosulfan (carbamate)

chlorpyriphos (organophosphate)

Wheat Termites chlorpyriphos (organophosphate)

lindane (organochlorine)

Sugarcane White grubs carbofuran (carbamate)

diazinon (organophosphate)

fenithion (organophosphate)

Protection of buildings Ants Petroleum oils

lindane (organochlorine)

endosulfan (organochlorine)

(biological control using baculoviruses

Alternatives to DDT

Use Pest/disease Alternative

Crop pests Termites Pyrethroids

Organophosphates

Carbamates

Public health sanitation Mosquito-borne virsus; yellow fever and

Dengue control

see chapter 2

Malaria alphacypermethrin (synthetic pyrethroid)

Bendiocarb (carbamate)

Cyfluthrin (synthetic pyrethroid)

Lambda-cyhalothrin (synthetic pyrethroid)

deltamethrin (synthetic pyrethroid)

Lindane (organochlorine)

Etofenprox (synthetic pyrethroid)

Fenitrothion (organophosphate)

Malathion (organophosphate)

Permethrin (synthetic pyrethroid)

Pirimiphos-methyl (carbamate)

EIA GUIDELINE ON PESTICIDE, FEPA, 2004 32


Examples of alternatives to endrin

Use Pest/effect Alternative

Crops (maize, rice, cotton and sugarcane) Lepidopteran pest Chlorpyriphos

Carbaryl

Endosulfan

Mice and voles Anticoagulants in baits Co, CO2, traps

Examples of alternatives to hetachlor

Use Pest/disease Alternative

Buildings Termites bendiocarb (carbamate)

carbaryl (carbamate)

carbosulfan (carbamate)

chlorpyriphos (organophosphate)

Alternative solutions, see chapter 2

Crops, nurseries and forest plantations Termites carbofuran (carbamate)

chlorpyriphos (organophosphate)

carbaryl (carbamate)

phorate (organophosphate)

Alternative solutions, see chapter 2

Crops Cutworms Acephate

Carbofuran

Chlorpyriphos

Examples of alternatives to mirex

Use Pest/disease Alternative

Crops Termites Alternative solutions, see chapter 2

Sulfuramid

Carbaryl

Forest plantation, nurseries Leafcutter ants Alternative solutions, see chapter 2

Diazinon

deltamethrin

Diflubenzuron

Sulfuramid

Examples of alternatives to toxaphene

Use Pest/disease Alternative

Cotton Insects, boll weevil Demethoate

Chlorpyriphos

Alternative solutions, see chapter 2

Soybeans Cassia obtusifolia Trifluralin

Metribuzin

Alachlor

Vegetables Sogartodes orizicola Demethoate

Chlorpyriphos


EIA GUIDELINE ON PESTICIDE, FEPA, 2004 33


6.2 Annex 3. Provisional effluent standards for pesticide formulation and Production
PESTICIDE MANUFACTURE

Emission Limit Values for Discharges to water
Constituent Group or parameter Limit Value mg/1

Temperature

PH

BOD5at 200C

COD

Total Phosphorus (as P)

Total Nitrogen (as N)

Suspended Solids

Oils,Fats, and Greases

Chromium (as total Cr)

Chromium (as Cr Vl)

Phenols

Copper (as Cu)

Mercury (as Hg)

Active ingredient (each)

400C

6-9 pH units

>90% removal or 50 mg/1

>75% removal or 200 mg/l

>90% removal or 5 mg/1

>90% removal or 30 mg/1

20

15

1

0.1

1

1

0.01

0.05

Emission Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Substance Concentration (mg/Nm3

Total Particulates

Volatile Organic Carbon compounds

Hydrogen Chioride (as HC1)

Chlorine (or chloride)

50

10 where very toxic compounds are present

50

20

5

PESTICIDE FORMULATION

Emission Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Constituent Group or Parameter Limit Value mg/l

Temperature

PH

COD

Total Phosphorus (as p)

Total Nitrogen (as N)

Suspended Solids

Oils,Fats, and Greases

Adsorbable or halogen compounds (A)X)

Organochlorines

Nitroorganics

Pyrethroids

Phenoxy compounds

Active ingredient (each)

Arsenic (as As)

Chromium (as total Cr)

Chromium (as Cr Vl)

Phenols

Copper (as Cu)

Mercury (as Hg)

400C

6-9 pH units

>75% removal or 250 mg/l

>90% removal or 5 mg/l

>90% removal or 30 mg/l

30

15

2

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.05

0.2

1

0.1

1

2

0.01

EIA GUIDELINE ON PESTICIDE, FEPA, 2004 34


6.3 Checklist on pesticides production and use

The following checklist could guide people involved in pest management and control.

- Are chemical pesticides suggested for the project?

- Have all pest management options been considered?

- Are alternative pesticides available that are relatively safer to use?

- Are there plants with pesticides properties, which could be used? Are they

locally available?

- Are the pesticides to be used in the project recommended for use on these

particular crops by the manufacturers, by the government?

- Are similar pesticides being used locally for health purposes, such as malaria

control?

- Can a species-specific pesticide be used?

- Does the project design recognize the possibility that target species will

develop resistance to the pesticide and larger quantities may be required each

year to control the pest?

- It is possible to change pesticides to reduce the likelihood of target spices

developing resistance to an important pesticide? If so, can a schedule for

implementation be developed?

- Is the pesticide persistent in soil? Will it tend to accumulate in the soil?

- Might the pesticide the pesticide suggested for use kill beneficial soil

microorganisms?

- Is there a risk on non-target animals (such as pollinators, other beneficial

insects, birds etc) and plants what mitigation measures are considered?

- Are methods of handing, application, storage and disposal of pesticides

considered strictly to void risks on humans and the environment?

- Will the environmental conditions (climate, wind conditions, rainfall, and

humidity)

- Are the impacts of pesticides on flora and fauna and vulnerable ecosystems?

- Does the pesticide tend to bioaccumuluted (biologically increase) or

biomagnified (biologically grown) in organisms? If so, which organisms would it

affect in the immediate area, if any?

EIA GUIDELINE ON PESTICIDE, FEPA, 2004 35


- Is there a body of water nearby? If so, are people downstream highly

dependent upon aquatic resources such as fisheries, aquaculture, and drinking

water which might be contaminated by an accidental discharge of pesticides

because of the project? What effect would contamination of the water have on

health, finances, and other?

- Is it likely that erosion will carry pesticides into downstream water bodies? If so,

could such pesticides affect fisheries, aquaculture projects, and domestic water

use?

- Have adequate precaution been taken to protect workers from pesticide

poisoning during transport, storage, and application of pesticides? Are

instructions available in local languages with culturally sensitive symbols?

- Can pesticide applications be times to avoid rapid loss to wind and rain?

- Is it possible to develop plans that can be put into effect easily and simply in

case of an emergency, such as accidental pesticide pollution or physical

contact?

- What alternative project designs could be used at the site to minimize

environmental impacts from pesticide use?

- Will the environmental conditions (climate, wind conditions, rainfall, humidity)

increase the risk of spreading by air?

EIA GUIDELINE ON PESTICIDE, FEPA, 2004 36


7 Reference
A survey of alternatives to 12 persist ant organic pollutants,2000

Bamako Convention on the ban of the import into Africa and the control of transboundary

movement and management of hazardous wastes Wtthin Africa adopted 30,January

1991

Basel convention on the control of trans boundary movements of hazardous wastes and their

disposal 1989

Christian science publishing society of the Christian science monitor .Nov29,1994

EACA Trainers manual a course for farmers trainers on safe use of pesticide???

Nordic council of ministers ,a survey of alternatives to 12 persistent organic pollutants 2000

Environmental policy of Ethiopia Addis Ababa April, 2,1997

FAO, pesticide storage and stock control manual. Rome 1996

FAO, prevention of accumulation of obsolete pesticide stocks Rome 1995

Ministry of Agriculture Crop Protection Technology and Regulatory department –UNDP- P1,

plant protection and pesticide registration &control prospective May, 2001 Addis

Ababa.

Ministry of Agriculture Crop Protection Technology and Regulatory department –UNDP-P1,

pesticide safety perspectives &control prospective Addis Ababa, May, 2001.

Paper presented on pest and vector control and the environment the scenario in some

developing countries Aynalem Abebe June 4, 2001

Pesticide News No 49,, September 2000.

Proceeding experience sharing workshop on SEG-PANUK and ANRSBOA’s case study

findings and awareness certain on ecological pest management and safe use of

external inputs held at Dib Anbessa hotel, Bahir Dar, 17-18 august 2002.

Rotterdam Convention( PIC ) on the prior informed consent procedure for certain

Hazardous chemicals pesticide in international trade Jan 1999

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants(POPs)

EIA GUIDELINE ON PESTICIDE, FEPA, 2004 37


Sub regional workshop on support for the implementation of Stockholm convention on

persistent organic pollutants (POPs) living stone Zambia 25-27 November 2002.

The Federal Democratic of Ethiopia Environmental Protection Authority State of

Environmental report for Ethiopia Addis Ababa august 2003

UNEP Cleaner Production Assessment in Fish Processing, 2000

UNEP Environmental Impact Assessment Basic Procedures for developing countries 1988

UNEP, Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants(POPs)Octcober 2000

UNEP, WHO, FAO disposal of bulk quantities of obsolete pesticides in developing countries

series 4 Rome, 1996.

UNEP,FAO,WHO disposal of bulk quantities of obsolete pesticides in developing countries

Rome, 1996

UNEP,UBESCO postgraduate training course Environmental management held in Dresden

University volume 2,1995

WHO recommended classification of pesticide by hazard and guide lines to

classification,2000-2002

EIA GUIDELINE ON PESTICIDE, FEPA, 2004 38


List of Acronyms
Glossary
1 INTRODUCTION
2 Background
2.1 Pesticide Import, Production and use in Ethiopia
2.1.1 Pesticide importation
2.1.2 Local pesticide formulation
2.1.3 Pesticide use pattern

2.2 Major causes of pesticides impact on the Environment
2.3 Types, Categories and classification of pesticides
2.3.1 Types of pesticides according to chemical formulation
2.3.2 Types according to use
2.3.3 Classification of pesticides according to hazard (Based on WHO Classification, 1996)
2.3.4 Category of pesticides


3 Policies and Legal Frame Work
3.1 National Policies
3.1.1 Environmental Policy of Ethiopia
3.1.2 The Draft Agricultural Policy

3.2 Legal issues
3.2.1 Applicable National Legal Instruments
3.2.1.1 Proclamation of the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (Proclamation No 1/1995)
3.2.1.2 Special decree for Pesticides Registration (Proc.20/1990)
3.2.1.3 Applicable Environmental Proclamations
3.2.1.4 The Environmental Pollution Control proclamation (No 300/2002 )

3.2.2 Sect oral legal requirements
3.2.3 Provisional standards for industrial pollution control in Ethiopia

3.3 International Agreement

4 Major Environmental Impact of Pesticides Use
4.1 Impacts on water
4.2 Impacts on the air
4.3 Impacts of pesticides in the soil
4.4 Impacts on human health
4.5 Impact on wild life and livestock (non-target species)
4.6 Socio-Economic Impact

5 General considerations to minimize the impacts of pesticides
5.1 Use of Environmental Management Tools
5.2 Application of different Cultivation Practices
5.3 Building in Resistance
5.4 Use of Natural Enemies Predators and pathogens
5.5 Use of Bio pesticides
5.6 Application of Birth Control
5.7 Use of Insect Sex Attractants, pheromone
5.8 Use of Chemical alternatives to pesticide
5.9 Education and information
5.10 Implementation of Environmental Management System (EMS)
5.11 Other important consideration for sustainable pesticides management
5.11.1Choosing site
5.11.2 Labeling procedure
5.11.3 General packaging requirement
5.11.4 Storage requirements
5.11.5 Transportation requirements
5.11.6 Pesticide application methods
5.11.7 Health and Safety Measures
5.11.7. 1 Mixing and Loading
5.11.7.2 During and after application
After application
5.11.8 Action in case of pesticide poisoning
5.11.9 Instruction of cleaning up spills and leaked pesticides

5.11.10 Disposal


6 Annex
6.1 Annex 1.List of Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Chemicals subject to the prior informed consent procedure
6.1.1 Annex 2. Lists of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and its suggested alternatives

6.2 Annex 3. Provisional effluent standards for pesticide formulation and Production
6.3 Checklist on pesticides production and use

7 Reference


DDT in large...
=p fish (needie fish)
— 2ppm


zooplankton :
0.04 ppm

DDT in water
0.000003 ppm,
or 3 ppt


Figure 16-22 DDT concentrations in the fatty tissues of organisms were biologically am-
Jlified about 10 million times in this food chain of an estuary near Long Island Sound. Dots
epresent DDT, and arrows show small losses of DDT through respiration and excretion.