Republic of Ethiopia (2004) EPA Environment management plan for identified sectoral developments in ESDPRP

Republic of Ethiopia (2004) EPA Environment management plan for identified sectoral developments in ESDPRP


ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AUTHORITY

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) FOR
THE IDENTIFIED SECTORAL DEVELOPMENTS IN
THE ETHIOPIAN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

AND POVERITY REDUCTION PROGRAMME
(ESDPRP)

NOT FOR CITATION

This guidelines is still under development and shall be binding after
consensus is reached between the Environmental Protection Authority
and the Environmental Units of Competent Sectoral Agencies


May
2004

AD
DIS ABABA

Ethiopia

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................1

2. OVERVIEW OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY 1REDUCTION
PROGRAMME (SPDRP)...............................................................................................................................1

2.1 Poverty Situation in Ethiopia.......................................................................................1
2.2) Measures taken to alleviate Poverty Condition..............................................................2

3. THE NEED FOR THE PREPARATION OF EMP..................................................................................2

4. REVIEW OF RELEVANT DOCUMENTS IN RELATION TO EMP...................................................3

4.1 Agenda 21.................................................................................................................3
4.2 Ethiopia’s Environmental policy and Legal Frameworks with regard to EMP...................3

5 IDENTIFIED SECTORAL PROGRAMMES/PROJECTS AND THEIR4 BENFITS ……………... .4

5.1 Programmes/Projects..................................................................................................4
5.2 Benefits of the Programmes and Projects......................................................................5

6. MATRIX OF EMP FOR THE IDENTIFIED PROGRAMMES AND PROJECTS..............................5

6.1: Matrix of EMP For Hydropower Programmes and Projects........................................7
6.2) Matrix of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Water and Agricultural
Programmes and Projects............................................................................................21

6.2.1) water supply and sanitation programmes and projects.................................21
6.2.2. matrix of emp for rainwater harvesting...........................................................30
6.2.3 matrix of emp for rainfed crop husbandry........................................................34
6.2.4. matrix of emp for irrigation crop husbandry.....................................................40
6.2.5 matrix of emp for animal husbandry................................................................47


6.3: Matrix of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Road Programmes and Projects
...................................................................................................................................53

REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................................67


List of Acronyms

BF Beneficiaries

BoA Bureau of Agriculture

BOH Bureau of Health

BOWR Bureau of Water Resources

DAs Development Agencies

EARO Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization

EEPCO Ethiopian Electric and Power Corporation

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EIS Environmental Impact Study

EPA/B Environmental Protection Bureau

ERA Ethiopian Road Authority

ESTC Ethiopian Science and Technology Commission

FAs Financing Agencies

M/BOH Ministry/Bureau of Health

MoA Ministry of Agriculture

NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations

PS Private Sector

R/WAO Regional or Woreda Agricultural Office

R/WHO Regional/Woreda Health Office

RARO Regional Agricultural Research Organization

RC Regional Council


ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) FOR THE IDENTIFIED SECTORAL
DEVELOPMENTS IN THE ETHIOPIAN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND

POVERITY REDUCTION PROGRAMME
(ESDPRP)

1. INTRODUCTION

Ethiopia has been hard hit by recurrent events of drought and concomitant famines since the early
70s. These droughts are a series of occurrences of rainfall shortages with negative effects on
agriculture and rural life. These droughts have produced serious and variant effects on social and
economic life of the people.

The sweeping drought not only devastated the agricultural base of the country but also gripped
the environmental complex of the country.

The repeated and persistent droughts have caused the disruption of the hydrological cycle and
the loss of both biomass and biodiversity. It is also noted that biological productivity has been
reduced inducing acceleration of desertification, especially when being combined with increasing
human pressure on the land. This situation has enforced and compelled Ethiopians to live in
abject poverty.

In order to combat land degradation and reverse the prevailing level of poverty the government
has taken a major step and prepared Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction
Programme. As noted in the programme realization of this can only be achieved by
implementing a number of prioritized programmers and developments in different sectors.

In order to meet the sustainability of the programme, however, integration of environmental
considerations for key sectors development programmes and projects is essential. This can only
be achieved by developing and implementing an umbrella EMP framework for effective
environmental management and rehabilitation of these key sectors development activities of the
programme.

2. OVERVIEW OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY
REDUCTION PROGRAMME (SPDRP)

2.1 Poverty Situation in Ethiopia

From the review of the document it is noted that the proportion of people in absolute poverty
declined only marginally from 45.5% in 1995/1996 to 44.2% in 1999/2000. Woreda level
consultations undertaken during the development of programme demonstrated that poverty might
have worsened since 1999/2000 survey as a result of the declining international coffee prices and
the depressed cereal prices in 2000/2001, both of which impacted negatively on rural households
income. The percentage of people reported ill without treatment in 1999/2000 was high
especially among women, both in the rural and urban areas ( rural female 74% versus rural men

68%) and urban female 45% versus urban male 34%). This shows that the incidence of poverty in
Ethiopia is considered to be one of the highest in the world.

1


Over the last decade the country’s GNP per capita has remained at around US $110, the lowest in
the world. It is estimated that 55 percent of the population is below the absolute poverty level. In
some regions the population below the poverty line is as high as 85%. This group consists of
small farmers in rural areas, the landless and retrenched workers. Food insecurity and health
problems are the main features of poverty.

In disaster years like 2001/2002 as many us 15 million of the population were in need of relief.
Even in a normal year the people in need of food is estimated to exceed 7 million

2.2) Measures taken to alleviate Poverty Condition

Inorder to overcome this constraint the government has prepared this programme with the
objective of building a free market economic system which will enable the economy to develop
rapidly, the country to extricate itself from its dependence on food aid and make poor people to
be the main beneficiaries of growth.

Inorder to achieve this strategy four building blocks or pillars are identified. One of the identified
pillars is Agricultural Development led Industrialization (ADLI).

Ethiopia though basically a rural country, is launching a major programme for the intensification
of agriculture, including the large and small scale development irrigation schemes, as well as
industries through this ADLI Policy.

This policy would have importance in reducing poverty by enhancing rapid economic growth
while at the same time maintaining macroeconomic stability. Among other things the broad
thrust of the strategy during the SDPRP period are the following:

 Overriding and intentational focus on agriculture;
 Strengthening private sector growth and development especially in industry;
 Increased water resource utilization (water harvesting and small scale irrigation) to

ensure food security.

3. THE NEED FOR THE PREPARATION OF EMP

Among other things the programme involves the intensification of development projects in water,
agriculture, hydropower and road sectors. The effort made by the government in alleviating the
poverty condition of the country especially by minimizing dependence on rainfed systems and to
gradually attain self-sufficiency in food production in the country through water and other sectors
development projects (e.g. by construction of microdams, irrigation systems, reservoirs) is
appropriate.

Past experience has shown that small scale development scheme (e.g. small scale irrigation
development project) combined with other similar or related interventions under any programme

has resulted massive environmental problems such as deforestation, soil erosion etc. This is
because that the concern that is embedded in the notion of cumulative impact was not taken into
account in the EIA System prepared by the EPA which is mostly limited to considering the impact
of individual major development projects.

2


Inorder to overcome this constraint and ensure the sustainability of the programme this EMP has
been prepared specifically aimed at environmental management of the programmes and projects.
This management plan is especially rational at a time when recognition of the necessity to preserve
the quality of the environment, and the consumption of the country’s natural resources continues
to grow rapidly for the purpose of achieving the objectives of the programme. Besides this it would
also have importance for the proper use, conservation, and development of the natural resources of
the country.

4. REVIEW OF RELEVANT DOCUMENTS IN RELATION TO EMP

The major documents which are envisaged to address environmental management issues in relation to
sectoral development efforts are briefly described in a summary form as follows.

4.1 Agenda 21

Agenda 21 provides options for combating degradation of the land, air and water, conserving forests
and the diversity of species of life. It deals with poverty and excessive consumption, health and
education, cities and farmers. It recognizes that sustainable development is the way to reverse both
poverty and environmental destruction.

The following three guiding principles derived from the Rio Declaration on Environment and
Development have been used as basis for the preparation of EMP (integrated environmentally sound
management of sectors development efforts).

 Inorder to achieve sustainable development environmental protection shall constitute an
integral part of the development process and can not be considered in isolation from it;

 To achieve sustainability development and higher quality of life for all people, unsustainable
patterns of production and consumption shall be reduced and eliminated;

 Indigenous people and their communities, and the local communities, have a vital role in
environmental management and development because of their knowledge and traditional
practices. Their identity, culture and interests should be recognized and duly supported, and
their effective participation in the achievement of sustainable development should be
facilitated.

4.2 Ethiopia’s Environmental policy and Legal Frameworks with regard to EMP

Ethiopia has adopted the Constitution in 1995. This Constitution provides the basic and
comprehensive principles and guidelines for environmental protection and management. Among

other things the Constitution states that everyone has the right to live in a clean and healthy
environment and the government will make every effort to provide such an environment.

The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE) was approved by the Council of Ministers in April
1997. It has 11 sectoral and 11 cross-sectoral components. It’s preparation was based on the
policy and strategy findings and recommendations of the Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia. The
policy document contains elements that state the importance of mainstreaming socio-ecological
dimensions in development programmes and projects.

3


The National Conservation Strategy (NCS) which was developed through the consultative
process over the period 1989-1995 takes a holistic view of natural, human made and cultural
resources, and their use and abuse and seeks to integrate into coherent framework plans, policies
and investment related to environmental sustainability. The document consists of five volumes
i.e., the Natural Resource Base, policy and Strategy, Institutional framework, the Action Plan
and Compilation of Investment Programme.

A number of proclamations and supporting regulations were made that contain provisions for the
protection and management of the environment that reflect the principles of the Constitution and
Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE). Among other proclamations Environmental Impact
Assessment (no.299/2000) is the one that provides proactive and reactive provisions designed
to ensure sustainable development. According to this proclamation EIA is mandatory not only for
development projects but aso for policies, plans and programmes. This adopted proclamation is
an invaluable legal tool for environmental planning, management and monitoring of these
endeavors.

Moreover several detailed sectoral policies are also prepared by various sectoral agencies. One of
them is the Federal Water Resource Policy formulated by the Ministry of Water Resources. This
policy advocates a comprehensive and integrated water resource management. The overall goal
of this mentioned policy is to enhance and promote all national efforts towards the efficient and
optimum utilization of the available water resources for socio-economic development on a
sustainable basis.

5 IDENTIFIED SECTORAL PROGRAMMES/PROJECTS AND THEIR BENFITS

Those identified sectoral developments and activities are the following

5.1 Programmes/Projects

 Hydropower Development Programme

Activities in this programme/ project are the following

 Construction of access roads
 Excavation works for dams as well as dump sites
 Civil works such as tunnel, quarry, borrow pits
 Induced developments
 Impoduments of water to form reservoir
 Regulation of water from the river and /or lake sources
 Operation of dams and reservoirs

 Water and Agricultural sector Development programmes and projects


Development programmes, projects and activities in the water and agricultural sectors are:

 Water supply and sanitation
 Water harvesting techniques such as ponds, dams, cisterns etc.
 Crop Husbandry
 Animal Husbandry
 All earth moving excavation activities and land fill construction
 Excavation works for construction of different water harvesting techniques.
 Waste disposal

4


 Water Extraction for crop production
 Agricultural inputs
 Introduction of new plant species
 Farming technology
 Construction of reservoirs, dams and lands
 Operation of dams and reservoirs
 Inappropriate livestock production management
 Industrialized livestock production system
 Introduction of new livestock species

 Road Programmes and Projects

Activities in this development programmes and projects are the following.

 Construction of access roads and excavation works for bricks, quarries, borrow sites
 Road cuts and fills
 Use of chemical and other related toxic materials for dust control, vegetation

clearance etc.
 Immigration of people to the project area
 Vehicular traffic and transport
 Construction machineries

5.2 Benefits of the Programmes and Projects

The overarching goal of the programmes and projects is to allivate poverty situation and attain
food security at house hold level in the country. The major benefits which are expected to be
achieved by implementing them are to:

 improve investments in different sectors;
 recyle the benefits gained from hydropower in the country so as to accelerate rural

development particularly protection and maintenance of basic infrastructures;
 directly improve the welfare of society, while also meeting other national objectives such as

reducing food imports and mitigating migration to the major population centers;
 provide farmers with extension services and give them vocational training;

 encourage diversity of livelihoods and promote income generating schemes;

 increase agricultural output by introducing higher yielding and possibly drought resistant
crop varieties ;

 collect and store rainfall by different water harvesting techniques such as cisterns for areas
in dry seasons;

 make ponds & small dams so as to stop rain water from flowing away and use them in the
dry season for humans & livestock;

 Maintain & extend the country road infrastructure so as to enable the people to get easy
access to social & development services.

6. MATRIX OF EMP FOR THE IDENTIFIED PROGRAMMES AND PROJECTS

As can be seen from the following matrix tables the EMP has been prepared for those identified key
sectors development programmes and projects in the ESDPRP. The objective of this EMP is to
integrate environmental and social considerations into account so as to ensure successful economic
and social development of the programme.

5


The EMP will have importance to briefly illustrate that all activities included in all
programme/project components have no significant harm to the environment and is intended to give a
brief account on impacts of programmes/projects activities on environment, mitigating/enhancing
measures, monitoring indicators, indicative time schedule and budget as well as institutional
arrangements for executing mitigating measures.

In line with the principles of the Federal Democratic Republic Constitution in this proposed EMP the
Federal EPA and Regional Environmental Agencies will take an overall coordination role of
implementing of those suggested mitigation and monitoring measures as per their given mandates. In
this regard therefore, their active participations in this proposed EMP are worthwhile.

6


6.1: Matrix of EMP For Hydropower Programmes and Projects


PROGRAM
ME/
PROJECT
ACTIVITIE
S

IMPACTS
DESPRICTION

MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO BE
MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION/
ENHANCEME
NT
MEASURES

RESPONSIB
LE
AGENCY/O
RGANIZATI
ON

SHEDU
LE

PRE-CONSTRUCTION/CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Physico-Chemical Environment
Construction
of access
roads and
excavation
works for
dams as well
as dump
sites.

Siltation of local
creeks as well as
increased soil
erosion from
borrow areas

Proper material handling by using
appropriate measures such as silting
basins etc.

Use and effectiveness of
material handling
machine

Part of EMP
costs

Proponent,
contractor,
ERA, BOH,
BoA, EEPCO


As
scheduled

silt traps to be constructed immediately
down slope of new access roads and drill
sites

Effectiveness of silt traps Part of
construction
costs

Regularly

Newly exposed areas will be re-vegetated Areas covered by
vegetation

Part of
construction
costs


Regularly

Generation of dust
and increase in
levels of air and
water pollution
emission due to use
of construction
machineries

conduct of routine occupational (personal)
monitoring along construction sites

Levels of dust and other
pollutants

Part of
management
costs

At all
times

Regular maintenance of equipment Whether maintenance is
in place

Part of
management
costs

At all
times

Use appropriate blasting techniques that
will minimize dust

Efficiency and proper
function of equipment

Sprinkling of roads with water Visual inspection Contractors
account

During
constru.P
erio.

To prevent spill of oils, grease and other
pollutants arresters in association with oil
separators around workshops and process
plants should be installed

Efficiency and
performance of pollutants
arrestors
reduction of pollutants

Contractors
account

At all
times

7


EMP FOR HYDROPOWER….
(CONT’D)
PROGRAM
ME/
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESPRICTION

MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO
BE MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION/ENH
ANCEMENT
MEASURES

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORGANIZ
ATION

SHEDULE

Introduction
of induced
Development
s

Risk of pollution
problems resulting
from
tunneling ,digging
etc

Controlling pollution
problem by using the
national pollution standards

Reduction of
pollution

Part of the
construction costs

Proponent, EPB Through out
the
construction,
or where
necessaryHandling and treating the

wastes as per the waste
management guideline

Whether wastes are
treated as per the
requirement of the
national guideline

Regulation of
water from
the river and/
or lake
sources
resulting
from
operation and
associated
activities

Occurrence of
slope failure and
land slides

For areas identified as
having signs of future
landslides, appropriate
methods for measuring the
development of cracks,
subsidence and uplift need
to be made

Effectiveness of the
methodologies


Part of the EMP
costs

Proponent , BOA,
BOWR, EPB as of
necessary, ERA,
EEPCOP

As scheduled
throughout
the
construction
and operation
phases

conventional surveying and
installation of various
instruments to measure
movements directly

The result of
regular
conventional
surveying

Erosion of fertile
riverbanks and
pollution of water
resources

Regular checking and
maintenance of operation
equipments to detect any
seepages

Whether regular
maintenance has
been taking place


Part of operating
costs.

Regularly


Establish and implement
watershed management
programme to reduce
erosion and sedimentation

Whether
maintenance of
equipment is in
place

Part of maintenance
costs

8


EMP for Hydropower….(cont’d)

PROGRAMME/
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESPRICTION

MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO
BE MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION/EN
HANCEMENT
MEASURES

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORG
ANIZATION

SHEDULE

Monitoring of soil and
water resources to detect
erosion and any changes in
quality

Sediment and silt loads
in water resources

Part of construction
and operation costs

As scheduled

water quality
Increase or
decrease the risk of
flood damage as
the result of change
in the flow of water


Appropriate water
management measures will
be taken to minimize the
impact

Percent increase and/or
decrease in flood

Part of the
construction and
operation costs

At all times

Design appropriate flood
diversion woks such as
levees
Properly designed access
roads and bridges will be
constructed and
implemented

Access roads Part of environmental
management costs

During the
construction
period

Biological Environment
Impodument of
water flooding of
land to form
dams and
reservoirs

Loss of important
vegetation, habitat
and promotion of
erosion

Construction works will be
designed away from areas
with heavy vegetation

Whether design of
construction works are
far away from densely
populated vegetation

Part of EMP costs
Proponent,
contractor, BoA,
EEPCO

Regularly
during
construction
and operation
periodsStrip top soil and

rehabilitate site
Rehabilitated sites

Restoration of sites to
original condition to the
extent possible through
reclamation measures

Restored places Part of operating
costs

9


EMP for Hydropower….(cont’d)

PROGRAMME/
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESPRICTION

MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO BE
MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION/EN
HANCEMENT
MEASURES

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORG
ANIZATION

SHEDULE

Construction of
access roads and
excavation works
for construction
of pond, spring
and hand dug
wells)

Damage of rare
and endangered
vegetation types as
well as ecologically
sensitive areas

Construction works will be
designed away from those
ecologically sensitive and
vulnerable areas

Effectiveness of the
designed
construction works

Part of the
preconstruction costs

Throughout
the
construction
period

Water
impoundment

Potential impact on
biological
production of
reservoir due to
water quality
deterioration

Proper water management
should be carried out
through release program

Water quality parameters
which have importance in
maintaining the reservoir
ecosystem

Part of the
environment costs

operating schedule to take
quality of released water
into account

whether the quality of
water maintained or not

Part of the
environment costs

Enforcing the national
quality standards for
protecting the aquatic
ecosystem.

Preserved aquatic
ecosystem as per the
requirement

Part of the
environment costs


10


EMP for Hydropower….(cont’d)

PROGRAMME/
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESPRICTION

MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO
BE MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION/EN
HANCEMENT
MEASURES

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORG
ANIZATION

SHEDULE

Socio-economic Environment
Construction of
access roads and
excavation works
for dams as well
as dump sites


Generation of
significant noise
levels and potential
injury to workers
and surrounding
people

Use of mufflers on
construction equipments

Appropriate use of
mufflers

Contractors account Proponent,
contractor,
BoH, NGOs,
DAs

At all times

Supply of personnel
protection equipment such
as ear masks

Regular use of
personnel equipment by
the workers

Contractors account At all times

Potential effect of
pollution on
ground water
during foundation
work, tunneling, or
construction of
underground
utilities

Protective measures such as
liners and other facilities
will be implemented

The efficiency and
function of the liners
and other facilities

Contractors account Throughout the
construction
and operation
periods

Loss or damage of
cultural and
archeological
resources

Proper identification of
cultural and
archeological resources and
safeguard them from
unnecessary destruction

Maintenance and
enhancement of
cultural and
archaeological
importance places

Part of construction
costs

As scheduled

Loss of aesthetic
beauty and quality
of the river
sources as well as
the surrounding
environment
which could fill
tourism potential

Proper sitting of
hydropower generating
infrastructure

Site and distance of
hydropower
infrastructure from
those mentioned places

During the
planning stage

Consideration of view
points in relation to
maintaining the quality of
visual resources.

Whether the quality of
visual resources is
maintained

" "

11


EMP for Hydropower….(cont’d)

PROGRAMME/
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES


IMPACTS
DESPRICTION

MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO BE
MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION/EN
HANCEMENT
MEASURES

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORG
ANIZATION

SHEDULE

Loss of aesthetic
beauty of the area
resulting from road
and quarry scars
after construction
completion

Sides of disused quarries
should be graded, where
feasible, and vegetated

Whether the quality of
visual resources
maintained

Regularly at
all times

Regenerate abandoned
access roads

Effectiveness of the
rehabilitation measures

Part of the
rehabilitation costs


During
construction
period
During
construction
period

Dismantle, breakup and
rehabilitate sites

Rehabilitated sites as per
the recommendation

Water fall below
dam may be
eliminated or
reduced due to low
water releases

Appropriate measures need
to be carried out to
compensate releases of
water

Compensated water
releases

Part of the EMP costs As scheduled

Impodument of
water flooding of
land to form the
reservoir

loss of lands and
land belong to the
rural development

compensating the displaced
people by substitute
resources or money

Implementation of
compensation as per the
recommendation

Proponent, BOA,
BOWR, EEPCO

At the end of
planning
stage

Impact of scarcity
of water for the
people living down
stream

Decrease thesize of dam sufficiency of water for
down stream users

Through out
the
constructionProtect equal areas in

regions to onset losses
protected areas

Permanent
flooding of some
inhabitants

Identify those people who
live in the risk flooded area
and relocate them in some
other places

Relocated people
" "

At all times

12


EMP for hydropower….(cont’d)

PROGRAMME/
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESPRICTION

MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO
BE MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION/EN
HANCEMENT
MEASURES

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORG
ANIZATION

SHEDULE

Construction of
access roads and
earth dams

Potential
occupational
hazards from dam
collapse and
heavy equipment
failure

Ensuring that all
underground services are
identified and marked
before excavation begins

Proper identification
and marking of
underground services

No cost Proponent, BOH,
EEPCO

At late stage of
the planning
period

Site layouts shall be
planned with adequate
turning room for vehicles
/equipment and good
visibility for operators
/drivers

Adequacy of site
layouts planning with
appropriate facilities to
achieve good visibility
for workers

Part of the planning
costs

As scheduled

Safety operational
procedures will be
enforced

performance of the
procedures

part of the OHS costs At all times
during
construction and
operation periods

Sizable increases
in the population
and the resulting
impacts on the
social and
development
services in the
project area

Developing resettlement
plan and implementing it
consequentively

Effectiveness of the
implementation of the
resettlement plan

Part of the
environmental
management costs

Proponent,
BOH ,EEPCO

Throughout the
preconstruction
and construction

Integration of social and
development services
during design work

Availability of social
and development
services in a sufficient
manner

Part of construction
and operation costs

At all times

EMP for hydropower….(cont’d)

13


PROGRAMME/
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESPRICTION

MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO BE
MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION/E
NHANCEMENT
MEASURES

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORGANI
ZATION

SHEDU
LE

Conflicts which
may arise
between residents
of the area and
temporary
workers

Solving conflicts through
facilitating of consultative
processes between new
comers and residents

change in attitude of
people so as to come to
consensus in reducing the
issue of conflicts

No cost

Introduction of
induced
Developments

Introduction and/
or aggravation of
environmental
problems such as
fire accidents, in
evasive parasitic
organism

Measures should be made in
avoiding problems of fire and
erosion accidents as well as
invasive and parasitic
organisms (i.e. both animal
and plant species)

Effectiveness of the
proposed mitigating
measures


" "

Proponent, EEPCO,
MOWR, EPA At tall

times

Designing the site of project
in consultation with the
communities

Effectiveness of public
consultation

Part of the planning
costs

During
the
planning
and
constructi
on
periods

Minimize impacts of
construction activities from
such valuable areas through
an appropriate layout and
design

proper function and
efficiency layout and
design

EMP for Hydropower….(cont’d)

14


PROGRAMME/
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESPRICTION

MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO
BE MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION/EN
HANCEMENT
MEASURES

RESPONSI
BLE
AGENCY/O
RGANIZAT
ION

SHEDULE

OPERETION PHASE
Physico-Chemical Environment
Waste disposal Potential spillage of

hazardous
substance may arise
from construction
materials and
causes deleterious
effect on human
health

spill control/response plan is
made and implemented

Efficiency of spill
control plan

Part of maintenance
costs

Proponent,
EEPCO,
EPA, EPB,
BOWR,
BOA, PS

regularly

Maintenance of construction
materials will be done in
regular manner

Whether maintenance
is In place and carried
out properly

Part of maintenance
costs

regularly
during
construction
and operation
periods

Procedure with regard to
cleaning hazardous
substances will be prepared
and implemented

Verifying whether the
procedures and
standards are fulfilled

No cost regularly
during
construction
and operation
periods

Operation of dams
and reservoirs for
hydropower
generation

Loss of storage
capacity of dam
and reservoir due to
sedimentation
problem

Regular maintenance of dam
by hydraulic removal of
sedimentation

Reduction in
sedimentation load and
lifetime of the reservoir

Part of operating
costs As scheduled

Undertaking appropriate
conservation measures in and
the surrounding areas of
watershed ,management

The use of soil and
water conservation
measures

Part of the
rehabilitation costs

consideration of good
catchments areas above the
reservoir

Stability of soil Part of the planning
costs

EMP for Hydropower….(cont’d)

15


PROGRA
MME/
PROJECT
ACTIVITI
ES

IMPACTS
DESPRICTION

MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO
BE MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION/EN
HANCEMENT
MEASURES

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORGANI
ZATION

SHEDULE

Biological Environment
Impodume
nt of water
flooding of
land to
form dams
and
reservoirs

Pressure on more
marginal and ecologically
vulnerable areas

Vegetation will be
remediated through
replanting

Total area planted by
appropriate
vegetation

Part of
rehabilitation
costs

Proponent, EEPCO,
BOA

As scheduled

Affect areas with
valuable or conservation
worthy animal or plant
life and creating barriers
for wildlife

Appropriate resettlement plan
shall be made and
implemented in order to
avoid surpassing carrying
capacity of the land

Resettlement of
people to suitable
areas

Part of
resettlement plan
costs

As scheduled

Operation
of dams
and
reservoirs
for
hydropowe
r
generation

Disruption of ecosystem
functioning as well as
alteration of a free
flowing riverine habitat
into a lacus trine habitat

Creating and protecting the
buffer zone to compensate for
the loss of riparian vegetation

Establishment and
proper function of
buffer zone

Part of the
rehabilitation
costs

During the
construction
periods

Eutrophication and
unwanted aqua-
vegetation resulting from
an increased
concentration of nutrients
in the water course

Removal of large vegetation
before reservoir filling

Part of the planning
costs

Part of the
operation costs

At the end of
planning
period

Appropriate use of fertilizers
so as to reduce nutrient
overloading

Amount of nutrients
in the water course

Part of the
operation costs

At all times

16


EMP for Hydropower….(cont’d)


PROGRA
MME/
PROJECT
ACTIVITI
ES

IMPACTS
DESPRICTION

MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO
BE MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION/EN
HANCEMENT
MEASURES

RESPONSIBL
E
AGENCY/OR
GANIZATIO
N

SHEDULE

Use of
water for
operation
and
domestic
activities

Depletion of water
resources and its
effect on scarcity of
water supply for
different purposes
(e.g. drinking,
irrigation, animal
husbandry etc)

Ensuring the use of water in
an effective way and monitor
its implementation

Efficiency and
performance of
watershed management
practices

No cost Proponent,
BoWR,
EEPCO

At all times

Permanent or
periodical reduction
of the water quality
due to reduced water
flow

Periodical monitoring of the
status of the water quality

Water quality Part of construction
and operation costs

At all times

Regular checking and
maintenance of dam and
reservoir so as to remove
sediments and nutrients

Whether dams and
reservoir are regularly
maintained

Part of normal
maintenance costs

Regularly

Water quality tests using
appropriate methods will be
undertaken

Water quality
Part of construction
and operational costs

" "

17


EMP for Hydropower….(cont’d)


PROGRA
MME/
PROJECT
ACTIVITI
ES

IMPACTS
DESPRICTION

MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO
BE MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION/EN
HANCEMENT
MEASURES

RESPONSIBL
E
AGENCY/OR
GANIZATIO
N

SHEDULE

Input of
operating
machines

Risk of
contamination of land
or water from
discharge of
sewerage such as
spills of hazardous
pollutants from
operating materials
to water or land

Treating municipal wastes
prior to releasing to the
recipient should be made

Treated wastes as per
the requirment

Part of the
environmental
management costs

Proponent,
EEPCO,
Regional
Environmental
Agency

Regularly

Developing and
implementing spill control
response plan

Reduced contamination
of land or water

" "

Socioeconomic Environment
Operation
of dams
and
reservoirs
for
Hydropowe
r supply

Introduction and/or
aggravation of water
and/or vector borne
diseases (e.g. malaria,
bilharzia) as the
result of the
establishment of
stagnant water

Intensifying education
campaign on preventive
health care of workers and the
surrounding people

Reduction in
prevalence and
incidence of
communicable diseases

Part of the EMP costs BOH,
proponent, BF,
Relevant
Agencies,
EEPCO

" "

proper identification of
stagnant water sources and
safeguard from unnecessary
contamination

performance of pre
cautionary measures in
safeguarding water
resources from
contamination

Part of the operating
expenses

" "

18


EMP for Hydropower….(cont’d)


PROGRA
MME/
PROJECT
ACTIVITI
ES

IMPACTS
DESPRICTION

MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO
BE MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION/EN
HANCEMENT
MEASURES

RESPONSIBL
E
AGENCY/OR
GANIZATIO
N

SHEDULE

Arrangement of health
service facilities for primary
health care

Availability of health
service facilities

Part of the
environmental
management costs

As scheduled

Loss of land
/agricultural, forest,
wetlands etc.

Compensation arrangement
for the lost lands will be
made

Implimentation of
compensation measures

Part of the
environmental
management costs

" "

Operation
of dams
and
reservoirs
for
Hydropowe
r supply

Difficulties of
transportation due to
low flow and river
morphology changes

Maintaining flow of water so
as to reduce the difficulties of
transportation

No cost Contractor’s account Regularly
during
construction
and operation
periods.Potential

occupational hazards
to workers from
noise, accidental
death through dam
collapse, stress, man-
machine interaction,
wielding times,
gasses

Use of enclosures, silencers,
screens

The function and
performance of the
facilities

" "

Reducing occupational
hazards based on as
occupational and health
safety guidelines/standards

Effectiveness of
environmental
requirements in
controlling
occupational hazards

No cost At all times
As scheduled

The workers will be provided
training course on health and
safety

part of the
environmental
management costs

The workers skills
rise on OHS

As scheduled

19


EMP for Hydropower….(cont’d)


PROGRAMME/
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESPRICTION

MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO
BE MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION/EN
HANCEMENT
MEASURES

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORG
ANIZATION

SHEDULE

All electrical system
connectors will be grounded

Contractor’s account Whether the facilities
are in place and
working

During the late
stages of the
construction
period

safety measures such as
protective clothing and
protective equipment will be
provided

part of the
environmental
management costs

Effectiveness of
safety measures in
reducing
occupational hazards

At all times

Waste disposal Rise in incidence of
communicable
diseases resulting
from waste
production of
temporary
settlement areas

Proper identification of
domestic water sources and
safeguarding from
unnecessary contamination

Performance of
safeguard measures

No cost Proponent ,
EEPCO, MOWR,
EPB, BOWR

regularly
during
construction
and operation
periods

Reduced water
contamination.

Adequate and proper waste
collection

Waste collection
facility

Part of operation
costs

Regularly

Building appropriate pit
latrines for local population

Establishment and
functions of pit
latrines

Part of
Environmental
Management Plan
costs

20


6.2) Matrix of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Water and Agricultural Programmes and Projects

6.2.1) Water supply and Sanitation programmes and projects

PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESPRICTION

MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT MEASURES

INDICATORS
TO BE
MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATIO
N/ENHANCE
MENT

RESPONSI
BLE
AGENCY/O
RGANIZAT
ION

SHEDULE

PRE-CONSTRUCTION/CONSTRUCTION /OPERATION PHASE
Physico-Chemical Environment
Construction of
access, roads
and excavation
works for
construction of
pond, spring
and hand dug
wells

Siltation of local water
bodies

Proper material handling based on
appropriate soil conservation
activities, etc.

Effectiveness and
performance of
material handling

Part of
operating costs

Proponent,
MOWR,
BOWR,
BOA, NGOs

At all times

Silt traps to be constructed
immediately down slope of new
access roads

Reduction of
siltaion of
downstream

Contractor’s
account

At all times

Erosion around the water
points resulting from the
strain on the vegetation
cover due to grazing and
trampling effects of animals
and humans

Newly exposed areas will be
revegetated

Total areas
planted
Reduction of soil
erosion around
the excavation
sites

Part of
construction
costs

As scheduled

Generation of dust and
increase in emission levels
of pollutants due to use of
construction equipment

Use of mufflers on construction
equipments

Effectiveness in
using mufflers

Contractor’s
account

At all times

Depletetion of ground
water resources reduction
of recharging of ground
water resources

Adequacy of the plan of the project
in maintaining the qualities and
volumes of the ground water
resources

Quality and
quantity of the
ground water
table

Part of the
EMP costs

At all times


21


EMP for water supply…(cont’d)

PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESPRICTION

MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS
TO BE
MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION/
ENHANCEME
NT

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORG
ANIZATION

SHEDULE

Investigating recirculation of water so
as to determine the safe and
sustainable yield capacities of the
ground water potential in the areas

Whether safe and
sustainable yield
capacities of
ground water is
maintained

Part of the
operating costs

At all times

Waste disposal Water pollution
resulting from
bacteriological or
chemical
contaminations

Undertaking appropriate water
treatment

Reduction of
water pollution Part or EMP

costs

Through out
the operating
period

Training the communities in the use
of hygienic practices and maintenance
of latrines


Number of
trainees

No cost At all times

wastewater management will be
carried out according to the national
regulation and guidelines

Effectiveness of
waste water
management

"
" " "

Civil works
(e.g. tunnel,
quarry, borrow
pits.)

Deterioration of
water quality from
construction runoff of
pollutant

Precautionary measures will be taken
in to account and furtherly treat the
pollutants.

Improvement of
water quality

contractors
account

Throughout
the
construction
or where
necessary

Disposal of excavated materials at the
designated areas

whether the
stockpiles and
spoils placed at
the designated
areas

" "

22


EMP for water supply…(cont’d)
PROGRAMME/
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESPRICTION

MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO BE
MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION/
ENHANCEME
NT MEASURES

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORGANI
ZATION

SHEDULE

Decline in water
quality and
increased
sedimentation
downstream

Vegetation will be
planted on erodable
surfaces as soon as
possible.

Total area planted Part of operating
expenses

Regulatory
during
operation
period

Reduction of
sediment load should
be made by
constructing retention
ponds.

Decrease in sediment
load
Performance of retention
ponds

Socio-economic Environment
Construction of access
roads and excavation
works for construction
of water supply and
hand dug wells)

Generation of
significant noise
levels

supply of personnel
protection equipment

Visual inspection part of the
environmental
management
costs

At all times

All earth moving
excavation activities
and land fill
construction

Potential
occupational
hazards to workers
resulting from
noise, dust,
pollution

Supply of personal
protection
equipments and
protective cloths

Supply and proper
use of personal protection
equipment

Part of the
operating costs

At all times

Use of pollution
standards and
accompanied
guidelines

Workers health
conditions in relation to
the national standards

At all times


23


EMP for Water Supply…(cont.d)
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESPRICTION

MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO
BE MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION/EN
HANCEMENT

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORGA
NIZATION

SHEDULE

Hand dug wells In-migration of
people and
livestock to the
wells and the
resulting
sanitation
problems down
streams

Proper drainage facilities
need to be established

Existence and
performance of
drainage facilities

Part of construction
costs

Regularly
during
construction
and operating
periods

Induced
development in
village and
causing pressure
on ground water
resources and
health problems
may occur due to
improper
drainage

Appropriate use and
management of water from
wells

Management of water
practices

No cost As scheduled

Site selection needs to be
made so as to prevent the
problem of ground water
lowering

Inventories which
have been taken for
selection of sites

Part of planning costs During the
planning period

24


EMP for Water Supply…(cont.d)
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESPRICTION

MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO
BE MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION/E
NHANCEMENT

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORGANIZ
ATION

SHEDULE

Hand dug well Human health
hazard due to
contaminated water
by some pollutants
(e.g. nitrates)

design and implement
water resources projects so
as to avoid the
concentration of induced
developments only at one
site

Careful measures
taken for avoiding
concentration of
induced development

No cost During the
planning
perio

Controlling of water quality
on a regular basis and if
there is any water quality
deterioration treat it with
appropriate treatment
techniques

Water quality Part of operating
costs

Give due consideration of
hygien and health aspects in
the planning and
implementation of the
projects.

Prevalence and
incidence of diseases

Part of operating
costs

Implementation
maintenance of facilities on
a regular basis

Whether maintenance
is in place

Part of the
operating expenses

Regularly
through out
the entire
operating
period

25


EMP for Water Supply…(cont.d)
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESPRICTION

MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO
BE MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION/E
NHANCEMENT
MEASURES

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORGANIZ
ATION

SHEDULE

Work related
accidents

Incorporating and
implementing safety
measures

Whether the proposed
safety measures are
implemented

Part of
environmental
management costs

Proponent in
collaboration with
relevant stakeholders

During the
occurrence of
accidents.

Spring
development

Damage to
productive farm
lands from gully
erosion caused by
trials/footpaths
around the spring
site.

Rehabilitation of disturbed
areas with soil conservation
measures.

Coverage of
rehabilitated areas

Problem of
sanitation at
downstream from
excess water

Establishment of proper
drainage

Placement of
drainage facilities

26


EMP for water supply…(cont’d)
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESPRICTION

MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS
TO BE
MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORGANIZ
ATION

SHEDULE

Public Health
Operation of
pond, spring
and hand
dung wells

Introduction and/or
aggravation of
major water and/or
vector borne
diseases from
stagnant water
sources

Taking preventive and/or
curative measures for
controlling disease
vectors which arise as the
result of the creation of
favorable habitat sites

Incidence and
prevalence of
water related
diseases

Part of environmental
management costs

As
scheduled

Provide health education
for the communities on
the prevention of water
and vector borne diseases
(e.g. malaria, bilharzia
etc.)

Number of
trained people

Part of environmental
management costs

As
scheduled

Control of water borne
disease vectors through
proper sanitation,
draining ponded water
downstream and at water
distribution points

Avoidance and/or
reduction of
disease vectors

Part of environmental
management costs

At all times

Ensuring comprehensive
pre employment medical
examination

Whether the
workers have
been medically
examined before
employed

Part of planning costs During
preconstruc
tion period

27


EMP for water supply…(cont’d)
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESPRICTION

MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS
TO BE
MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORGANIZ
ATION

SHEDULE

Regular clearing of
vegetation

Visual inspection Part of environmental
management costs

At all times

Fencing of the
constructed water bodies
inorder to avoid human
water contact

Percent decrease
human water
contact

Proper use and
management of water
systems as well as
maintenance of water
supply and sanation
facilities

Part of
environmental
management
costs

Performance of water
resource management

As
scheduled

Effectiveness the water
supply and sanitation
facilities

Adequate maintenance of
canals, ponds, etc. inorder
to ensure the prevention
of favorable habitat sites

Effectiveness of
the maintenance
facilities

Part of operating costs Regularly

28


EMP for water supply…(cont’d)
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESPRICTION

MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO
BE MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT

RESPONSI
BLE
AGENCY/O
RGANIZAT
ION

SHEDULE

Socio-economic Environment
Waste disposal Potential spillage

may arise from
collection and
transport of scale
debris as well as
absence of
sanitation
facilities such as
pit latrines

Adequate and proper functioning
of waste collection

Effectiveness of
waste collection
approaches

Part of regular
operating costs

During collection
and temporary
storage operation

Portable debris catcher will be
laid within the surrounding work
areas

Visual inspection No cost Regularly

Appropriate pit latrines which are
sustainable to the local specific
situation will be constructed

Increase in number of
sustainable pitlatrines

Part of construction
costs

During the pre
construction
period

Training the communities on
hygiene and equipment
maintainance

Number of trained
and skilled
community members
in maintaining the
sanitation system

Part of normal
maintenance costs

At all times

Accessing safe water to
beneficiaries by appropriate
drainage facilities such as
pipelines, channels, etc.

Performance of
constructed drainage
facilities

Part of normal pre
construction costs

Regularly starting
from pre
construction
period

Provide training to communities
on health and hygiene measures, Number of trainees

Part of the
environmental
management costs

At all times

Selection and sitting facilities,
operation and maintenance of
water supply and sanitation
facilities

Number of trainees
Change in attitude of
the communities to
be involved in such
major tasks

29


6.2.2. Matrix of EMP for Rainwater Harvesting

PROGRAMME /
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESCRIPTIONS

MITIGATING/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO BE
MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

RESPONOSIBLE
AGENCY
ORGANIZATION

SCHEDULE

Physico- chemical Environment
Rain water harvesting
and utilization
techniques for
different water
activities:

a) Roof and paved
ground catchments

b) Storage Tanks
(Dams, ponds
citterns)

Seepage resulting
from expansion and
contraction of clay
soils as well as
unawareness of the
communities on
how to build tanks
and managing them

Provision of quality materials
for constructing tanks

The quality of
materials used

Part of subsidy and
EMP costs

R/WAO, BF,
NGOs

Soil stability
Proper site selection based on
stability of soils Number of Skilled

farmers
Training farmers on how to
build rain water harvesting
tanks and managing them
properly

Visual inspection

Decline in crop
production due to
the minimization of
water supply
resulted from
siltation of tanks

Monitoring of the constructed
water harvesting tanks during
operation phases

Presence of check
dams and silt traps

Protect water ways from
erosion by constructing check
dams and silt traps

Presence of sieve and
fence.

Damage of check
dams, water ways,
silt traps, etc.
during operation
activities

Lining channels using
vegetation/ fence as well as
placing a sieve at the opening
of the inlet pipes

Time record of
inspection

DAs, BF

30


EMP for Rain Water… (Cont’d)

PROGRAMME /
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESCRIPTIONS

MITIGATING/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO BE
MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION
/ENHANCEM
ENT
MEASURES

RESPONOSIB
LE AGENCY
ORGANIZATI
ON

SCHEDULE

Soico-economic Environment
Potential impact on
demand of labour,
capital cost and
aggravation of water
related diseases
resulting from
implementation of
large reservoirs in
limited areas

Cleaning the silt traps and
sieve in a regular manner

BOH, NGOs,
BF

Check the tanks regularly so as
to take prompt action of
repairing them from damage
such as cracks

Construct large number of
smaller tanks close to each
household

Training of people on how to
minimize/prevent water related
diseases

Public Health
Operation of
pond, spring and
hand dung wells

Introduction and/or
aggravation of major
water and/or vector
borne diseases from
stagnant water
sources

Taking preventive and/or
curative measures for
controlling disease vectors
which arise as the result of the
creation of favorable habitat
sites

Incidence and prevalence
of water related diseases

Part of
environmental
management
costs

As scheduled

31


EMP for Rain Water… (Cont’d)

PROGRAMME /
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESCRIPTIONS

MITIGATING/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO
BE MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION
/ENHANCEM
ENT
MEASURES

RESPONOSIBLE
AGENCY
ORGANIZATION

SCHEDULE

Provide health education for the
communities on the prevention of
water and vector borne diseases
(e.g. malaria, bilharzia etc.)

Number of trained
people

Part of
environmental
management
costs

As
scheduled

Control of water borne disease
vectors through proper sanitation,
draining ponded water downstream
and at water distribution points

Avoidance and/or
reduction of disease
vectors

Part of
environmental
management
costs

At all
times

Ensuring comprehensive pre
employment medical examination

Whether the workers
have been medically
examined before
employed

Part of
planning costs

During
preconstru
ction
period

Regular clearing of vegetation Visual inspection Part of
environmental
management
costs

At all
times

Fencing of the constructed water
bodies inorder to avoid human
water contact

Percent decrease
human water contact

Proper use and management of
water systems as well as
maintenance of water supply and
sanation facilities

Part of environmental
management costs

Performance of
water resource
management

As
scheduled

Effectiveness
the water
supply and
sanitation
facilities

32


EMP for Rain Water… (Cont’d)

PROGRAMME /
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESCRIPTIONS

MITIGATING/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO BE
MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION
/ENHANCEM
ENT
MEASURES

RESPONOSIB
LE AGENCY
ORGANIZATI
ON

SCHEDU
LE

Adequate maintenance of
canals, ponds, etc. inorder to
ensure the prevention of
favorable habitat sites

Effectiveness of the
maintenance facilities

Part of operating
costs

Regularly

33


6.2.3 Matrix of EMP for Rainfed Crop Husbandry

PROGRAMME /
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESCRIPTIONS

MITIGATING/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO BE
MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION
/ENHANCEM
ENT
MEASURES

RESPONOSIBLE
AGENCY
ORGANIZATION

SCHEDULE

CONSTRUCTION/OPERATION PHASE
Physico-Chemical Environment
Poor farming/
production
techniques

Decline in
agricultural
productivity
resulting from loss
of loss of soil and
biodiversity

Training farmers on the
importance of preserving
ecosystem and biodiversity

Number of trainees


Cost obtained
from cost
recovery
mechanism

PS, BOA, EPA ,ESTC Regularly

Percent increase in
agricultural productivity

Ensuring on farm soil fertility
improvement and off farm
activities based on integrated
agricultural extension system

Effectiveness of on farm
soil fertility improvement
practices

Part of EMP
costs

As scheduled

Supporting the farmers to
ensure new technologies for
production of crops

Efficiency and
performance of new
technologies in
improving crop yield and
soil production

Removal of
vegetation for crop
cultivation as well
as encroachment
into pristine and
marginal areas

Deforestation soil
erosion and soil
fertility reduction

Develop and encourage
sustainable use of efficient
alternative energy sources
(e.g., solar, wind)

Alternative energy
options and their
implementation

Regularly

Enhancing protection of
forest resources (e.g.
developing tree nurseries)

Use improved stoves use of improved stoves

34


EMP for Rainfed Crop… (Cont’d)
PROGRAMME /
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESCRIPTIONS

MITIGATING/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO BE
MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

RESPONOS
IBLE
AGENCY
ORGANIZA
TION

SCHEDULE

Agricultural inputs
such as use of agro
chemicals

Soil and water
pollution through
inappropriate use of
pesticides and
fertilizers

Undertaking adaptation
and validation research on
IPM in selected sampled
areas

Presence of buffer zones
along water bodies

Part of operating costs


MOA, BOA,
Proponent,
ESTC, EPA
NGOs, EPB,
PS

Regularly
throughout the
operating
period

Proportions of farmers
adopting combinations of
IPM techniques

Ensure appropriate use of
IPM/ pesticides

Changes in patterns of
pesticide use

Consider the use of both
organic and inorganic
fertilizers, as well as
intercropping nitrogen-
fixing plants

Increases in crop yields

Use buffer zone and/or re-
afforest degraded areas
along streams and river
banks.

Presence of buffer zones

Soil conservation
activities such as re-
afforestation programme
along river sides etc.

35


EMP for Rainfed Crop… (Cont’d)
PROGRAMME /
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESCRIPTIONS

MITIGATING/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO BE
MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION/ENHANCE
MENT MEASURES

RESPONOS
IBLE
AGENCY
ORGANIZA
TION

SCHED
ULE

Biological Environment

Removal of
vegetation for crop
cultivation as well
as encroachment
into pristine and
marginal areas

Potential effect on
pristine and
marginal lands

Avoid pristine and marginal
areas

Reducing consumption
of woods by improving
cooking stoves

Part of operating costs


MOA,
BOA
proponent,
ESTC,
EPB,

Regularly
throughout
the
operating
period

Agricultural inputs Damage to aquatic
ecosystems and
biodiversity

Judicious use of fertilizers
and pesticides Reduction of pollutants

from aquatic system

Integrated pest management
and use of agrochemicals

The use of IPM

Mismanagement
of water resources
and scarcity of rain
water


Drought caused by
insufficient rain
and potential
conflict with other
users

Consideration of drought
resistant crop varieties.

Drought resistant and
early maturing crop
varieties

Costs obtained from cost
recovery mechanism

Using rainwater harvesting
mechanisms including
small-scale irrigations

Improved water
harvesting system and
increased shelf life of
crops.

Use of indigenous
knowledge for identification
of some cop up mechanisms

Strengthened of
indigenous knowledge

Taking appropriate water
management strategy

Efficiency of utilization
of water

36


EMP for Rainfed Crop… (Cont’d)
PROGRAMME /
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESCRIPTIONS

MITIGATING/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO BE
MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

RESPONOSI
BLE
AGENCY
ORGANIZA
TION

SCHEDULE

Introduction of
new plant species
including
genetically
modified ones

Introduction of pant
diseases pests

Importation of new seeds
should be in accordance
with national
laws/regulations

Importance of new seeds
in comparison with the
local ones

No cost Proponent in
collaboration
with relevant
sectoral
Agencies

Regularly

Getting specific permit for
introduction of new plant
species from the
concerned agency is
required

Fullifilment of permitting
requirements

Displacement of
native species
(traditional
varieties) as the
result of
introduction of
exotic species

Thorough research should
be undertaken before using
new species at a large
scale.

Out put of the research Part of operating costs

Population pressure
on biological
diversity and
specific ecosystem

Relocation of people from
environmental sensitive
areas based on existing
legislation requirement

Effectiveness of the
intended reclocation
mechanism

No cost As scheduled

Creating mechanism for
controlling the influx of
people into the threatened
areas as well as other areas
of special value

Implementation of the
established mechanism
for controlling in flux of
people

No cost Regularly
throughout the
operation
period

37


EMP Rainfed Crop …
(Cont’d)

PROGRAMME /
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESCRIPTIONS

MITIGATING/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO BE
MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

RESPON
OSIBLE
AGENCY
ORGANI
ZATION

SCHEDULE

Encroachment of
people to the
project area

Decrease in
productivity of
marginal lands and
fragile areas

Relocation of people from
environmentally sensitive areas to
other places

Increased productivity of
marginal lands and other
fragile areas

Part of resettlement
plan costs

As scheduled

Socio economic Environment
Agricultural inputs
such as the use of
agro chemicals

Potential human and
animal health
hazards resulting
from inputs of
pollutants

Preventing and/or controlling health
problems by treating water
resources by appropriate treatment
techniques

Change in prevalence and
incidence of health
indicators

Part of operating
costs

Proponent
in
collaborati
on with
relevant
stakehodrs

Regularly
throughout
operation
period

Introduction of
new seeds
including
genetically
modified ones

Rise in incidence of
communicable
diseases due to
introduction of new
diseases non
endemic in host
communities

Proper identification of domestic
water sources and safeguarding
from unnecessary contamination Water quality

Part of EMP costs

Appropriate warning signs Installation of warning
signs

Part of operating
costs

Ensuring comprehensive pre-
employment examinations

Whether the workers are
examined before employed

No cost

Intensifying education campaign on
preventive health care of workers

Reduction of
communicable diseases

Part of operating
costs

Establishing local health institutions
for undertaking preventive and/or
controlling communicable diseases
such as malaria, HIV,etc.

Sufficiency of local health
facilities

Part of operating
costs

changes in baseline health
indicators

38


EMP Rainfed Crop …
(Cont’d)

PROGRAMME /
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESCRIPTIONS

MITIGATING/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO
BE MONITORED

COSTOF
MITIGATION/ENHANCE
MENT MEASURES

RESPON
OSIBLE
AGENCY
ORGANI
ZATION

SCHEDULE

Effectiveness of HIV/
AIDS and other
communicable
diseases health
programs

39


6.2.4. Matrix of EMP for Irrigation Crop Husbandry


PROGRAMME /
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESCRIPTIONS

MITIGATING/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO
BE MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION/ENHA
NCEMENT
MEASURES

RESPONOS
IBLE
AGENCY/
ORGANIZA
TION

SCHEDULE

PRECONSTRUCTION/ CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Physico-chemical Environment

Poor design and
construction of
reservoir and
canals

Seepage below the
reservoir and along
the primary canals

Use of proper designed
constructed reservoir and
canals

Check-up of the design of
the reservoir and primary
canals No cost

BOWR; PS
At the end of the
planning period
As scheduled

Use of appropriate
construction materials
that minimize/eliminate
seepage

Reduction of seepage Part of construction
costs

The quality of constriction
materials

Site clearing;
excavation;
leveling
construction of
access roads;

Deforestation and
soil erosion
problems from
canals ditches; etc.


Re-vegetation of newly
exposed areas and
surroundings of the
reservoir


Areas covered by vegetation Part of the operating
cost

BF; NGOs;
WAO

As scheduled

Appropriate use of soil
conservation measures
such as earth stone bunds;
terraces; etc.

Establishment of soil
conservation measures

40


EMP for Irrigation Crop… (Cont’d)
PROGRAMME /
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESCRIPTIONS

MITIGATING/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO
BE MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

RESPONOSI
BLE
AGENCY
ORGANIZA
TION

SCHEDULE

Proper
handling/management of
construction materials and
the area

Handling of
construction materials

Soil and Water
salinity problem

Training of farmers Number of skilled
farmers

Proponent in
collaboration
with relevant
stakeholders

Regularly of
where
necessary Provision of adequate

drainage facilities and
maintaining them

Establishment and
proper function of
drainage facilities

Soil salinization due to
water logging and absence
of drainage in the project
areas

Grow less-water
demanding and salt-
tolerant crops
water quality
Provision of adequate
drainage facilities such
as drainage canals for
removing salinity
Crop-water
requirements and soil
features
Avoid irrigating saline-
prone and poorly
draining soil types (e.g.
vertisoles)
Level of ground water

41


EMP for Irrigation Crop… (Cont’d)
PROGRAMME
/ PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESCRIPTIONS

MITIGATING/ ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO BE
MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATIO
N/ENHANCE
MENT
MEASURES

RESPONOS
IBLE
AGENCY/ /
ORGANIZA
TION

SCHEDULE

Leaching of salts by
flushing
soils periodically
Sufficient drainage
facilities

Improper use of
Agrochemicals

Soil and water
pollution and the
resulting
consequence of
decline in crop
productivity of the
land, poor returns
to farmers

Appropriate use of agrochemicals based
on the national guidelines

Use of on agrochemicals as
per the requirement

Part of
operating costs

Regularly

Application of fertilizer based on soil
analysis

Soil tests

Apply soil reclamation and fertility
enhancement

Soil fertility

Application of IPM IPM in place

Implement more efficient irrigation
methods (e.g. dip instead of surface
irrigation)

Irrigation methods

Improve irrigation regime to minimize
deep percolation and surface runoff.

Surface and ground water
tests

Application of fertilizers based on soil
analysis

crop production

Contamination of
ground water
caused by higher

Ensuring appropriate water use
management

Improved water
management

42


salinity; nutrients
and agrochemicals

Wise use of agrochemicals and other
inputs

Improvement in appropriate
use of agricultural inputs

EMP for Irrigation Crop… (Cont’d)
PROGRAMME /
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESCRIPTIONS

MITIGATING/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO BE
MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION/
ENHANCEME
NT
MEASURES

RESPONOS
IBLE
AGENCY/
ORGANIZA
TION

SCHEDULE

Training of farmers on
how to use agrochemicals
and management of
irrigation waters

Farmers skills change

Losses of
productivity of the
irrigated sloppy land
(above 5%) due to
soil erosion

Selection and construction
of appropriate on-farm
watercourse conveyance
structures

Effectiveness of the structures in
stabilizing soil transport with in
the command area

Part of the
rehabilitation
costs

R/WAO, BF,
NGOs

Regularly

Stabilize run-off
conveyance by appropriate
soil and water conservation
structures

Establishment of the
conservation structures

Training of farmers on
water and soil conservation
activities and management

Number of skilled trainees

Declining of crop
yields of the lands
due to over
intensive use of
them and mono-
cropping

Use of appropriate
fertilizers which would
have importance in
producing crops in a
sustainable manner
Crop rotation, inter-
cropping, fallow

Increment of crop yields Costs to obtained
from cost
recovery
mechanism

Same as
above

Attitude of farmers in applying
crop rotation, etc.

Change in farmer’s income

43


EMP for Irrigation Crop… (Cont’d)

PROGRAMM
E / PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESCRIPTIONS

MITIGATING/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO BE
MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

RESPONOSI
BLE
AGENCY
/ORGANIZA
TION

SCHEDULE

Biological Environment

Site clearing;
excavation;
leveling
construction of
access roads

Loss of biomass and
biodiversity as well as
damage to the aquatic
system

Put the sites of the
construction activities far
away from those areas which
are rich in biodiversity

The sitting of
construction activities

Part of the planning
costs

Regularly

Use of water for
crop production

Reduction/loss in fish
species diversity and
abundance

Damage to
downstream ecosystem
and wetlands.
Saline aquifers/
groundwater pollution

Maintaining fish Species
diversity by means of spill
ways/fish passes proper
modification of outlet/water
release etc.

Presence of spill ways;
fish species diversity
and abundance

Regularly
throughout
the operating
period

Proper management of
reservoir so as to suit
downstream requirements

Water disposal site;
designated wetlands (if
necessary)

provision of separate disposal
channel for saline/used water
disposal

Comparison of
extraction rates with
recharge rates

Designate land for wetlands

44


Ensuring that extract of
groundwater is at or below
recharge rates

EMP for Irrigation Crop… (Cont’d)

PROGRAMME /
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESCRIPTIONS

MITIGATING/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO
BE MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATI
ON/ENHAN
CEMENT
MEASURES

RESPONOSIBLE
AGENCY
/ORGANIZATION

SCHEDULE

Socio-Economic Environment
Site clearing;
excavation;
leveling
construction of
access roads

Dislocation of people
from the reservoir area
and sites to be irrigated

Provision of proper
compensation for lost
resources

Compensation made
for displaced people
as per the
recommendation and
allotted time

Proponent, BOWR,
BOH, BOA, BF

As scheduled

Complain of downstream
users and associated
social conflicts

Under taking proper
management of
irrigation water;

respect ion and
strengthening of
social norms and user
association rules

Reduced frequency of
conflicts /dialogue;

low management
cost; respected
norms/rules

food security losses for
non-beneficiaries and
high management costs

Public Health
Introduction and
aggravation of water and
vector borne diseases
(e.g. malaria,
schistosomiasis

Training of local
people on how to
prevent and control
water and vector born
diseases

Number of trainees Part of
operating
costs

Proponent, BOH,
BOWR, BOA, NGOs

Regularly

45


Removal of
vegetation from
reservoir & canals as
well as maintaining
of irrigation
infrastructures

Changes in number
of vectors

EMP for Irrigation Crop… (Cont’d)

PROGRAMME /
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESCRIPTIONS

MITIGATING/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO
BE MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATI
ON/ENHAN
CEMENT
MEASURES

RESPONOSIBLE
AGENCY
/ORGANIZATION

SCHEDULE

Avoidance of
stagnant water as
well as slowly
moving water

Visual inspection

Filling or draining of
borrow pits along
canals and roads

Borrow pits to be
filled

Impacts on human
health which may arise
from the use of waste
water in irrigation

Provision of
alternative sources of
potable water

Availability of
alternative potable
water sources

Training the
communities on how
to manage potable
water

Number of trained
people on how to
manage potable water

Waste water
treatment (e.g.
settling ponds) prior
to use

Waste water treated

46


Develop and
implement standards
for wastewater use

Waste water
treatment as per the
established standards


6.2.5 Matrix of EMP for Animal Husbandry

PROGRAMME/
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESPRICTION

MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS
TO BE
MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION
/ENHANCEM
ENT
MEASURES

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORGA
NIZATION

SHEDULE

CONSTRUCTION/OPETATION PHASE
Physico-chemical Environment
Inappropriate
livestock
management
activities (e.g.
overgrazing and
misbalancing
foraging)

Soil erosion and soil
compaction caused
by overgrazing and
imbalanced foraging

Building the capacity of
herders on how to reduce
the problem of overgrazing
and use of rangelands in an
efficient manner

Reduction of
overgrazed areas

Part of EMP
costs

Proponent, MOA,
NGOs, R/WAO,
community level
organizations

Regularly

Undertaking preliminary
assessment inorder to get
baseline data for livestock
carrying capacity of the
area

Whether carrying
capacity of the
area maintained or
not

Part of EMP
costs

During
preconstruction
period

Installation of
new/improved
water supply

Deterioration of
water quality Caused
by livestock and
human contamination

Ensuring appropriate water
management practices so as
to reduce water
contamination

Effectiveness of
water management
practices

Part of
operating costs

Regional
Environmental
agencies,
BOWR,

Throughout the
construction and
operation period

47


placing appropriate
regulatory water use
mechanisms inorder to
prevent exhaustion of water
resource

performance of
regulatory water
use mechanisms

Proponent,
PS

As scheduled

Industrialized
livestock
production
system

Eutrophication of
water bodies by
surplus nutrients from
manure

prevent leaching by storing
it in a proper place

Reduction in
leaching of
nutrients

Part of
operating costs

RWAO, EPB, PS,
proponent

At the beginning of
construction period

Restrict nutrients inputs in
animal feed

Regular checking

EMP for Animal… (Cont’d)
PROGRAMME/
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESPRICTION

MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO
BE MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION/EN
HANCEMENT
MEASURES

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORGANI
ZATION

SHEDULE

odor resulting from
volatilization of
ammonia and
spread of disease
and pathogens

Treating manure inorder to
prevent leaching of ammonia
and spread of diseases and
pathogens

Reduction of leaching BOH, R/WAO

As scheduledchange in prevalence
and incidence of
diseases

Biological Environment

Inappropriate
livestock
management
activities(e.g.
overgrazing and
imbalanced
foraging)

Loss of biodiversity
and impediment of
livestock growth
and production

Rehabilitate overgrazed areas
through reduction of
pressures on grazing areas
and/or introduction of modern
management practices (e.g.
forage development and
constructed terracing)

The rehabilitated
coverage areas

Part of the
rehabilitation costs

BOA, DAS, Regional
Environmental
Protection Agency,
proponent

Regularly
during
Operation
period

Changes in flora
indicators

Increased forage
development,

48


terracing etc. in
backyards farms and
marginal lands

At all times

killing of wildlife
resulting from
competition of
livestock with wild
life in protected
areas for the scarce
resources(e.g.
water, fodder)

Ensuring sufficient supply of
fodder/water for livestock and
wildlife

sufficiency of fodder
and water points

costs to be obtained
from subsidy as well
as recovery system

BOA, R/WAO, EPB,
EPA, NGOs, DAS,
proponent

Regularly
throughout
the operation
periodDecrease of wildlife

death

EMP for Animal (Cont’d)
PROGRAMME/
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESPRICTION

MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO
BE MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATIO
N/ENHANCE
MENT
MEASURES

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORGA
NIZATION

SHEDULE

Integration of community
based co-management
practice

Functionality of the
identified co-
management practice

Facilitating the condition to
share the parks in come with
livestock herders

Effectiveness of the
created benefit
sharing system

Reduction of utilizable
plants by introduction
of less valuable ones

Maintaining biodiversity of
the area by raising the skill of
the concerned stakeholders

Species diversity

Industrialized or
conventional
herders

Reduction of genetic
diversity of domestic
animals and
degradation of habitats

appropriate research will be
carried out on those new
livestock species so as to
reduce their impact on
biodiversity

Research output
Part of subsidy
and recovery
costs

ESTC, DAS, BOA,
MOA, proponent

At the beginning
of construction
stage or where
necessary

49


Introduction of
new livestock
species

Envisaging pilot test on those
new livestock species in
terms of their suitability to
the local environment (e.g
their resistances to diseases,
resistance to local
environment)

pilot test result prior to operating
phase

EMP for Animal …(Cont’d)
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESPRICTION

MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO
BE MONITORED

COST
MITIGATIO
N/ENHANCE
MENT
MEASURES

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORGA
NIZATION

SHEDULE

Introduction of
invasive/alien
plan t species

Loss of genetic
diversity of plant
species cased by alien
plant species

Ensure that new forage seeds
are in line with pertinent
regulations/ law

Suitability of new
forage seeds to the
local environment

Part of subsidy
and recovery
costs

At the
beginning of
operation
periodEnvisaging research on those

intended new forage seeds
before they introduced in the
local environment

Outcome of the
research

Increase in forage
supply

Loss of biodiversity as
well as decrease in
productivity of
marginal lands duet to
population pressure

designing the project in such
a manner to maintain human
and livestock population with
carrying capacity of
ecosystem

change in population
growth Throughout the

operation
period

50


Considerations of permitting
requirements for limiting of
immigration of people at
environmentally sensitive
areas.

Practicalities of
permitting
requirements in
limiting immigration
of people

Regularly
throughout the
entire operation
period

EMP for Animal… (Cont’d)
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESPRICTION

MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO
BE MONITORED

COST
MITIGATIO
N/ENHANCE
MENT

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORGA
NIZATION

SHEDULE

Socio-economic Environment
Inappropriate
livestock
management
activities(e.g.
overgrazing and
misbalancing
foraging)

Encroachment of
rangelands and the
possible rise of
conflicts between
livestock herders and
others

Minimize conflicts of
stakeholders through
discussions to be held with
them according to the
existing legal rights, laws etc.

Reduction of
conflicts between
stakeholders

Part of the
rehabilitation
costs

BF, BOA, RC,
FAS, R/WAO,
EPB, proponent

Regularly
throughout the
operation
period

Ensuring diversification of
alternative livelihoods and
improving credit access to the
disadvantaged groups

Minimized pressure
on rangelands
Extensive package of
alternative
livelihoods

51


presence of local
savings and credit
organization

Industrialized or
conventional
herders

Introduction of
new livestock
species

Introduction and/or
aggravation of new
diseases to
livestock/wildlife

Precautionary measures such
as envisaging appropriate
research is required before the
introduction of new species

Implementation of
precautionary
measures as Per the
requirement

EMP for Animal… (Cont’d)
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESPRICTION

MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO
BE MONITORED

COST
MITIGATION
/ENHANCEM
ENT

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORGAN
IZATION

SHEDULE

Introduction of
invasive/alien
plant species

Introduction and/or
aggravation of
communicate livestock
and human diseases

Establishment of local
health institution for
controlling epidemic
diseases

changes in baseline
health indicators

Part of the
operating costs

MOA, BOA, DAS,
EARO, R/WHP,
proponent


providing preventive health
education programme for
the local livestock herders

performance of local
health education
porgramme

Industrialized
livestock

Damage of aquatic and
wet land habitats and
biodiversity from

" " Regularly

52


production
system

excess use of manure as
well as release of heavy
metals from production
system

Treating and/or storing
manure by using
appropriate techniques

placement and
performance of
treatment facilities

Regularly
throughout
constriction
period

Use of the national
laws/regulations to
minimize/control pollution

Effectiveness of
controlling pollution
as per the national
environmental
requirements Regularly

6.3: Matrix of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Road Programmes and Projects

PROGRAMME
/PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESCRIPTION

MITIGATION/
ENHAN-CEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO BE
MONITORED

COST OF MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORGA
NIZATION

SHEDULE

PRE-CONSTRUCTION/CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Physico- Chemical Environment
Construction of
access roads and
excavation
works for brick

Siltation and
sedimentation of
local creeks

Silt traps to be
constructed
immediately down
slopes of new access
roads

Presence of silt traps Part of construction cost EPA,MoA,
MoWR,
proponents, ERA

At the end
of
constructio
n period

53


quarries, borrow
sites


Establishment of
retentation ponds to
reduce sediment load
before water enters
creeks

Part of construction cost Effectiveness (performance)
of retention ponds

During the
entire
operation
period

Water and soil
pollution resulting
from release of
pollutants (e.g.
oil, greases) of the
construction
machineries

Construction materials
will be maintained
regularly so as to
avoid accidental spills

Accidental spill
reduction

Part of operating costs Regularly

Collection and
recycling accidental
spills

Water and soil quality

Soil instability
which can lead to
land slides

Due consideration of
route alignment should
be made so as to avoid
inherently unstable
areas

Options of route
alignments

Part of construction costs As
scheduled

EMP for Road… (Cont’d)
PROGRAMME
/PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESCRIPTION

MITIGATION/
ENHAN-
CEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO
BE MONITORED

COST OF MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORGANI
ZATION

SHEDULE

Destruction of
buildings,
vegetation and
soil in the right of
way, borrow pit

Destruction will be
remediated by
giving due
consideration of
alternative
alignments

Consideration of
alternative
alignments

Part of the design cost During pre
construction
period

54


sites, waste
dumps, etc.


Ensuring that all
excavated sites
should be restored
to its original
condition through
reclamation
measures

Whether the
excavated sites are
restored back to their
original conditions or
not

Part of normal maintenance
cost

As
scheduled
during
operation
periods

Road cuts and
fills

Erosion of lands
below the road
bedside due to
concentrated
outflow from
covered or open
drains

provision of
sufficient drainage
outlets will be
made so as to
reduce the problem

Adequacy of number
of drain outlets

Contractor’s account EPA,MoA, MoWR,
proponents, ERA


As
scheduled

Inorder to avoid
and/or reduce the
road bedside
erosion, lining of
receiving surface
with stones and
concrete will be
done

Percent decrease of
soil erosion

Part of monitoring cost During the
entire
operation
period

EMP for Road… (Cont’d)
PROGRAMME/

PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESCRIPTION

MITIGATION/
ENHAN-CEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS
TO BE
MONITORED

COST OF MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORGANIZ
ATION

SHEDULE

Occurrence of landslides,
slumps, slips and other
movements in road cuts
and steep areas

Limitation of earth
moving to dry periods

whether earth
moving is done
as per the
suggested time

Visual inspection At all times At the end of
construction
period

55


Route alignment should
be made so as to avoid
inherently unstable areas

Route alignment
as per the result
of the study

Part of the planning
costs

ERA proponent the
concerned

During the
entire
operation
period

Protection of most
susceptible surfaces
with appropriate
structures such as
concrete walls, dry wall
masonry, Gabon’s, mulch

Stability of the
surfaces

part of construction
costs

EPA,MoA, WRM
proponents contractors

Throughout
the
construction
and operation
periods

During the
entire
operation
period.

Protection of drainage
channels with berns,
straw or fabric barriers

Effectiveness of
protective
structure

" "

Use of chemicals
and other related
toxic materials for
dust control
vegetation
clearance, etc.

Contamination of land
especially those of
environmentally sensitive
areas caused by
indiscriminate use of
those chemicals

Use of non-chemical
methods as best
alternatives for
controlling dust

Application and
use of non
chemical
methods

part of operation
expenses

EPA and other
regulatory bodies

During the
entire
operation
period

EMP for Road… (Cont’d)
PROGRAMME/

PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESCRIPTION

MITIGATION/
ENHAN-
CEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS
TO BE
MONITORED

COST OF MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORGANIZ
ATION

SHEDULE

56


Ensuring regulation
of transport of toxic
materials by using
national standards/
guidelines

Effectiveness in
controlling
transport of toxic
materials as per
the prepared
national
environmental
requirements

No cost During
construction
and operation
periods

Prohibition of toxic
wastes transport in
ecologically
sensitive areas
should be strictly
made based on the
prepared national
regulations and/or
guidelines

Performance of
the national laws
and regulation

No cost The concerned
environmental agencies

Immigration of
people in and
around the project
area

Destruction of buildings,
vegetation and soil in the
right of way occupied the
highway

Destruction will be
remediated by
giving due
consideration of
alternative
alignments

Whether
alternative
alignments are in
place and
working use and
per the result
output

No cost ERA the concerned
environmental
agencies

Through out
the construction
period, or
where
necessairy

EMP for Road… (Cont’d)

57


PRPPROGRAMM
E/PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESCRIPTION

MITIGATION/
ENHAN-
CEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS
TO BE
MONITORED

COST OF MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMEN
TMEASUREME
S

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORGANI
ZATION

SHEDULE

Ensuring that all
excavated sties
should be restored
to its original
condition through
reclamation
measures

Restored sites as
per the
recommendation

Part of construction
costs

ERA, proponent,
contractor

At the end of
construction
period

During the
preconstruction
period

Adequate
compensations to
the dislocated
people will be
given

Effectiveness of
the compensation
measures

Part of resettlement
plan costs

Biological Environmet

Construction of
access roads
and excavation
works for brick
quarries,
borrow sites

Loss of
vegetation,
territorial wildlife
habitats,
biological
resources, etc
resulting from
construction
equipments (e.g.
large graders and
bulldozers

Identify best sites
for construction
activities

Whether the
identified sites
are placed at the
right places

No cost During the design
period

Use of
environmentally
sound
construction
methods

Appropriateness
of the
construction
methods

Part of construction
costs

At the beginning
of the
construction
period

58


EMP for Road… (Cont’d)

PROJPPROGRA
MME/PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESCRIPTIO
N

MITIGATION/
ENHAN-
CEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS
TO BE
MONITORED

COST OF MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORGANI
ZATION

SHEDULE

Give due
consideration of
route alignment
according to
location of fragile,
unique aspects
areas of etc

Operation of
route
alignments

Part of the planning
costs

At the beginning of
preconstruction period

Achievement in
maintaining
biodiversity

Construction of
Access Roads

Potential effects
on hydrological
regimes of
wetlands.

Appropriate action
needs to be taken in
realigning of the
route so as to void
wetlands

Verifying the
realignment of
the road

part of the planning
costs

At the end of the
planning stage

Proper measures
will be taken in
stalling of road
infrastructures (e.g.
culverts) as per the
criteria from prior
hydrological
surveys

Installation of
infrastructures
as per the
findings of
hydrological
surveys

part of the design
costs

During the end of the
planning stage

EMP for Road… (Cont’d)

59


PROJPPROG
RAMME/
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESCRIPTION

MITIGATION/
ENHAN-
CEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS
TO BE
MONITORED

COST OF MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORGANI
ZATION

SHEDULE

Road Cuts and
Fills

Destruction or
damage of terrest
orial wildlife
habitats,
biological
resources etc.

Alignment should
be made with
minimal effect on
the biodiversity
and different
ecosystems

Achievement in
maintaining
biodiversity

part of the planning
costs

EPA, MOA, ERA,
proponent

At all times

Appropriate
measures will be
undertaken in
preserving the
biodiversity and
ecosystems
adjacent to the
road after
completion

Effectiveness of
the proposed
measures

part of the EMP
costs

At all times

Socio-economic Environment

Construction of
access roads
and excavation
works for brick
quarries,
borrow sites

Destruction of
buildings,
vegetation and
soil in the right of
way, borrow pit
sites, waste
dumps, etc.

Providing
appropriate
compensation
measures for the
displaced people
from the sites

People’s reaction
to the types of
compensation
which they have
been provided

Part of
resettlement plan
costs

At the end of
design period

EMP for Road… (Cont’d)

60


PROGRAMME/
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESCRIPTIO
N

MITIGATION/
ENHAN-
CEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS
TO BE
MONITORED

COST OF MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORGANI
ZATION

SHEDULE

In migration of
People in and
around the project
areas

Serious social
and economic
disruption of the
areas may occur
as the result of
illegal invasion
of indigenous
peoples by
squatters and
poachers

Controlling of
poachery in the
areas will be made
by using an
appropriate law and
regulation

Percent
decrease of
poachers into
the area

No cost EPA, MoA, MoH, the
concerned regional
agencies

Through out the entire
construction and
operation periods

If the problem of
squatters is
unavoidable, some
precautionary
measures will be
sought to minimize
conflict of interest

Effectiveness of
mechanism in
reducing
conflict of
interest

Part of planning
costs.

EPA, MoA, MoH, the
concerned regional
agencies

Construction of
access roads

Disturbance of
settlements and
potential effects
on employees
health caused by
high intensity of
noise and dust
generated from
construction
machinery, plant
process and
transport facility

Regularly
sprinkling of
temporary roads
with water

Periodical
inspection

No cost Regularly during the
construction period

EMP for Road… (Cont’d)

61


PROGRAMME/
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESCRIPTION

MITIGATION/
ENHAN-
CEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS
TO BE
MONITORED

COST OF MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORGAN
IZATION

SHEDULE

Installing of
mufflers on
equipments as well
as maintaining
them on a regular
basis should be
made

Performance of
installed mufflers in
controlling the
voice

Contractor’s account

Supplying the
required personnel
protection
equipment

Use of the
equipments by the
employees

Part of the
environmental
management costs

Road cuts and fills Water supply
scarcity due to
reduction of
surface flows

Undertaking
preliminary
assessment and
design of
appropriate
drainage works so
as to minimize
changes in surface
flows and make
adequate to local
conditions

Changes in surface
flows

part of construction
costs

EPA,MoA, Mow
proponents the
concerned regional
stakeholders

Throughout the
construction. or
where necessary

EMP for Road… (Cont’d)

62


PROGRAMME/
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESCRIPTION

MITIGATION/
ENHAN-
CEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS
TO BE
MONITORED

COST OF MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORGAN
IZATION

SHEDULE

Grade limitations
will be made so as
to avoid cutting
and filling where
scenery would be
spoiled

Adequacy of water
supply to the local
users

part of construction
costs

EPA,MoA, Mowh
proponents

Throughout the
construction. or
where necessary

Loose of visual
aesthetics of the
areas resulting
from marred
landscapes (scars
from road cuts,
slumps, etc.)

Tourist access
roads should be
planned for
accessing visual
aesthetics

The restored
aesthetic beauty of
the area

part of construction
costs

EPA,MoA, Mowh
proponents

During the
feasibility study
period

Maintenance
and/or restoration
of roadside
vegetation will be
carried out

Access road
facilities

During the design and
construction periods.

EPA,MoA, Mowh
proponents

Total area planted
along the road side

Road operation and
maintenance

Environmental
and social
disruption caused
by construction
camps

Careful sitting,
construction and
management of
construction camps

sitting of the
construction camp
Efficiency and
performance of the
management of
construction camps

part of preconstruction
and construction costs

The concerned road
authority, proponent

Through out the
preconstruction
and construction

MP for Road… (Cont’d)

63


PROJPPROG
RAMME/PROJ
ECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESCRIPTION

MITIGATION/
ENHAN-
CEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS
TO BE
MONITORED

COST OF MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURE

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORGANIZA
TION

SHEDULE

OPERATION PHASE
Physico- Chemeical Environment

Establishing
drainage facilities
and impoundment
of water

Potential release of oil, grease
and fuel from equipment yards
that may cause soil and water
contamination

Safety
precautionary
measures (e.g.
treatment of
wastes and
chemicals) will
be incorporated
to avoid
accidental spills

The efficiency
and performance
of
precautionary
measures

Part of regular
operating expenses

Proponent, the
concerned
environmental
agencies

As scheduled

Risk of accidents such as
explosions and fires resulting
from transporting of
environmentally dangerous
substances such as gas , oil,
etc.

public awareness
and safety
operational
procedures
should be
enforced

Increase in
number of skilled
people for
effectively
implementing
operational
procedures

Part of operating
expenses

As scheduled

Effectiveness of
safety operational
procedures

Biological Environment
Establishing
drainage facilities
and impoundment
of water

Effect on the aquatic
communities due to loss of
normal water flows

Undertaking
controlled
management and
distribution of
water resources
through release
programme

performance of
watershed
management

No cost The concerned Road
Authority and
environmental
agencies

MP for Road… (Cont’d)

64


PROGRAMME/
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESCRIPTION

MITIGATION/
ENHAN-CEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO
BE
MONITORED

COST OF MITIGATION/
ENHANCEME
NTMEASURE

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORGANI
ZATION

SHEDULE

Operating schedule to
take quality of released
water

Maintenance of
quality of water as per
scheduled operation

No cost Proponent As
scheduled

Adequate and proper
collection and
recycling of lubricants

Improved water
quality

Part of operating
costs

Proponent and the
concerned
environmental agencies

As
scheduled

Opening main
and access roads
for transport

Creation of favourable
situation such as new
pathways for alien
invasive species as well
as for propagation of
disease vectors and pests

Plant and animal
sanitation service and
related check points
will be established so
as to avoid the said
problem

Proper functioning of
plant and animal
sanitation services

No cost EPA, MoA, MoH, the
concerned regional
agencies

Through
out the
entire
constructio
n and
operation
periods

EMP for Road… (Cont’d)

65


PROJPPROGR
AMME/
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESCRIPTION

MITIGATION/
ENHAN-CEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS
TO BE
MONITORED

COST OF
MITIGATION/
ENHANCEME
NTMEASURE

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORGANIZ
ATION

SHEDULE

Socio-economic Environment
Road operation
and maintainance

Creation of favourable
habitats (stagnant water
bodies) in borrow pits,
quarries, etc for disease
vectors

Appropriate
precautionary
measures such as
improving
landscaping, filling of
drainage will be made
so as to avoid creating
favorable habitats for
diseases vector

percent decrease of
favorable habitats for
for disease vectors

Part of
operating costs

The concerned road
authority, proponent

As scheduled

Use properly designed
culverts, bridges and
ditches

Efficiency and
performance of the
designed
infrastructures

Proponent the
concerned regional
authorities

At all times

Preserving natural
habitats along streams,
steep slopes, and
ecologically sensitive
areas

Visual inspection
to verify the
preserved natural
habitats

Proponent in
collaboration with the
concerned stakeholders.

At all times

Construct and use of
well designed culverts
and bridges to channel
water resources

Establishment and
performance of
culverts and
bridges

proponent in
collaboration with the
concerned stakeholders

At all times

EMP for Road… (Cont’d)

66


PROJPPROGR
AMME/
PROJECT
ACTIVITIES

IMPACTS
DESCRIPTION

MITIGATION/
ENHAN-CEMENT
MEASURES

INDICATORS TO
BE
MONITORED

COST MITIGATION/
ENHANCEME
NTMEASURE

RESPONSIBLE
AGENCY/ORGANI
ZATION

SHEDULE

Use environmentally
sound road
engineering practices
so as to ensure
protection against soil
erosion from steep
slopes and water run
off

The performance and
function of
engineering practice

Proponent, contractor As
scheduled

Vehicular traffic
and transport

Potential risk to human health
and environment that may
result in spills of toxic
materials

Incorporation of safety
measures and
emergency plan during
the design stage

establishment and
implementation of
OHS and emergency
measures

part of the
operation costs

Throughout
the
construction
and
operation
period

Transporting of
hazardous materials
will be made on some
other designated
special routes

Effective
implementation of the
procedure

No cost At all times

Potential effect on individual
properties and other land uses
(e.g. agriculture, forestry)

Appropriate
compensation
arrangement should be
carried out.

Effective
implementation of
compensation

No cost Proponent As
scheduled

67


REFERENCES

Birley (1991), Guidelines for Forecasting the Vector-borne disease implications of Water
Resources Development. PEEM Guidelines Series 2. Second edition PEEM Secretariat,
WHO, Generva. WHO/CWS/91.3

Bova Nova and Goldemberg, (1999), People and Large Dams, Social Performance of large
Dams

Brandt and Hassan (200), Working paper on Cultural Heritage Management around Large
Dams

Bureau of AFrica; Office of Sustainable Development (June 1996); Environmental
Guidelines for Small-scale Activities in Africa

Catterson et al (1999), Programmatic Enviromental Assessment of Small-scale Irrigation in
Ethiopia. Catholic Relief Services, U.S. Catholic Conference, Baltimore, Maryland.

Environmental Guidelines for Small Scale Activities, Chapter 13 Livestock Production http://
www.encapafricea.org/EGSSAAsectionsMarch2003/Env% Guidelines
%2013Livestock%Graphics%20%201.pdf

EPA (July 2002), Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline Document , Addis Ababa

Federal Republic of Nigeria (2002), National Action Programme to Combat Desertification
and Mitigate the Effects of Drought- Towards the implementation of UNCCD and
mitigate the effects of drought in the country

Hune Nega (September 2000), Sustainable agriculture : Concepts Principles and Practices
Rain water Harvesting and Utilization Techniques-NOVIB Partners Forum on
sustainable Land use Lecture notes on Stainable Land Use

IIRR (2002), Managing Dryland Resources-An Extension manual for Eastern and Southern
Africa. International Institute of Rural RE-construction, Nairobi, Kenya.

Impact Assessment Service of EPA (June 2003), Environmental and Social Management
Plan (ESMP) for Agricultural Support Project

Jobbin, (1999), Case Study of Tucurui Dam, India World Commission for Large Dams

Keating, M. (1993), The Earth Summit’s Agenda for Change. A Plain language version of
Agenda 21 and the other Rio Assessments centre for our common Future, Geneva,
Switzerland

Menzi, H., Minimizing Environmental Impacts of Livestock Production through Good Manure
and Nutrient Management. Swiss College of Agriculture (SCA), Ch-3052, Zollikofen,
Switzerland.

68

http://www.encapafricea.org/EGSSAAsectionsMarch2003/Env%25
http://www.encapafricea.org/EGSSAAsectionsMarch2003/Env%25


Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (May 26, 2003), Ethiopia: Poverty
Reduction Support Policy Matrix of SDPRP

MOFFD (2002), Ethiopia: Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Programme.
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Morse and Berger, (1999), Social Impact of Sardar Sarovar Dam, India; contributing paper for
World Commission on Dams

Rana et al (1999), Livestock In Mixed Farming System of the Hindu Kush-Himalayas: Trends
and sustainability. FAO, ICIMOD.

Stockle, C.O. Environmental Impact of Irrigation: A Review. State of Washington Water
Research Center. Washington State University

The World Bank (2002), The Environment and the Millennium Development Goals

The world Bank (May/1995) Environmental Assessment Sound Book; Volume II Sectoral
Guidelines Washington D.C, Fourth Printing

United Nation Conference on Environment and Development (1992), Agenda 2

WCD (2001), Report of World Commission for Dams. Dams and Development a new
framework for decision- making, Brazil

Yonas Tekelemichael (December 2002), The Role, Status and Effectiveness of Environmental
Impact Assessment in Ethiopia: a paper presented on the First Meeting of East African
Directors Responsible for Environment and Economic Planning, held in Nairobi Kenya
from 9th to 11th December, 2002

Yonas Tekelemichael (January 2003), Vision for Impact Assessment Published in the
Bilingual Magazine of the Environmental Protection Authority

69


70


List of Acronyms
1. INTRODUCTION
2. OVERVIEW OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY
REDUCTION PROGRAMME (SPDRP)
2.1 Poverty Situation in Ethiopia
2.2) Measures taken to alleviate Poverty Condition

3. THE NEED FOR THE PREPARATION OF EMP
4. REVIEW OF RELEVANT DOCUMENTS IN RELATION TO EMP
4.1 Agenda 21
4.2 Ethiopia’s Environmental policy and Legal Frameworks with regard to EMP

5 IDENTIFIED SECTORAL PROGRAMMES/PROJECTS AND THEIR BENFITS
5.1 Programmes/Projects
5.2 Benefits of the Programmes and Projects

6. MATRIX OF EMP FOR THE IDENTIFIED PROGRAMMES AND PROJECTS
6.1: Matrix of EMP For Hydropower Programmes and Projects
6.2) Matrix of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Water and Agricultural Programmes and Projects
6.2.1) Water supply and Sanitation programmes and projects
6.2.2. Matrix of EMP for Rainwater Harvesting
COST OF
MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT MEASURES
SCHEDULE
COST OF MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT MEASURES
SCHEDULE
COST OF MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT MEASURES
SCHEDULE
COST OF MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT MEASURES
SCHEDULE
6.2.3 Matrix of EMP for Rainfed Crop Husbandry
COST OF MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT MEASURES
SCHEDULE
CONSTRUCTION/OPERATION PHASE
Physico-Chemical Environment


Poor farming/ production techniques
COST OF
MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT MEASURES
SCHEDULE
COSTOF MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT MEASURES
SCHEDULE
6.2.4. Matrix of EMP for Irrigation Crop Husbandry
COST OF MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT MEASURES
SCHEDULE
COST OF
MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT MEASURES
SCHEDULE
COST OF MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT MEASURES
SCHEDULE
COST OF MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT MEASURES
SCHEDULE
COST OF
MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT MEASURES
SCHEDULE
COST OF MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT MEASURES
SCHEDULE
COST OF MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT MEASURES
SCHEDULE
6.2.5 Matrix of EMP for Animal Husbandry
6.3: Matrix of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Road Programmes and Projects

References