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National Solid Waste Management Strategy 2015.pdf
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY
THE NATIONAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
February, 2015
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
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A publication of the
National Environment Management Authority, Kenya (NEMA)
© National Environment Management Authority, 2014
First published 2014
Extracts may be published if the source is duly acknowledged
For more information contact
Director General
National Environment Management Authority
Popo Road, off Mombasa Road, P.O Box 67839-00200,
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: 6005522/6001945/6008767/2101370
Fax: 254-02-6008997, Hotline: 6006041,
Mobile No: 0724253398, 0728585829, 0735013046, 0735010237
E -mail: dgnema@nema.go.ke,
Website: www.nema.go.ke
http://www.nema.go.ke/
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FOWARD
Accumulated waste deposits are an indication of societal lifestyles, waste management
practices and production technology. Some societies at the peak of their development have
stagnated due to inadequate management of their waste leading to proliferation of disease;
environmental degradation and ultimate impact on livelihoods. Improper management of
waste poses a threat to Climate Change and eventually in the achievement of sustainable
development. Waste being one of the contributors of greenhouse gases, affects climate
change and it is for this reason that as a country, we should develop sustainable waste
management technologies and initiatives to cub this growing global challenge.
Through our commitment to sustainable development, Kenya aims to balance the broader
economic and social challenges of development and environmental protection. For this reason
the country subscribe to the vision of a prosperous and equitable society living in harmony
with our natural resources. This is also reinforced in the constitution under the fundamental
right to a clean and health environment. Sound environmental management entails use of
waste reduction technologies in production, sustainable product design, resource efficiency
and waste prevention, re-using products where possible; recovering value from products.
Although, elimination of waste entirely may not be feasible, systematic application of modern
waste management systems should be explored and implemented.
The challenge of waste management affects every person and institution in society. The
measures set out in this strategy cannot be undertaken without a collective approach to waste
challenges, and the involvement of a broad range of stakeholders in their implementation. This
National Solid Waste Management Strategy (NSWMS) seeks to establish a common platform for
action between stakeholders to systematically improve waste management in Kenya. It is for
this reason that NEMA with other stakeholders undertook an assessment of waste management
practices in five municipalities namely; Kisumu, Eldoret, Thika, Mombasa and Nakuru to form a
basis on which this strategy was developed. The strategy lays the framework for improved
waste management in the country.
PROF. JUDI WAKHUNGU
CABINET SECRETARY
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, WATER AND NATURAL RESOURCES
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PREFACE
Every person in Kenya is entitled to a clean and healthy environment and has the duty to
safeguard and enhance the Environment. The Environment Management and Co-ordination Act
1999 is guided with among others the following principles of public participation in the
development of policies, plans and processes for the management of the environment, the
principle of intergenerational and intra-generational equity, the polluter-pays principle and
the precautionary principle.
It is in this context that the vision 2030 recognized that efficient and sustainable waste
management systems are required as the country develops into a newly industrialized state by
2030.In this regard, the vision 2030 set flagship projects for the five cities namely; Mombasa,
Kisumu, Eldoret, Nakuru and Thika to have fully functional and compliant waste management
system by developing strategies towards achieving sustainable waste management and a clean
healthy environment for all.
Although only the county governments of these five municipalities were engaged in
developing the strategy, it was observed that the waste challenges were similar in all other
counties. Thus; these systems can be replicated in other counties countrywide.
It is with this spirit that the National Environmental Management Authority strived to develop
this strategy which will assist the public and institutions involved to be a 7R oriented society,
by Reducing; Rethinking; Refusing; Recycling; Reusing; Repairing and Refilling their waste.
All the efforts were driven towards compliance with the Environmental Management and
Coordination Act of 1999 and Environmental Management and Coordination (Waste
Management) Regulations of 2006 in order to ensure a clean and healthy environment for all,
keeping in line with the Article 42, of the Constitution of Kenya 2010.
RICHARD L. LESIYAMPE (PHD) MBS
PRINCIPAL SECRETARY
STATE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, WATER AND NATURAL RESOURCES
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The main guiding principle on the National Waste Management Strategy is ZERO WASTE
PRINCIPLE whereby waste is a resource that can be harnessed to create wealth, employment
and reduce pollution of the environment. Due to the poor state of affairs regarding the existing
waste management facilities within the 47 Counties, NEMA developed minimum requirement
points for management of the existing waste management facilities so as to continuously
promote compliance with the waste management regulations within the counties. This initiative
will lead the country to the preferred state having moved from the current situation which is
wanting.
These minimum requirement points are on waste collection, transportation, disposal and
licensing and were developed through a participatory process by five counties being
Mombasa, Kisumu, Eldoret, Nakuru and Thika to help County Governments move towards full
compliance of embracing sanitary landfills and other environmentally friendly waste
management practices.
In achieving the aforementioned, the following taskforce members have managed to develop
and harness the strategy into deliverable actions for the country so as to achieve a clean and
healthy environment for all. Sincere gratitude goes to Mr. Benjamin Langwen – Former Director
Compliance & Enforcement; Mr. Zephaniah Ouma-Ag. Director Compliance & Enforcement;
Ms. Salome Machua-Deputy Director Enforcement; Ms. Margaret Njuki-Chief Compliance
Officer; Mr. Samuel Munene (late)- Principal Compliance and Enforcement Officer; Mr. Dickson
Njora- Principal Compliance and Enforcement Officer; Mr. Mwai Muitungu- Principal
Compliance and Enforcement Officer, Ms. Jane Nyandika – Principle Compliance &
Enforcement Officer; Ms. Immaculate Simiyu-Senior Compliance and Enforcement Officer; Ms.
Maureen Njeri-Compliance and Enforcement Officer; Mr. Gideon Rotich-Compliance and
Enforcement Officer; Ms. Elizabeth Ndungu, Ms. Peninah Nyasani and Ms. Salome Kiseve -
Administrative Secretaries. Special thanks go to Felix Mugambi for his layout and Computer
Graphic Design (DTP).
I want to also appreciate the NEMA management for their substantive guidance, advice and
managerial assistance throughout the process.
PROF. GEOFFREY WAHUNGU
DIRECTOR GENERAL
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY
Table of Contents
FOWARD .......................................................................................................................................... iii
PREFACE ........................................................................................................................................... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................... v
Table of Contents............................................................................................................................. vi
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................. viii
List of Plates ................................................................................................................................ viii
List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. ix
Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................ x
CHAPTER 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 11
1.0 Background of the Strategy ................................................................................................ 11
1.1 Objectives of the Strategy .................................................................................................. 11
1.2 Legal Framework ................................................................................................................. 12
1.3 Scope of the Strategy ........................................................................................................... 17
CHAPTER 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 19
2.0 Current Status of Waste Management in Kenya ............................................................. 19
2.1 SWOT Analysis: ........................................................................................................................
2.2 Types of waste streams and management challenges .....................................................
2.3 Current Waste Management Practices ............................................................................ 25
2.3.1 Waste Generation ......................................................................................................... 25
2.3.2 Collection and Transportation ................................................................................... 25
2.3.3 Treatment ....................................................................................................................... 25
2.3.4 Disposal .......................................................................................................................... 27
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2.4 Challenges in the Current Waste Management Practices ........................................... 27
CHAPTER 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 33
3.0 The Preferred State of Waste Management in the Country ......................................... 33
3.1 Strategy Objectives- Where should we go? ................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.2 Intergrated Solid Waste Management ............................................................................. 33
3.2.1 Waste avoidance and reduction ................................................................................ 34
3.2.2 Recovery, re-use and recycling ................................................................................ 34
3.3 The Waste Management Cycle: ........................................................................................ 35
3.3.1 Storage, collection and transportation of waste ..................................................... 35
3.3.2 Waste Treatment ........................................................................................................... 37
3.3.3 Waste Disposal .............................................................................................................. 39
3.3.4 Remediation ................................................................................................................... 41
CHAPTER 4 ....................................................................................................................................... 42
4.0 The Waste Management Strategy ..................................................................................... 42
4.1 Objectives of the Strategy – How to get there? .............................................................. 42
4.2 Roles of Collaborating Agencies ...................................................................................... 48
CHAPTER 5 ....................................................................................................................................... 50
5.0 IMPLEMENTATION MATRIX ............................................................................................... 50
CHAPTER 6 ....................................................................................................................................... 56
6.0 Funding Mechanism ............................................................................................................ 56
CHAPTER 7 ....................................................................................................................................... 57
7.0 Monitoring and Evaluation ................................................................................................. 57
CHAPTER 8 ....................................................................................................................................... 58
8.0 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................... 58
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................... 85
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List of Figures
Figure 1: Household Waste Composition
Figure 2: Solid Waste Management Hierarchy
Figure 3: Waste Generation Rates in 20yrs
List of Plates
Plate 1:Efforts of waste segregation in Kisumu County
Plate 2::A grounded compacter at the Kachok dumpsite
Plate 3:Motorable roads at Kachok
Plate 4:Unmanned wrecked main entrance at the Kachok dumpsite
Plate 5:Licenced private transporters at the disposal site in Eldoret
Plate 6:The Dumpsite in Eldoret, secured with concrete perimeter wall and a gate
Plate 7:Waste Collectors at the Eldoret disposal site collecting the recyclables
Plate 8: Animals scavenging at the Eldoret disposal site
Plate 9: Gioto site in Nakuru County – trucks on site disposing waste
Plate 10:Pigs scavenging at the Gioto disposal site
Plate 11: Sanitary Waste at Gioto site
Plate 12:Evidence of soil cover for covering the waste once compacted at Gioto
Plate 13: Dumpsites on the road reserve a common feature
Plate 14: Unmanaged disposal site and animal scavenge
Plate 15: An example of a Non-compliant waste transportation truck
Plate 16: Examples of non-compliant incinerators in use in the Country
Plate 17: A poorly maintained open dumpsite
Plate 18: A modern waste collection center
Plate 19: A well designed waste transportation vehicle
Plate 20:A well managed sanitary landfill
Plate 21: A standardized modern weighbridge at a Sanitary landfill
Plate 22: Properly managed waste - Compacted and covered in a modern sanitary landfill
Plate 23: A leachate collection system in a modern sanitary landfill
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List of Tables
Table 1: Current Waste Management Practices in Mombasa County
Table 2: Current Waste Management Practices in Kiambu County
Table 3: SWOT
Table 4: A Summary of Key Characteristics of Solid Waste Management in Kenya and the
related problems
Table 5: Summary of Aims and Goals for Municipal Solid Waste Management
Table 6: The Strategy Objectives, the key result areas, outcomes and subsequent activities
Table 7: The Waste Management Strategy Implementation Matrix
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Acronyms
NEMA National Environment Management Authority
EMCA Environmental Management and Coordination Act 1999
CBD Central business district
SWOT Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats
NWMS National Waste Management Strategy
JICA Japan International Cooperation
HCW Health Care Waste
POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants
WEEE Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
ICT Information Communication Strategy
SWM Solid Waste Management
SMEs Small &Medium Enterprises
CSO Civil Society Organizations
CBO’s Community Based Organizations
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UN Habitat United Nations Human Settlements Programme
PPEs Personal Protective Equipments
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CHAPTER 1
1.0 Introduction
All human activities generate waste which requires to be properly managed to protect human
health and environment while enhancing aesthetics. This scenario is particularly evident in
urban settlements which generate large quantities of solid waste due to high human
population. The impacts of poor solid waste management within the urban settlements,
particularly cities and big municipalities can be disastrous. As such there is need for proper
and efficient waste management.
Kenya Vision 2030 recognizes the need for efficient and sustainable waste management
systems to be established as the country develops into a newly industrialized state by 2030. In
this regard the Vision 2030 identified Solid waste management for five cities and towns namely;
Mombasa, Kisumu, Eldoret, Nakuru and Thika as one of the flagship projects. The National
Environment Management Authority is expected to deliver this flagship project which falls
within its mandate.
In implementing this flagship project, the Authority will be guided by the Environmental
Management and Coordination (Waste Management) regulations of 2006, other relevant
legislative frameworks and this National Solid Waste Management Strategy. In addition, the
Authority in collaboration with the County Governments and the relevant stakeholders will
develop modalities for achieving sustainable waste management systems. Although this
Strategy will be piloted in the above five cities and towns, it shall be applied countrywide.
1.1 Purpose of the Strategy
The purpose of this National Solid Waste Management Strategy is to guide sustainable solid
waste management in Kenya to ensure a healthy, safe and secure environment for all. The
Strategy is a deliberate and visionary commitment for the country in the management of solid
waste.
The guiding principle of this Strategy is to address the following:
The Current situation (Where are we now?)
The Preferred state (Where do we want to go?) and
Implementation of the Strategy (How do we get there?)
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1.2 Legal Framework relevant to Solid Waste Management in Kenya
The legal frameworks highlighted below are relevant to solid waste management in
Kenya;
Constitution of Kenya:
In the Constitution of Kenya, Article 42 on the Environment provides that-
―Every person has the right to a clean and healthy environment, which includes the right
(a) to have the environment protected for the benefit of present and future generations
through legislative and other measures, particularly those contemplated in Article 69;
and
(b) to have obligations relating to the environment fulfilled under Article 70.‖
Article 69 on Obligations to the Environment, the Constitution provides that –
(1) The State shall—
(d) encourage public participation in the management, protection and conservation of the
environment;
(f) establish systems of environmental impact assessment, environmental audit and
monitoring of the environment;
(g) eliminate processes and activities that are likely to endanger the environment; and
(h) utilise the environment and natural resources for the benefit of the people of Kenya.
(2) Every person has a duty to cooperate with State organs and other persons to protect and
conserve the environment and ensure ecologically sustainable development and use of
natural resources.
Part 2 of the fourth Schedule in the Constitution of Kenya also explicitly provides that the
County Governments shall be responsible for; refuse removal, refuse dumps and solid waste
disposal.
Vision 2030
In Vision 2030, one of the flagship projects is the Solid waste management initiative which calls
for relocation of the Dandora dumpsite and the development of solid waste management
systems in five (5) leading municipalities and in the economic zones planned under vision
2030.
The Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA), 1999
Section 3 of EMCA, 1999 stipulates that - ―Every person in Kenya is entitled to a clean and
healthy environment and has a duty to safeguard and enhance the environment.‖
Section 9 of EMCA, 1999 further states that –
―(1) The object and purpose for which the Authority is established is to exercise general
supervision and co-ordination over all matters relating to the environment and to be the
principal instrument of Government in the implementation of all policies relating to the
environment.
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(2) Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, the Authority shall –
(a) co-ordinate the various environmental management activities being undertaken by the lead
agencies and promote the integration of environmental considerations into development
policies, plans, programmes and projects with a view to ensuring the proper management and
rational utilization of environmental resources on a sustainable yield basis for the improvement
of the quality of human life in Kenya;‖
Section 86 of EMCA, 1999 provides that – ―The Standards and Enforcement Review Committee
shall, in consultation with the relevant lead agencies, recommend to the Authority measures
necessary to:-
(2) prescribe standards for waste, their classification and analysis, and formulate and
advise on standards of disposal methods and means for such wastes; or
(3) issue regulations for the handling, storage, transportation, segregation and destruction
of any waste.‖
Section 87 of EMCA 1999 states that – ―(1) No person shall discharge or dispose of any wastes,
whether generated within or outside Kenya, in such manner as to cause pollution to the
environment or ill health to any person.
(2) No person shall transport any waste other than –
(a) in accordance with a valid licence to transport wastes issued by the Authority; and
(b)to a wastes disposal site established in accordance with a licence issued by the
Authority.
(4) No person shall operate a wastes disposal site or plant without a licence issued by the
Authority.
(5) Every person whose activities generate wastes shall employ measures essential to minimize
wastes through treatment, reclamation and recycling.
Environmental Management and Coordination (Waste Management) Regulations of 2006
In the Responsibility of the Generator, Regulation 2 states that – ―Any person whose activities
generate waste shall collect, segregate and dispose or cause to be disposed off such waste in
the manner provided for under these Regulations.‖
Regulation 5 on the Segregation of waste by a generator states that – ―(1) Any person whose
activities generate waste, shall segregate such waste by separating hazardous waste from non-
hazardous waste and shall dispose of such wastes in such facility as is provided for by the
relevant Local Authority.‖
The Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2007
The Occupational Safety And Health Act, 2007 Part IX, Chemical Safety, Section 83 Subsection
IV states that at every workplace where chemicals or other toxic substances are manipulated,
the employer shall develop a suitable system for the safe collection, recycling and disposal of
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chemical wastes, obsolete chemicals and empty containers of chemicals to avoid the risks to
safety, health of employees and to the environment.
The Public Health Act, 2012
The Public Health Act Revised Edition 2012, Part 126. Rules under Part, The Minister, on the
advice of the board, may make rules and may confer powers and impose duties in connation
with the carrying out and enforcement thereof on local authorities, magistrates, owners and
others as to—(d) the drainage of land, streets or premises, the disposal of offensive liquids and
the removal and disposal of rubbish, refuse, manure and waste matters
Section 134 - Rules for protection of food, The Minister, on the advice of the board, may make
rules regarding all or any of the following matters—(h)the establishment, locality, supervision,
equipment, maintenance and management of slaughterhouses and the disposal of the waste.
Section 118 - What constitutes nuisance-1.The following shall be deemed to be nuisances
liable to be dealt with in the manner provided in this;
Part—(c) any street, road or any part thereof, any stream, pool, ditch, gutter, watercourse,
sink, water-tank, cistern, water-closet, earth-closet, privy, urinal, cesspool, soak-away pit,
septic tank, cesspit, soil-pipe, waste-pipe, drain, sewer, garbage receptacle, dust-bin, dung-
pit, refuse-pit, slop-tank, ash-pit or manure heap so foul or in such a state or so situated or
constructed as in the opinion of the medical officer of health to be offensive or to be injurious or
dangerous to health.
Part (e) states that any noxious matter, or waste water, flowing or discharged from any
premises, wherever situated, into any public street, or into the gutter or side channel of any
street, or into any or watercourse, irrigation channel or bed thereof not approved for the
reception of such discharge constitutes to be a nuisance.
Section 126 - Rules under Part, The Minister, on the advice of the board, may make rules and
may confer powers and impose duties in connection with the carrying out and enforcement
thereof on local authorities, magistrates, owners and others as to—part (d) the drainage of
land, streets or premises, the disposal of offensive liquids and the removal and disposal of
rubbish, refuse, manure and waste matters.
The County Governments Act, 2012
Section 120, Tariffs and pricing of public services, subsection (3) A tariff policy adopted under
subsection (1) shall reflect following guidelines — part (h) promotion of the economic,
efficient, effective and sustainable use of resources, the recycling of waste, and other
appropriate environmental objectives.
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The Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Water Quality) Regulations, 2006.
Part III – Water for Industrial Use and Effluent Discharge,
Sub section 11. No person shall discharge or apply any poison, toxic, noxious or obstructing
matter, radioactive waste or other pollutants or permit any person to dump or discharge such
matter into the aquatic environment unless such discharge, poison, toxic, noxious or
obstructing matter, radioactive waste or pollutant complies with the standards set out in the
Third Schedule to these Regulations.
Part IV - Water for Agricultural Use
Sub section 19. No person shall be permitted to use wastewater for irrigation purposes unless
such water complies with the quality guidelines set out in the Eight Schedule to these
Regulations.
Part V – Water for Any Other Uses
Sub section 24 states that no person shall discharge or apply any poison, toxic, noxious or
obstructing matter, radioactive wastes, or other pollutants or permit any person to dump or
discharge any such matter into water meant for fisheries, wildlife, recreational purposes or any
other uses.
The Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003
This regulation defines "waste" includes any matter prescribed to waste and any matter
whether liquid, solid, gaseous or radioactive, which is discharged, emitted or deposited in the
environment in such volume composition or manner likely to cause an alteration of the
environment.
Part II - The Project Report, 7. (1) A proponent shall prepare a project report stating –
(e) The materials to be used, products and by-products, including waste to be generated by
the project and the methods of their disposal.
(f) The products, by-products and waste generated project.
Part IV - The Environmental Impact Assessment Study Report, 18. (1)A proponent shall
submit to the Authority, an environmental contents of impact assessment study report
incorporating but not limited to the environmental following information - (f) the products, by-
products and waste generated project;
Part V - Environmental Audit and Monitoring 36, (2) an environmental audit report compiled
under these Regulations shall contain - (b) an indication of the various materials, including non-
manufactured materials, the final products, and by products, and waste generated.
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Relevant MEAs:
Basel Convention on the ccontrol of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and their
disposal
Ban Amendment to the Convention on the Control of transboundary movements of hazardous
wastes and their disposal
Convention on persistent organic pollutants
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1.3 Scope of the Strategy
Solid waste management remains a major challenge in all the 47 counties in the country. Over
the years most local authorities did not prioritize the establishment of proper waste
management systems and hence the County Governments have inherited this state of affairs.
This has led to the current poor waste management situation across the country. Although
Vision 2030 has prioritized on the five cities and towns for implementation of sustainable solid
waste management systems, this Strategy shall be applied countrywide
In an effort to address poor solid waste management, NEMA developed some minimum
requirements as a baseline for implementation by the Counties. These included designation,
securing and manning of the disposal sites, promotion of efficient collection and transportation
of waste (see table 1). The basic requirements were expected to ensure continuous promotion
of efficient solid waste management. This Strategy will therefore build on these on-going waste
management efforts towards the attainment of full compliance and ensuring a clean and healthy
environment.
It is proposed that this Strategy will cover a period of fifteen (15) years within the Vision 2030
framework and be reviewed every five (5) years in accordance with the medium term plans.
With the full implementation of the Strategy, it is expected that the Country will have embraced
environmentally sound waste management technologies and best practices.
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Minimum requirements for Solid Waste Management
The County Governments are expected to implement the minimum requirements
across the waste management cycle;
Waste collection
1. Ensure that the waste collection areas are zoned;
2. Ensure timely and regular collection of all solid wastes either through door to door
collection or from centralized collection points;
3. Ensure waste collection facilities such as skips, bulk containers and waste cubicles
are regularly emptied and do not become eye-sores;
Waste transportation
4. Ensure that all the collected waste is transported using NEMA licensed vehicles to
designated disposal sites.
Waste disposal site
5. Ensure there is a designated site(s) for waste disposal
6. Ensure that the disposal site is secured with a fence and a gate manned by a county
government official to control dumping and spread of waste outside the disposal
site.
7. Ensure all incoming waste is weighed or estimated and the quantities recorded in
tonnes
8. Develop and maintain motorable roads inside the site to ensure ease of access
during disposal;
9. Ensure the waste is spread, covered and compacted at regular intervals
10. Put in place appropriate control measures for the management of dumpsite fires
11. Enhance security and control of the disposal sites so that illegal activities are
contained.
Requirement for licensing
12. Ensure waste transportation vehicles have NEMA licences;
13. Obtain licences to operate waste disposal sites.
The County Governments will strive to ensure continuous improvement of collection
methods, transportation and disposal facilities. Effective waste management systems will
deliver a clean and healthy environment for all as granted by the Constitution of Kenya,
2010.
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CHAPTER 2
2.0 CURRENT STATUS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT IN KENYA
2.1 Overview of current waste management
Kenya has a growing human population and an increase in urbanization. The urban centers
have attracted a large population of informal settlements dwellers and the middle class. This
urbanization and increased affluence has led to increased waste generation and complexity of
the waste streams. This trend is compounded by growing industrialization of the Kenyan
economy. Despite the existence of laws and policies guiding waste management, weak
implementation and poor practices have led to towns and cities being overwhelmed by their
own waste, consequently affecting public health and the environment.
Over the years waste management has been the mandate of the local Authorities. However,
most local authorities did not prioritize the establishment of proper waste management systems
and hence allocated meager resources for its management. Further the councils lacked
technical and institutional capacities to manage waste. This has led to the current poor state of
waste management which includes indiscriminate dumping, uncollected waste and lack of
waste segregation across the country.
Plate 13: Illegal dumping on a road reserve -a
common feature
Plate 14: poorly managed disposal site
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Most towns and cities have inefficient waste collection and disposal systems. For instance, a
study done for Nairobi indicates that about 30-40% of the waste generated is not collected and
less than 50% of the population is served. (Habitat s). In Nakuru, it’s estimated that 45% of the
waste generated is collected and disposed at Giotto Dumpsite, 18% is recovered and the rest
accumulate in the environmental.
Table 2: Summary of wastes generation, collection and recovery status in major towns
Name of town Estimated
Waste
generated
(tons/day)
% Waste
collected
% waste Recovery Uncollected
waste
Nairobi 2400 80% 45% 20%
Nakuru 250 45 % 18% 37%
kisumu 400 20% Unknown Unknown
Thika 140 60% 30% 40%
Mombasa 2200 65% 40% 35%
Eldoret 600 55% 15% 45%
Waste transportation is largely rudimentary using open trucks, hand carts, donkey carts among
others. These poor transportation modes have led to littering, making waste an eye-sore,
particularly plastics in the environment. However, some counties have adopted appropriate
transportation trucks as stipulated by the Waste Management Regulations. In addition County
Governments have privatized waste transportation through Private Public Partnership
arrangements.
Disposal of waste in the country remains a major challenge as most of the counties lack proper
and adequate disposal sites. The few towns that have designated sites practice open dumping
of mixed waste as they lack appropriate technologies and disposal facilities. In an effort to
address this situation NEMA directed all county governments to designate areas of waste
disposal and undertake basic actions to manage the sites including fencing, manning and
weighing of the waste.
2.2 Types of waste streams and their management
There are various waste streams generated in Kenya, that can be categorized as domestic,
municipal, industrial and hazardous wastes. Other emerging waste streams, such as e-waste,
waste tyres are as a result of growing industrialization and growth of ICT. The composition of
general waste varies considerably between households, businesses and industries.
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2.2.1 Domestic waste:
Domestic waste is also referred to as garbage, refuse or trash. It consists mainly of
biodegradable waste which is food and kitchen waste, green waste paper and non-
biodegradable such as plastics, glass bottles, cans, metals and wrapping materials. The
composition of the domestic waste streams is a function of income, consumption patterns and
recycling opportunities. Nationally domestic waste is not adequately managed and is disposed
off at our disposal sites with minimal sorting/segregation.
2.2.2 Waste Tyres:
Waste tyres is an emerging waste stream that has reached their end of life due to wear or
damage and cannot be recycled or reused. There are no established formal systems for
collection and recycling of tyres with the exception of retreading. As such the bulk of the tyres
are informally collected and often illegally burnt in the open to recover steel for recycling. This
emits harmful gases causing air pollution and soil contamination arising from the residues.
Currently only two facilities in the country are using waste tyres as fuel and for producing
industrial diesel oil (IDO). To address the management of waste tyres, NEMA has developed
relevant regulations which are awaiting gazettement.
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2.2.3 Construction and demolition waste:
This is waste that is generated as a result of new construction works, remodeling or demolition.
Construction waste comprises debris, steel, timber, iron sheets, tiles and ceramics among
others. Although construction and demolition waste is not classified as hazardous, it is a mixed
waste source that requires separation into component parts for the purposes of recycling.
These wastes currently end up in the disposal sites or are used for backfilling in our road
networks.
Asbestos Waste
Demolition wastes may include asbestos which is hazardous and can present a significant
health risk when improperly disposed or reused. NEMA has developed guidelines on safe
management and disposal of Asbestos.
2.2.4 Industrial waste:
Industrial waste is the waste produced by industrial activity which includes any material that is
rendered useless during a manufacturing process. Industries produce both hazardous and non-
hazardous waste. These wastes include chemical solvents, paints, sand paper, paper products,
industrial by products, metals, municipal solid waste and radio-active waste.
Currently, most of the hazardous industrial waste is not pretreated before reuse, recycling or
disposal. This poses health risks to the handlers and causing damage to the environment.
Disposal of hazardous industrial waste illegally occurs at the municipal dumpsites.
However some industries have embraced best practices in disposing industrial waste by
seeking guidance from NEMA on appropriate disposal methods.
2.2.5 Biomedical Waste
Biomedical waste also referred to as medical waste refers to waste generated in health
facilities, research institutions or during immunization of human beings and animals. It’s
classified into; Infectious waste, sharps, pharmaceutical wastes, chemical waste and
pathological waste. Biomedical wastes pose risks to human health due to its pathogenic
characteristics and hence require prior treatment before disposal.
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Currently, segregation is fully embraced in most hospitals and clinics based on the guidelines
issued by the Ministry of Health. Although the biomedical waste is expected to be disposed
through incineration, some find its way to the municipal dumpsites while some is handled
through rudimentary facilities such as kilns. While big hospitals have embraced proper
biomedical waste management, the major challenge remains the small clinics which practice
illegal disposal of these wastes.
So far, NEMA has licenced 15 incinerators countrywide both in government institutions and
private which have complied with the provisions of the Third schedule of the Waste
Management Regulations of 2006. Although the licenced incinerators are few they are not
operating at optimal capacity and hence other medical facilities are encouraged to share.
2.2.6 E-waste:
E-waste is an emerging waste stream arising from Electrical and Electronic Equipments (EEEs)
becoming obsolete at the end of life. Kenya has experienced a rapid increase of e-waste due to
adoption of ICT across all sectors and an influx of low quality EEEs. E-waste comprises of heavy
metal components and materials used in the manufacture of electronic goods. Some of these
include mercury, brominated flame retardants, and cadmium which are considered hazardous
if not well handled during dismantling or recycling can become harmful to human health and
the environment.
As a country, limited infrastructure has been put in place to deal with e-waste. NEMA has
developed E-waste Regulations which will assist the country in regulating e-waste by
registering producers, licensing of recyclers and preventing entry of sub-standard EEEs. In
addition the Regulation has extended responsibility to producers to bare cost of recycling of
the products commonly known as extended producer responsibility. Currently there are two
licenced facilities in the Country which are undertaking e-waste management.
Batteries:
Batteries can either be alkaline (dry cells) or acid based which support domestic and industrial
applications. The acid based (rechargeable and silver oxide) batteries contain heavy metals
such as mercury and cadmium which are classified as hazardous substances. This hazardous
material if not properly handled and disposed presents a risk the human health and the
environment.
Currently, there are no recycling or disposal facilities for alkaline, rechargeable and silver
oxide batteries. As such the batteries are disposed in the open dumpsites alongside domestic
waste. On the other hand, lead-acid batteries which are also considered hazardous waste are
recyclable and by February 2015 NEMA had licenced two facilities for their recycling.
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2.2.8 Fluorescent Lamps:
Fluorescent lamps are used for illumination and contain a small amount of mercury. The
mercury is a neurotoxin and can be harmful even in small quantities. Fluorescent lamps can be
successfully recycled and the mercury recovered. However, if poorly handled at any stage this
releases the mercury which is hazardous. Increasingly people are adopting florescent lamps as
energy saving devices across the country which is likely to compound the challenge of their
disposal. So far NEMA has licenced one facility for recycling florescent lamps.
2.2.9 Pesticide Waste:
Pesticides are chemicals used to control pests. Pesticide waste consists of expired and
contaminated pesticides as well as the used containers. Due to their toxicity, potential to
pollute and threat to human health, pesticide wastes are extremely hazardous and must be
transported, treated and disposed off accordingly. These pesticides can contain persistent
organic pollutants (POPs), which can accumulate in the food chain if not well managed. Larger
scale generators of pesticides waste incinerate or export the waste to developed countries for
treatment or disposal. However small scale generators dispose in their farms.
2.2.10 Used Oil and Sludge:
Used Oil and Sludge arises from the use of petroleum products. This contains potentially
hazardous compounds such as poly-aromatic hydrocarbons that have carcinogenic and
mutagenic properties. Used oil and sludge have a slow rate of decomposition and hence any
spillage can accumulate in the environment causing soil and water pollution. This waste is
currently recycled to produce lubricants and industrial oil used in furnaces and boilers.
Though illegal, used oil is also largely applied in the treatment of timber and dust suppression.
NEMA has developed guidelines for the management of used oil and sludge and has licenced a
few used oil and sludge handlers.
2.2.11 Sewage Sludge:
Sewage sludge is a sediment material that accumulates over time in the sewage treatment
plants and ponds. The widespread disposal of industrial effluent via sewage treatment works
results in contamination of sewage sludge with hazardous chemicals, thereby posing particular
challenges for its disposal. Sewage sludge that is contaminated by heavy metals from industrial
effluent can severely contaminate agricultural land to which it is applied. However, a high
proportion of the contaminated sewage sludge continues to be disposed in dumpsites. In this
regard there is need to pre-treat contaminated sewage sludge before disposal.
Uncontaminated sewage sludge has a variety of commercial uses and can be recycled.
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2.3 Current Waste Management Practices
2.3.1 Waste Segregation
Most of the waste is generated at household, market places, cities, towns, institutions and
industrial zones
Very few households segregate waste at the household level
There is minimal waste segregation at source within the CBD areas, industries,
institutions in most towns/cities
There is considerable segregation of biomedical waste
Recovery of recyclable items like plastics, papers, glass and metals is done by
a increasing number of informal groups
2.3.2 Collection and Transportation
Waste in the CBDs is largely collected by
the County Governments while private
operators dominate collection in residential
areas at a fee
Waste collection in low income and
informal settlements is mainly done by organized groups and CBOs
Waste collectors obtain permits from the
County Governments to collect waste
from designated areas
Plate 15: An example of a Non-
compliant waste transportation truck
in a Section of Nairobi
NEMA issues annual licences to waste transporters in accordance with the
provisions of the waste management regulations of 2006. However some waste transportation
vehicles operate illegally as they do not meet NEMA requirements.
2.3.3 Waste Treatment
Waste treatment technologies have not been fully embraced in the country however
there are on-going efforts to enhance waste treatment practices.
Recyclable materials comprise 50 – 80% of the general waste stream;
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Several industries exist that receive recovered materials such as paper, polythene,
plastics, glass, scrap metals, used oil, e-waste and waste tyres for recycling. There is
low public awareness of these facilities and hence majority have not achieved optimal
operations;
A few composting facilities exist especially in horticultural farms;
Thermal treatment of waste by use of incinerators and cement kilns is increasingly
being adopted. However, most incinerators do not comply with the requirements of the
Third Schedule of the waste management regulations of 2006;
2.3.4 Waste Disposal
Most of the municipal and domestic waste generated is disposed off in open dumpsites
across the country. Although this is not a recommended practice it is the most common
practice
Biomedical waste is largely disposed through incineration and rudimentary kilns;
Condemned, damaged or expired goods are disposed through incineration or in the
cement kilns
The existing incineration facilities have been largely burners and kilns and do not meet
the requirements stipulated the Third schedule of the waste management regulations
of 2006
Most of workforce operating these disposal sites have minimal or no training on how to
manage these facilities.
Plate 16: Examples of non-compliant burners or kilns in use in the Country
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Plate 17: A poorly maintained open dumpsite
2.4 Challenges in Waste Management
Waste management in Kenya has remained a major challenge due to diverse factors. This
range from problems associated with waste management systems, limited knowledge, attitude
and practices, political will, technical and financial resources.
Lack of awareness and knowledge: There is limited awareness and knowledge on the
importance of a clean and healthy environment. This has led to poor practices by the Public
towards waste management which has led to environmental pollution. As such there is poor
handling of waste at the household level including lack of segregation, reuse, reduce and
recycling. In addition, negative attitude towards waste management and failure to take
individual responsibility has contributed to poor practices such as littering, illegal dumping
and open burning.
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Political influence and lack of good will: Political good will is key to the ultimate success of
proper waste management in the country. Unfortunately, the waste management agenda has
not been prioritized , leading to poor investments and funding.
Disposal sites: Availability, siting and management.
The county governments are expected to designate waste disposal sites/facilities within their
areas of jurisdiction. However, the availability of public land for the purpose of a disposal site
remains a challenge. In situations where the land is available, the neighboring communities are
opposed to it being in their backyard. This is as a result of poor management of the existing
sites. This has culminated in dumpsites being sited on environmentally sensitive areas such as
river banks, forests and wetlands.
Funding: Lack of prioritization for waste management in the counties has led to inadequate
budgetary allocation. As a result management of the entire waste management cycle
(collection, transportation and disposal) is hampered. Low funding has also affected
investment in waste management facilities and equipments.
High poverty levels: High poverty level especially in informal and low income settlements has
compromised the ability to pay for waste management services. This has led to lack of
collection leading to illegal waste dumping in undesignated areas sites, streams, rivers and
highways. The situation is further compounded by lack of access and waste management
infrastructure.
Lack of segregation: There is lack of waste segregation at source leading to mixed wastes
which are collectively disposed off in the dumpsites. Where sorting is done, the problem is
compounded by the lack of compartmentalized vehicles for transportation of the sorted waste
leading to the remixing. This hampers material recovery, reuse, and recycling. The sorting has
largely been relegated to the lowly in society such as the waste pickers and street urchins.
Limited technical competencies: As a Country, we are faced by limited technical
competencies in waste management. This has led to poor management of our waste
management facilities and equipment and their failure to attain optimal operating capacities.
Slow adoption of modern technological options: Although there are many waste
management technologies in the country, there has been low adoption of the same by the
relevant practitioners. This as a result of diverse factors including inadequate financial
resources to purchase the equipments, lack of incentives including tax waivers, resistance to
change, lack awareness, unavailability of land and weak enforcement.
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Table 4: Challenges associated with waste management systems
Aspect Challenge Root cause
Waste generation Increased generation
of waste
Increase population, change of consumption
patterns.
Collection and
transportation
Low coverage of waste
collection services
Irregular collection
Inappropriate
transportation trucks
Inaccessible roads, lack of payment for
waste services, lack of zoning of waste
collection areas
Inadequate transportation trucks, poor
scheduling of waste collection and
transportation, low budgetary allocation for
operations
Low investment in acquisition of compliant
waste trucks
Un-regulated waste
collection fees
Lack of a clear policy on waste management
services.
Disposal method Open dumping
Inappropriate siting of
a dumpsite
Lack of appropriate waste disposal
infrastructure
Irregular or lack of collection service
Long distances to the existing dump-sites
Proximity to environmentally sensitive
areas, conflict with standards of existing
establishments (airports, designated wildlife
corridors), Lack of acceptability by the host
communities, unavailability of land
Waste recovery Lack of segregation
Poor quality of
recovered materials
Lack awareness and negative attitude
towards waste segregation, lack of proper
waste management systems to support
segregation, lack of linkage between the
waste pickers and the formal recycling
facilities
Contamination due to mixing of waste
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Lack of appropriate
technologies
Lack of intermediate technologies (cleaning,
pelleting etc.)
Legal requirements
and enforcement
low compliance to
Environmental
legislation
Weak enforcement and lack of awareness on
the legislations
2.4 SWOT Analysis:
This section analysis the full scope of the situational analysis of waste management in Kenya by
identifying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) in order to form a
basis for our way forward.
The table below provides this detailed analysis;
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Table …: SWOT Analysis
STRENGTHS: WEAKNESSES:
County Governments are aware of
their obligations on waste management
County Governments have established
Environmental units headed by a
County Executive Committee Member
(CECs)
Most County Governments have
designated waste disposal sites
County Governments are increasingly
investing in waste management
systems and equipments
County Governments are aware of the
role of NEMA and the existing
environmental laws
There are by-laws governing waste
management in the counties
To date, NEMA has licenced several
waste management facilities to address
diverse waste streams
The public is increasingly becoming
aware of their rights to a clean and
healthy environment and hence
agitating for environmental services by
the County Governments
The County Governments and the
general public are increasingly
embracing waste management systems
(segregation, collection,
transportation, recovery and disposal)
There is a growing public-private-
partnership in waste management
investments and initiatives
Low priority to waste management
leading to low budgetary allocations
Inadequate trained personnel
Inadequate political good-will at
National and County levels
Waste disposal not recognized as a
land use hence is limited or no land set
aside for waste management
Poorly managed disposal sites
Inadequate/ poor maintenance of
machinery and equipments
Inappropriate location of disposal sites
Poor public perceptions/ attitude on
individual responsibility towards waste
management
Tolerance to living in a dirty
environment
Intolerance to the establishment of new
waste management facilities by
potential host communities
Political patronage against siting of
waste management facilities
Poor infrastructure in informal
settlements hindering waste collection
Land grabbing of land set aside for
dumpsites
No modern waste management facility
developed to date e.g. Sanitary landfill
OPPORTUNITIES: THREATS:
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Increase involvement of the private
sector
Employment opportunities in waste
management through diverse waste
based enterprises (waste as a
resource by recovery)
External financial resources from
development partners and investors
Investment opportunities in
recycling, energy recovery,
composting, incineration
Adoption of emerging technologies
in waste management
Increased public awareness on
waste management and related
opportunities
Opportunity to implement the
existing environmental regulations
Grabbing of disposal sites
Vandalism of security fences and
equipments on dumpsites
Civil strife damaging waste
management structures
Insecurity at disposal sites due to
existence of illegal gangs
Land use conflicts between waste
management and other competing
uses
Political interference and patronage
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CHAPTER 3
3.0 THE PREFERRED STATE OF WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE COUNTRY
The overall aim for solid waste management is protection of human health and the environment
in a manner that is affordable, environmentally friendly and socially acceptable. To achieve
this there is need to adopt the principle of integrated solid waste management. In the current
dispensation, county governments are charged with the management of waste in their
jurisdictions.
3.1 Integrated Solid Waste Management
The solid waste management hierarchy is an integrated approach to protecting and conserving
the environment through implementation of various approaches of sustainable waste
management. It establishes the preferred order of solid waste management alternatives as
follows: waste reduction, reuse, recycling, resource recovery, incineration, and landfilling.
Figure 3: The Solid Waste Management Hierarchy
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Adopted from various sources by NEMA, 2014
3.2.1 Waste avoidance and reduction
Waste avoidance and reduction is the foundation of the waste hierarchy and is the preferred
choice for waste management measures. The aim of waste avoidance and reduction is to
achieve waste minimization and therefore reduce the amount of waste entering the waste
stream.
3.2.2 Recovery, re-use and recycling
Recovery, re-use and recycling comprise the second step in the waste hierarchy. Recovery,
reuse and recycling are very different physical processes, but have the same aim of reclaiming
material from the waste stream and reducing the volume of waste generated that moves down
the waste hierarchy.
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3.2.3 Disposal
Disposal is any operation that involves the dumping and incineration of waste without energy
recovery. Before final disposal, a considerable amount of pretreatment may be necessary to
change the characteristics of the waste in order to reduce the quantity or harmfulness of the
waste. Landfills are the most common form of waste disposal but the least preferred option in
the waste hierarchy.
3.3 The Waste Management Cycle and the ideal approaches:
The waste management cycle comprises ;
Waste generation
Waste collection
Waste transportation
Waste treatment
Waste disposal
3.3.1 Waste Generation
Most of the waste is generated at household, market places, cities, towns, institutions and
industrial zones. Ideally;
The waste generator should endeavor to minimize waste by reducing, reusing, refusing,
returning waste or by adopting cleaner production technologies;
All waste generated should be segregated at source;
The County Governments and the licenced service providers should provide colour
coded bags or bins as per the NEMA guidance for the segregated waste;
3.3.2 Waste Collection
Waste collection is the main point of interface between the public and waste service
providers who are either the Government or the private sector.
Collection centers/transfer stations should be established at strategic areas within a
town .They should be fully equipped with waste receptacles which should either be
colour coded or labeled with the specific waste stream to promote waste segregation.
All waste collection centers should be zoned/ designated by the County Governments.
These collection areas should be properly managed and maintained with frequent and
timely collection of waste to avoid scattering into undesignated areas.
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Adequate measures should be put in place to manage any leachate from the waste
receptacles and collection areas;
The County Governments should embrace Public-Private-Partnerships with organized
groups to enhance waste collection within the informal settlements and low income
areas.
Plate 18: A modern waste collection center in a site in Northern Ireland
3.3.3 Waste Transportation
The County Governments should provide adequate transport for the various segregated
waste streams;
The waste transportation trucks should be closed and suitable for the transportation of
the various waste streams to the waste treatment facilities and landfills;
The trucks waste trucks should be regularly serviced and maintained to avoid littering
of waste;
All waste transportation vehicles should be licenced to operate by NEMA.
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Plate 19: A well designed waste transportation vehicle in use in Denmark
3.3.2 Waste Treatment
The following waste treatment technologies are highly recommended to enable the Country
achieve reduction of waste directed to landfills and other disposal facilities.
3.3.2.1 Material recovery technologies
3.3.2.1.1 Recycling
Recycling is the processing of waste material into a new product of similar chemical
composition.
Recycling prevents wastage of potentially useful materials, reduces the consumption of
fresh raw materials and energy usage in addition to reducing pollution.
Kenyans should embrace full recycling of all recyclable materials to reduce the amount
of waste being disposed at the landfill.
3.3.2.1.2 Composting
Composting is the biological decomposition of biodegradable solid waste under controlled
aerobic conditions to produce compost
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Compost is used as an organic fertilizer in agricultural production
Kenyans should strive to compost all their organic wastes to reduce on organic waste
ending at the landfill.
3.3.2.2 Waste to energy/ Energy recovery technologies
3.3.2.2.1 Thermal treatment of waste:
Thermal treatment is the combustion of waste at specific temperatures with or with no air-
supply as part of the process and includes waste incineration, gasification and pyrolysis. The
unreusable and unrecyclable wastes can be subjected to thermal treatment which is an
environmentally sound technology that reduces the volume of waste and inerts any hazardous
components. At the same time energy can be recovered as an end product.
a) Waste Incineration:
Incineration is controlled burning of solids, liquids and gaseous waste.
The technology is applicable in the management of both hazardous waste streams as
well as municipal solid waste.
Incineration should be undertaken in facilities that meet the requirements in the Third
schedule of the Environmental Management and Coordination (Waste management)
Regulations of 2006.
b) Gasification:
c) Gasification is a process of reacting waste at high temperatures greater than (>700 °C),
without combustion, with a controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam to generate
useful products such as electricity, chemicals, fertilizers and natural gas. This could be
an important option in landfills. Pyrolysis:
Pyrolysis is a form of treatment that chemically decomposes organic materials by heat
in the absence of oxygen. Pyrolysis typically occurs under pressure and at operating
temperatures above 400-500 degrees Celsius. It is affordable??
Recommendation: This National Solid Waste Management Strategy highly recommends
thermal treatment of waste as it leads to the generation of useful products besides waste
treatment.
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3.3.2.2.2 Biological treatment of waste:
This is a natural process that occurs where plant and animal materials (biomass) are
broken down in the presence of micro-organisms. Biological treatment of waste can
either be anaerobic or aerobic. In anaerobic treatment, waste is broken down in the
presence of micro-organisms and in the absence of air while in the aerobic treatment,
biological degradation of organic waste take place in the presence of oxygen. Useful
products are derived from these two processes mainly biogas which produces
electricity and organic fertilizer;
Recommendation: This National Solid Waste Management Strategy highly recommends
biological treatment of organic waste which is an environmentally sound technology and leads
to the generation of useful products.
3.3.3 Waste Disposal
Disposal refers to the depositing or burial of waste on land.
The Sanitary landfills should be lined with systems to collect leachate and methane gas.
There should be frequent spreading, compacting and covering of waste with soil or any
other appropriate covering material so as to avoid environmental pollution and
scavenging birds.
This National Solid Waste Management Strategy highly recommends minimal disposal of waste
and establishment of properly engineered Sanitary landfills with systems to collect leachate
and methane gas.
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Plate 20: A well managed sanitary landfill in the City of Dublin
Plate 21: A standardized modern weighbridge at a landfill in Dublin
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Plate 22: Properly managed waste - Compacted and covered in a modern sanitary landfill,
Dublin.
Plate 23: A leachate collection system in a modern sanitary landfill, Dublin
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CHAPTER 4
4.0 THE WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
(How to get there?)
This National Solid Waste Management Strategy has been formulated with an aim of gearing
the Country towards achieving sustainable solid waste management with Zero Waste as a
guiding principle by ?? which period? .
The Strategy has been developed by NEMA to enable the Country meet the;
1. Kenya Vision 2030 flagship project,
2. Medium term Plans II and performance contracting guidelines and;
3. The goals for solid waste management as summarized below:
Table 5: Summary of Goals for Solid Waste Management
Overall Strategy Goals i. Protection of public health
ii. Reduction of poverty
iii. Reduction of waste management costs
iv. Protection of environment
Guiding principles Zero Waste Principle (Waste is a resource that can be harnessed to
create wealth, employment and reduce pollution of the
environment)
Long-term-goals achieve approximately 80% waste recovery (recycling,
composting and waste to energy) and 20% landfilling in a Sanitary
landfill (inert material)by 2030
Medium-term goals achieve 50% waste recovery (recycling, composting and waste to
energy) and 50% semi-landfilling by 2025
Short-term goals Achieve 30% waste recovery (recycling, composting) and 70%
controlled dumping (tipping, compacting and covering) in key
urban areas by 2020
Key priority areas Preparation of County based waste management action
plans that are consistent with national solid waste
management strategy and other relevant policies.
Capacity building at all levels of planning and decision
making (national and the county government levels) to
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promote transformative leadership.
Enactment of county laws to regulate waste recovery and
disposal to serve as a regulatory regime for the use of waste
as a resource.
Instruments Specific action/ programs
Legal instruments Solid waste recovery and disposal laws (emphasis for SWM should
be on reuse and recycling), enactment/ enforcement of regulatory
and supervisory statutes.
Financial instruments Levying taxes as disincentives for landfilling to encourage source
reduction, provide incentives for waste recyclers, preferential use
of recovered materials over virgin materials.
Communication
instruments
Advocacy for behavioral change through media campaigns,
communication and technology, dissemination of waste
management information.
Institutional
instruments
Decentralized SWM, public-private partnerships (e.g. voluntary
agreements), strengthened entrepreneurial activities (e.g. for
SMEs) training of SWM managers, demonstrations, promotion of
research and development in SWM.
4.1 Objectives of the Strategy
This strategy is to be implemented through five (5) key objectives.
1. To formulate policies, legislations and economic instruments to reduce waste quantities
2. To inculcate responsible public behaviour on waste management
3. To promote waste segregation at source
4. To promote resource recovery for materials and energy generation
5. To establish environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for waste management
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Table 6: Logframe
Overall Goal: Sustainable solid waste management with Zero Waste in Kenya by the year 2013
No. Objectives Key Result Areas Outcomes Activities
1. To formulate policies,
legislations and
economic
instruments on solid
waste management
Policies and economic
instruments on waste
management
Uptake of efficient
technologies
Compliance and
Enforcement of waste
management legislations
Sustainable
management of
solid waste
Develop and harmonize
county legislations on
waste management
Develop policies on
economic instruments
Implement policies and
economic instruments
Benchmark on appropriate
technologies
Enforcement of waste
management standards
and legislations
2. To inculcate
responsible public
behaviour on waste
management
Capacity building in waste
management
Informed public on waste
management
Public behaviour
changed on waste
management
Sensitize the public on
responsible waste
management
Create awareness on
suitable waste
management options
Educate the public on
integrated waste
management
Undertake monthly clean-
ups
Develop sensitization
materials
4. To promote waste as
an income generating
venture
Market for the recovered
and recycled products
More entrepreneurship in
Enhanced income
from waste
management
activities
Explore market
opportunities for the
recovered and recycling
materials
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waste management
activities
Increased uptake of
modern technology
Promote the use of
recycled and recovered
materials
Promote modern
technologies on recovery
and recycling
Promote Public Private
Partnership in waste
management
3. To promote waste
segregation at source
Improvement in
Knowledge, Attitude and
Practice towards SWM
Segregated waste services
Segregated
wastes
Intensified waste
segregation campaigns
Pilot waste segregation
Provision of equipments
for waste segregation
Provision of segregated
waste transport systems
Promote Public Private
Partnership in waste
management
4. To promote resource
recovery for
materials
Recycling and composting
facilities
Market availability for
recovered materials
Acceptance of recovered
materials
Collaborations in
recycling
Enhanced
materials
recovery and use
Enhance modern
technologies for recycling
and composting of waste
Explore market
opportunities for
recovered materials
Develop promotion
programs for use of
recovered materials
Enhance collaboration
with stakeholders on
recycling
5. To promote resource
recovery through
energy generation
Waste to energy
generation plants
Promote energy recovery
plants
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Energy generated
Collaborations in waste to
energy recovery
initiatives
Enhance waste to energy
resources
Enhance collaboration
with stakeholders on
energy recovery
5. To establish
environmentally
sound infrastructure
and systems for waste
management
Improvement on existing
waste management
facilities, collection and
transportation systems,
transfer stations, treatment
and disposal facilities
Existence of
environmentally
sound waste
management
collection,
transportation,
transfer stations,
treatment and
disposal facilities
Improve existing waste
management facilities,
Provision of adequate and
appropriate collection
facilities and services
Provision of adequate and
appropriate transport
systems for segregated
waste
Build and operate transfer
stations
Develop standard
incinerators with energy
recovery facilities
Establish composting
facilities
Establish recycling
facilities
Develop sanitary landfills
Key approaches to implementing the strategy
Depending on the situational analysis of the waste management practices in a county, the
strategy will be implemented using the following approaches;
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Strategic alignment and recognition of partners through a public private partnership
Introduction of incentives in the waste management cycle(generation, segregation,
collection, transportation, treatment and disposal)
Introduction of extended producer responsibility and public awareness campaigns and
education;
Establishment of efficiency and value addition in the waste management cycle
Compliment the input from CBO’s and other private public activities.
Phase out waste burning
Establish waste operational zones
Upscale the activities of the informal sector to link up with the existing formal recycling
industries.
Establishment of infrastructure and systems for residual waste through a stepwise
phasing out of illegal dumpsites to establishment of sanitary landfills
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4.2 Roles of Collaborating Agencies:
Successful implementation of this strategy requires the involvement of several actors whose
roles are outlined below
Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources:
a) Give policy direction on solid waste management initiatives country-wide;
b) Channel funding to NEMA, for benchmarking and for capacity building and technology
transfer.
NEMA:
a) Formulate policies, legislations and economic instruments relevant to achieving
sustainable waste management;
b) Develop and disseminate public information on the regulatory requirements for waste
management in Kenya;
c) Undertake benchmarking regionally and internationally on appropriate waste
management technologies;
d) Enhance the capacity of the county governments on waste management systems and
approaches applicable in their respective counties;
e) Employ social media to attract wider stakeholder participation and change attitudes
towards waste management at a national level;
f) Hold public awareness sessions (for example, school workshops, public consultation
exhibitions and public events) on waste management initiatives;
g) Support the dissemination of waste management research and development findings
h) Involve mass media dissemination techniques, such as the publication of news articles
and press releases, in addition to ensure coverage in both print and media outlets.
a) Undertake enforcement activities of the laws developed on solid waste management
and surveillance exercises on illegal waste related activities. Monitoring and evaluation
of the strategy
County Governments:
b) Responsible for drawing up action plans for implementation of applicable solid waste
management systems within their counties;
c) Source adequate funding for development of sustainable waste management initiatives
in the entire cycle;
d) Put in place measures for enhanced Public-Private-Partnerships (PPP);
e) Benchmark on best practices of appropriate technologies;
f) Undertake periodic clean-up activities within their counties;
g) Provision of equipments for waste segregation and transport systems;
h) Zone the waste operational areas;
i) Continuous management of activities/facilities to ensure all the waste is transported to
the designated waste disposal sites in a timely manner;
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j) Monitoring and evaluation of the strategy
k) Ensure wide coverage and no littering of waste through improved collection methods
and facilities ;
l) Progressively improve the designated official county disposal site towards a sanitary
landfill;
The National Treasury:
(a) Channel funding to the respective government agencies and institutions for
development of waste management initiatives and facilities
Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and NGOs:
a. Promote and /or undertake income generating ventures in waste management
initiatives;
b. Represent the public’s interest in the solid waste management agenda, nationwide and
in support in identification of illegal waste related activities.
c. Advocate for change in the public’s knowledge, attitude and practice towards
sustainable waste management.
Private Sector
(a) Through PPP, Involvement in the development of effective and efficient solid waste
management facilities;
(b) Prioritize on corporate social responsibility (CSR) on waste management
(c) Empower communities and other stakeholders in understanding waste management
related issues and in finding solutions for the same.
The Citizens/Public
(a) Change in attitude and practice to embrace the concept of a waste generator’s
responsibility by ensuring waste is appropriately managed at source and/or in all
phases of the waste management cycle;
(b) Adopt the 7R (Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Rethink, Refuse, Refill, Repairing) and/or an
integrated solid waste management approach in the management of all waste streams;
(c) Collaborate with other government entities, CSOs, NGOs and other informal groups in
waste management through the PPP approach.
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CHAPTER 5
ANNEX 1: 5.0 IMPLEMENTATION MATRIX
Table 7: The Waste Management Strategy Implementation Matrix
Strategic Objective 1: To formulate policies, legislations and economic instruments to reduce waste quantities
Key Results
Areas
Activity Key
performance
Targets
Key
performance
Indicators
Time frame (years) outcomes Actors Budget – Kshs.
(M)
1
st
2
nd
3
rd
4
th
5
th
Policies and
economic
instruments
on waste
reduction
Develop and
harmonies
policies and
economic
instruments
harmonized
polices and
economic
instrument
Policies and
economic
instruments
Reduced
quantities of
waste
MEWNR,
NEMA,
County
Government
s & other
relevant lead
agencies
30 M
Implement
policies and
economic
instruments
Implementation
of policies and
economic
instruments
Policies and
economic
instruments
implemented
Uptake of
efficient
technologies
Undertake
benchmarking
on best
practices of
appropriate
technologies
Best practices of
appropriate
technologies
benchmarked
Appropriate
technologies
adopted
NEMA,
County
Government
s
10 M
Compliance
and
Enforcement
of waste
Compliance
and
enforcement of
waste
Compliance and
enforcement to
set standards
Level of
compliance
and
enforcement
NEMA with
other
relevant lead
20 M
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Strategic Objective 2: To inculcate responsible public behavior on waste management
Key Results
Areas
Activity Key
performance
Targets
Key
performance
Indicators
Time frame (years) outcomes Actors Approx.
Budget (M)
1
st
2
nd
3
rd
4
th
5
th
Capacity
building in
waste
management
Sensitize the
public on
responsible
waste
management
A sensitized
public on
responsible
waste
management
No of people
sensitized
Public behavior
changed on waste
management
NEMA, County
Governments &
other relevant lead
agencies
100 M
Informed
public on
waste
management
Create
awareness on
suitable waste
management
options
Awareness
created on
suitable waste
management
options
No of
campaigns
NEMA, Media
houses & other
relevant
institutions, CSOs,
NGOs, the
public/citizenry
Educate the
public on
integrated
waste
management
Educated
public on
integrated
waste
management
No of people
educated
NEMA, CSOs,
NGOs, the
public/citizenry
Undertake
monthly
clean-ups
Monthly
cleans-ups
undertaken
No of clean-
ups
NEMA, County
Governments &
other relevant lead
agencies, CSOs,
NGOs, the
100 M
management
legislations
management
standards and
legislations
agencies
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public/citizenry
Develop
sensitization
materials
Sensitization
materials
developed
No of
Sensitization
materials
developed
NEMA, 5 M
Strategic Objective 3: To promote waste segregation at source
Key
Results
Areas
Activity Key
performance
Targets
Key
performance
Indicators
Time frame (years) outcomes Actors Approx.
Budget (M)
1
st
2
nd
3rd 4
th
5
th
Segregated
waste
services
Provision of
equipment
for waste
segregation
Equipment for
waste
segregation
provided
No of
equipments
provided
Segregated
wastes
County
Governments
(Dependent on
County needs
and the
implementation
plans developed
for the same
specific to each
county)
Provision of
segregated
waste
transport
systems
Segregated
waste
transport
systems
provided
No of
transport
system
provided
County
Governments
(Dependent on
County needs
and the
implementation
plans developed
for the same
specific to each
county)
Intensified
waste
segregation
Campaigns on
Segregation
undertaken
No of
campaigns
NEMA, County
Governments
CSOs, NGOs, the
80 M
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campaigns public/citizenry
Initiate pilot
waste
segregation
Waste
segregation
pilot schemes
No of pilot
schemes
initiated
NEMA, County
Governments,
CSOs, NGOs, the
public/citizenry
100 M
Strategic Objective 4: To promote resource recovery for materials and energy generation
Key Results
Areas
Activity Key
performance
Targets
Key
performance
Indicators
Time frame (years) outcomes Actors Approx. Budget
(M)
1
st
2
nd
3
rd
4
th
5
th
Recycling
facilities
Enhance
recycling of
waste
Enhanced
recycling of
waste
Percentage of
waste recycled
Materials
recovered,
recycled and
energy
generated
Local and
international
investors,
County
Governments
(Dependent on
investor potential
as well as type of
facility) Energy
generation
plants
Enhance
waste to
energy
resources
Energy
generated from
waste
Percentage of
energy
generated
Recovered
materials
Recovery of
materials
Recovered
materials
Amount of
materials
recovered
Collaboration
on recycling
and energy
recovery
Enhance
collaboration
Mechanisms of
collaborations
No of
Collaborations
Relevant
agencies
5 M
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Strategic Objective 5: To establish environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for waste management
Key Results
Areas
Activity Key
performanc
e Targets
Key
performance
Indicators
Time frame (years) outcomes Actors Approx. Budget
(M)
1
st
2
nd
3rd 4
th
5
th
Improvemen
t of existing
waste
management
facilities
Upgrade
existing
waste
manageme
nt facilities
Upgraded
waste
management
facilities
No. of
upgraded
waste
management
facilities
Existence of
environmentally
sound waste
management
collection,
transportation,
transfer station,
treatment and
disposal
facilities
County
Governments
with support
from various
funding
bodies
1 billion
Waste
collection
and
transportatio
n systems
Provision of
adequate
and
appropriate
collection
facilities
and
services
Adequate and
appropriate
collection
facilities
provided
No of
appropriate
facilities
provided
Local and
international
investors,
County
Governments
with support
from various
funding
bodies
300 M
Provision of
adequate
and
appropriate
transport
systems for
segregated
waste
Appropriate
transport
systems
provided
No of
appropriate
transport
systems
provided
County
Governments
with support
from various
funding
bodies
Waste
transfer
stations
Build and
operate
transfer
stations
Transfer
stations built
and
operational
No of transfer
station built
and
operational
Local and
international
investors,
County
Governments
100 M
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with support
from various
funding
bodies
Waste
treatment
facilities
Establish
recycling
facilities
Recycling
facilities
established
No of
recycling
facilities
established
Local and
international
investors
(Dependent on
investor potential)
Establish
composting
facilities
Composting
facilities
established
No of
composting
facilities
established
Waste
disposal
facilities
Develop
sanitary
landfills
Sanitary
landfills
developed
No of Sanitary
landfills
developed
County
Governments
with support
from various
funding
bodies
1 billion
Develop
standard
incinerators
Standard
incinerators
developed
No of Standard
incinerators
with energy
recovery
facilities
developed
Local and
international
investors,
County
Governments
with support
from various
funding
bodies
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CHAPTER 6
6.0 FUNDING MECHANISM
The implementation of the NWMS will result in a number of clear socio-economic
benefits, saving the country considerable resources in terms of public health and
environmental degradation. The NWMS has to address the issue of the sheer volume of
wastes produced by our society, at the same time ensuring that waste management
measures targeting the increasingly complex waste flows are environmentally
sustainable and protect the health and well-being of the people. Accordingly, the NWMS
seeks to integrate the objectives of environmental sustainability and achievement of the
waste hierarchy with the broader transformation and development objectives of
improved public health outcomes, economic development, poverty alleviation and
improved access for all.
The sources of funding for the implementation plan will be from the Government of
Kenya, Public Private Partnerships, waste generators and the development partners. The
funding must be self sustaining in the long run and strategically integrated in all facets of
the waste management system. These facets include initiatives to minimize generation of
waste at source, improve collection and transportation systems as well as managing the
disposal of waste that cannot be recycled or reused.
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CHAPTER 7
7.0 MONITORING AND EVALUATION
Environmental monitoring will be a key component of this strategy. This is because poor
solid waste management has direct and indirect effects to the public health and the
environment and must be monitored. There are essential parameters to monitor the
quality of the environment and does provide basic information on the levels of deviation
on the set standards of environmental quality.
There is need for regular collection of information of waste generation and disposal rates
in each municipality. This information will then be linked to the population trends,
economic growth and other social monitoring parameters. This undertaking will provide
basis for planning of future waste management needs for example the need for
additional landfills and material recovery facilities. The information will also inform on
the effectiveness of strategies earlier put in place e.g. public awareness and education
programmes.
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CHAPTER 8
8.0 CONCLUSION
There is need to introduce service charge to the residents for solid waste collection in
order to offer commensurate service provision. It is proposed that a well designed
charging system can have a positive effect in reducing waste generation by producers
through offering incentives for those who minimize waste by lowering their chargeable
tariff. This initiative requires intensive social marketing and public goodwill. Other
premises e.g. supermarkets would be encouraged to buy back valuable used items such
as bottles hence enabling greater recovery.
Other than the government’s annual budgetary allocation, partial funding from various
partners can also be explored for the infrastructural components of the strategy. The
main aspect in such an arrangement would be the extent to which the government and
private sector share the cost.
The development of the NWMS is an important milestone in the process of implementing
the strategy and establishing an integrated approach to waste management across
government and society more broadly. As stated in the introduction to the NWMS, Kenya
faces particular challenges in relation to waste management that require a coordinated
effort by government and stakeholders. Addressing these challenges will not be easy,
given the capacity and resource constraints we face as a developing country with large
income inequalities and competing development priorities. Nevertheless the
implementation of the waste hierarchy and achievement of the objectives outlined in this
strategy is integral to achieving the vision of a zero waste society, and establishing a
sustainable future and a better life for all Kenya. The NWMS provides the framework
within which the actions of different stakeholders are located. This strategy is addressed
to stakeholders in all spheres of government, industry, labour unions, community based
and non-governmental organizations, and the public at large. It sets out the different
roles and responsibilities that need to be taken up by each stakeholder and level of
government.
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CHAPTER 9 ANNEX 2
9.0 CASE STUDIES
Current practices and the proposed preferred state in solid waste management as
depicted in the five (5) pilot cities/towns;
a. Kisumu
b. Eldoret
c. Mombasa
d. Thika
e. Nakuru
1. Kisumu Town
Baseline Information
Population densities: 560,000 people in 2009 and the growth rate is at 4.74% per
annum.
Waste Generation Quantities: Generation is at 250 tonnes/day
The major components of municipal solid waste in Kisumu are Paper and Cellulose
material (12.3%), Plastic and Rubber (10.2%), Aggregate material such as glass (3.2%),
Metals (1.4%), Organic material (63.1%), sanitary pads (2.8%) and others (7.1 %).
Therefore, the highest percentage of waste is organic waste (63.1%) followed by paper
material (12.3%) then plastic waste (10.2%) percentage.
The large amount of organic content (63.1%) indicates the necessity for frequent
collection and immediate composting. The larger amounts of paper and cellulose
material, plastics and rubber, aggregate materials and metals indicates that about
20.69% of the waste can be recycled or re-used. Hence, about 2.35% of the total solid
waste needs to be disposed of if an integrated SWM approach can be used in the City of
Kisumu. The salvaging of materials (paper, clothing, glass, metals and plastics) is
common at all stages of the SWM system but more extensive at the dumping site.
Disposal sites: Kachok disposal site
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Current Status Vs. the Minimum and Preferred State in Kisumu
Waste Cycle Current State Minimum Required
State
The Ideal/Preferred
State
Waste
Generation
Promote waste
segregation at source
starting at the household
level by providing
colour coded bags/bins
for the various waste
streams generated
Increase the No. of waste
segregation bins within
the CBD and in all the
zoned waste operational
areas/collection centers.
Promote waste
segregation at source
by providing colour
coded bags/bins for the
various waste streams
generated
Sensitizing members of
the public on best waste
management practices,
behaviors/attitudes
(Focus on the 7Rs -
Waste
Collection
1. The waste operation/
collection areas which are
already are zoned are Kibuye,
Nyalenda, Obunga, Central
business district, Manyatta and
Kondele
2. The county has equipments
for handling waste which
includes a shovel for loading
into a tipping lorry, a 7 tonne
lorry and a canter
3. They have a grounded
compactor at the dumpsite
4. Within the CBD there are
efforts of waste segregation
and waste separation bins have
provided at various strategic
areas of the town.
1. All waste operational
areas/collection centers
are zoned/designated;
2. Proper management
of all the
zoned/designated waste
operational areas –
ensuring they are kept
clean and waste is
collected frequently and
timely to avoid
scattering and spread of
waste into undesignated
areas;
3. Provide adequate
skips for waste
collection and skip
loaders for ease of
loading and
transportation;
4.The waste receptacles
provided should not
become an eye-sore or a
nuisance to the Public by
ensuring they are
emptied frequently;
5. Set up and designate
transfer stations for
sorting of municipal
waste prior to
transportation to a
controlled tipping site,
Provide colour-coded
waste bins/bags to all
households;
Set up collection centers
in specific parts of the
County with waste
segregation bins clearly
labeled as per each
waste stream for
disposal by members of
the Public
Organise and formalize
informal waste
collectors/groups
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
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landfill or incinerator.
6. Organise and
formalize informal waste
collectors/groups
7. Enhance Private-
public-partnership in
waste delivery services
Waste
Transportation
1. Provide adequate
transport for the
transportation of the
various segregated
waste streams
Have dedicated trucks
which can carry
segregated waste from
various areas of
collection to the waste
treatment facilities and
landfills
Waste
treatment
(Material
recovery)
1. Enhance small-
medium scale waste
composting
2. Provide infrastructure
to facilitate material
recovery facilities such
as jua-kali sheds.
3. Encourage and
promote the formation of
small and micro waste
enterprises at
neighborhood level.
4. Enhance Private-
public-partnership in
waste delivery services
1. Promote recycling
and recovery of waste.
2. Promote the
establishment of
hazardous waste
treatment facilities
particularly for
management of;
a) Waste tyres;
b) E-waste;
c) Used oil;
3. Promote composting
of all organic waste
streams and initiate
establishment of
composting facilities
within the County.
4. Build focus on waste
treatment facilities such
as incinerators for
combustion of Municipal
waste with energy
recovery facilities.
5. Provide land for
establishment of the
required material;
recovery facilities
Disposal
(Disposal
Sites)
Kachok dumpsite – the state:
1. The waste disposal site is
designated by the County
Government of Kisumu;
2. The site has a manned gate
1. Designate all official
county government
disposal site (s);
2. Secure all disposal
1. Set up Sanitary
landfills;
2. Promote incineration
as a technology for
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and the area is fenced with iron
sheets though not maintained
with some areas exposed and
the area encroached by the
waste collectors and
scavenging animals;
3. The site is manned by a
county government official
during the day only
4. The wastes into the dumpsite
are estimated per the tonnes of
the offloading tracks
5. The site has motor able roads
though not accessible during
rainy seasons
6. The waste are not spread and
compacted regularly because
the compacter is grounded
and during rainy season the
compacter is not effective
7. There was evidence of open
burning of waste by scavengers
with smoke seen in various
locations
8. There was no evidence of
proper systems for fire controls
within the dumpsite
9. The dumpsite security is only
manned by one county official
during the day and its
unmanned during the night
10. There was no site office and
sanitary facility within the
dumpsite
11. The only manning officer is
not provided with proper PPEs
sites with a fence and a
gate manned by a
council official to control
dumping and spread of
waste outside the
disposal sites;
3.Weigh or estimate and
record the amount of
incoming waste in
tonnes;
4. Develop motorable
roads inside the sites to
ensure vehicles do not
get stuck as they go to
the tipping phase;
5. Spread the waste at
regular intervals,
compact and cover with
soil;
6. Develop and install
proper fire control
systems for dumpsite
fires and extinguish all
fires at the sites;
7. Enhance security and
control of the disposal
sites so that illegal
activities are contained
and ensure that
hazardous waste streams
are not disposed off at
the disposal sites;
8. Set up leachate
control systems for all
the disposal sites and
transfer stations and
ensure all leachate
collected is channeled to
a treatment facility;
9. Obtain licences from
NEMA to own/operate
the disposal sites.
10. Enforce on all illegal
dumping sites and
instigate clean-ups of
these sites, periodically.
combustion of
hazardous, industrial
waste streams;
3. Establish transfer
stations for sorting of all
waste prior to transfer to
the final disposal site;
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Photographs depicting current waste management practices in Kisumu:
Plate 1: Efforts of waste segregation in Kisumu County
Plate 2: A grounded compacter at the Kachok dumpsite Plate 3: Motorable roads at Kachok
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
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Plate 4: Unmanned wrecked main entrance at the Kachok dumpsite
2. Uasin Gishu County
Baseline Information:
Population densities:
Population: 894,179 (2009 Population and Housing Census)
Waste generation quantities:
Quantities of waste generated: 6,795 mt (100%) out of which 49% is waste food and
51% for other wastes (plastics, clothing, paper, yard trimmings, cans etc.)
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Waste Generation Quantities in Uasin Gishu County
Current Status Vs. the Minimum and Preferred State in Pilot Town: Eldoret town
Waste Cycle Current State Minimum
Required state
The
Ideal/Preferred
State
Waste
Generation
Promote waste
segregation at source
starting at the
household level by
providing colour
coded bags/bins for
the various waste
streams generated;
Provide waste
segregation bins
within the town
centers and in all
other designated
waste collection areas.
Promote waste
segregation at source
by providing colour
coded bags/bins for
the various waste
streams generated
Waste
Collection
1. The waste operation areas
are zoned in a way that the
private sector are contracted
to collect waste within estates
while the County Government
collects within the Central
business district (CBD)
2. Waste collection is done on
a daily basis
3. The County Government
face challenges in collecting
waste within the low income
areas because the areas do
not attract the private sector
waste collectors;
1. All waste
operational
areas/collection
centers are
zoned/designated;
2. Proper
management of all the
zoned/designated
waste operational
areas – ensuring they
are kept clean and
waste is collected
frequently and timely
to avoid scattering
and spread of waste
Provide colour-coded
waste bins/bags to all
households;
Set up collection
centers in specific
parts of the County
with waste
segregation bins
clearly labeled as per
each waste stream for
disposal by members
of the Public
Organise and
formalize informal
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4. The county government is
planning to engage the youth
groups and women in low
income areas and induce
them with incentives so that
they can be encouraged to
take up waste collection work
within their areas
5. They have 10 skips within
the CBD
6. There is a waste transfer
station in Burnt forest sub
county
1. The county had
ordered 40 containers for
waste collection and 2 skip
trailers
into undesignated
areas;
3. Provide adequate
skips for waste
collection and skip
loaders for ease of
loading and
transportation;
4.The waste
receptacles provided
should not become an
eye-sore or a nuisance
to the Public by
ensuring they are
emptied frequently;
waste
collectors/groups
Waste
Transportation
1. The county has equipments
for handling waste which
includes 4 side loaders,4
tractors (2 are for the CBD,1
for burnt forest sub county
and one for the town
outskirts);
2. The county is in the process
of procuring more trucks for
waste transportation
1. Provide adequate
transport for the
transportation of the
various segregated
waste streams
Have dedicated trucks
which can carry
segregated waste
from various areas of
collection to the waste
treatment facilities
and landfills
Waste
treatment
(Material
recovery)
1. Enhance small-
medium scale waste
composting
1. Promote recycling
and recovery of waste.
2. Promote the
establishment of
hazardous waste
treatment facilities
particularly for
management of;
a) Waste tyres;
b) E-waste;
c) Used oil;
3. Promote
composting of all
organic waste streams
and initiate
establishment of
composting facilities
within the County.
4. Build focus on waste
treatment facilities
such as incinerators
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for combustion of
Municipal waste with
energy recovery
facilities.
Waste Disposal
(Disposal Sites –
Incinerators,
controlled
tipping sites
and landfills)
Kipkenyo waste disposal
site in Eldoret Town – the
state:
1. The waste disposal site is
designated by the County
Government
2. The waste from the
previous decommissioned site
was transferred to the current
site therefore its becoming a
challenge in terms of space
3. The County Government
has 300 Acres of land in
Kipkenyo which they are
planning to annex part of it for
a landfill under the municipal
program. The feasibility study
had been done, KAA had
been invited to assess the
aviation requirements
because the site would
impacting on the town air strip
4. The County was in
discussion with a private
company to come up with a
waste to energy program
5. The site is fenced with
concrete wall with an
unmanned steel gate
6. They frequently use a hired
dozer to compact waste
7. The wastes into the
dumpsite are not weighed but
the county is planning to
procure a weighbridge for the
exercise
8. The site has motorable
roads though not accessible
during rainy seasons
9. There was evidence of
open burning of waste by
scavengers with smoke seen
in various locations
10. There was no evidence of
proper systems for fire
controls within the dumpsite
11. The dumpsite is unmanned
for 24hrs
12. There was no site office
1. Designate all official
county government
disposal site (s);
2. Secure all disposal
sites with a fence and
a gate manned by a
council official to
control dumping and
spread of waste
outside the disposal
sites;
3.Weigh or estimate
and record the amount
of incoming waste in
tonnes;
4. Develop motorable
roads inside the sites
to ensure vehicles do
not get stuck as they
go to the tipping
phase;
5. Spread the waste at
regular intervals,
compact and cover
with soil;
6. Develop and install
proper fire control
systems for dumpsite
fires and extinguish all
fires at the sites;
7. Enhance security
and control of the
disposal sites so that
illegal activities are
contained and ensure
that hazardous waste
streams are not
disposed off at the
disposal sites;
8. Set up leachate
control systems for all
the disposal sites and
transfer stations and
1. Set up Sanitary
landfills;
2. Promote
incineration as a
technology for
combustion of
hazardous, industrial
waste streams;
3. Establish transfer
stations for sorting of
all waste prior to
transfer to the final
disposal site;
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
68
and sanitary facilities within
the dumpsite
13. There was evidence of
dumped waste outside the
perimeter wall and near the
gate for the dumpsite and that
of the waste water treatment
plant adjacent to the dumpsite
14. The County face
challenges of illegal dumping
in un developed plots
15. They also face challenges
from unplanned small eateries
within the town who have no
planned waste collection
areas and therefore end up
dumping the waste on streets
at night. Though the county is
trying to engage them and
they have assigned them with
a loader to ease collection of
waste
16. The county is planning to
employ enforcement officers
to enhance compliance to the
environmental by laws
ensure all leachate
collected is channeled
to a treatment facility;
9. Obtain licences
from NEMA to
own/operate the
disposal sites.
10. Enforce on all
illegal dumping sites
and instigate clean-
ups of these sites,
periodically.
Photographs depicting current waste management practices in Eldoret:
Plate 6: The Kipkenyo dumpsite in Eldoret, secured with a concrete perimeter wall and a
gate
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
69
Plate 7: Waste Collectors collecting recyclables and animals scavenging at the
Kipkenyo disposal site in Eldoret
3. Mombasa Town
Baseline Information:
Population densities: 939,370 (2009 Population and Housing Census)
Waste Generation Quantities:
Organic waste (60%)
Plastics, paper, glass and metal (30%)
Others (10%) - Inclusive of Waste Oil.
Waste Generation Rates in Mombasa County
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
70
Current Status Vs. the Minimum and Preferred State in Mombasa
Waste Cycle Current State Minimum
Required state
The
Ideal/Preferred
State
Waste
Generation
Promote waste
segregation at source
starting at the
household level by
providing colour
coded bags/bins for
the various waste
streams generated;
Provide waste
segregation bins
within the town
centers and in all
other designated
waste collection areas
Promote waste
segregation at source
by providing colour
coded bags/bins for
the various waste
streams generated
Waste
Collection
1. The County Government
operates various collection
points/centers within the
County, this being in
Mwembe-tayari, Ganjoni,
Mackinon, Kongowea,
makupa Market and
Bombolulu.
2. The three operational
waste disposal sites
(Mwakirunge, Vok transfer
station and Kibarani) are in a
designated area;
3. There are waste
receptacles for waste
disposal within the town
centers.
There are dedicated trucks
within these disposal sites
which aid in waste collection
– case in point VOK transfer
station and the Kibarani
dumpsite
1. All waste
operational
areas/collection
centers are
zoned/designated;
2. Proper
management of all the
zoned/designated
waste operational
areas – ensuring they
are kept clean and
waste is collected
frequently and timely
to avoid scattering
and spread of waste
into undesignated
areas;
3. Provide adequate
skips for waste
collection and skip
loaders for ease of
loading and
transportation;
4.The waste
receptacles provided
should not become an
eye-sore or a nuisance
to the Public by
ensuring they are
emptied frequently;
Provide colour-coded
waste bins/bags to all
households;
Set up collection
centers in specific
parts of the County
with waste
segregation bins
clearly labeled as per
each waste stream for
disposal by members
of the Public
Organise and
formalize informal
waste
collectors/groups
Waste 1. The county operates 1. Provide adequate Have dedicated trucks
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
71
Transportation dedicated vehicles for the
transportation of waste.
2. There are also private
collectors who are licenced
from the NEMA county office
in Mombasa to transport
waste, the county
government vehicles are not
licenced.
transport for the
transportation of the
various segregated
waste streams
which can carry
segregated waste
from various areas of
collection to the waste
treatment facilities
and landfills
Waste
treatment
(Material
recovery)
1. Enhance small-
medium scale waste
composting
1. Promote recycling
and recovery of waste.
2. Promote the
establishment of
hazardous waste
treatment (recycling)
facilities particularly
for management of;
a) Waste tyres;
b) E-waste;
c) Used oil/sludge;
3. Promote
composting of all
organic waste streams
and initiate
establishment of
composting facilities
within the County.
4. Build focus on waste
treatment facilities
such as incinerators
for combustion of
Municipal waste with
energy recovery
facilities.
Waste
Disposal
(Disposal Sites
– Incinerators,
controlled
tipping sites
and landfills)
1. The waste disposal sites
are designated by the
County Government.
2. All the sites are not fenced
and have no gates for
manning purposes;
3. Waste within the sites is
compacted – there was
evidence of compaction
machines on site.
4. It was also evident that
recyclable wastes,
hazardous wastes such
biomedical waste finds its
1. Designate all official
county government
disposal site (s);
2. Secure all disposal
sites with a fence and
a gate manned by a
council official to
control dumping and
spread of waste
outside the disposal
sites;
3.Weigh or estimate
and record the amount
1. Set up Sanitary
landfills;
2. Promote
incineration as a
technology for
combustion of
hazardous, industrial
waste streams;
3. Establish transfer
stations for sorting of
all waste prior to
transfer to the final
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
72
way to the dumpsite
meaning waste segregation
within the county is poor;
5. ONLY Vok transfer station
and Mwakirunge have
motorable roads which are
in a fair condition as
opposed to Kibarani whose
roads are not very good ;
6. There were scavengers in
all the sites.
7. There was no evidence of
proper systems for fire
controls within the disposal
sites;
8. The disposal sites are not
manned;
9. There were no site offices
and nor sanitary facilities
within the disposal sites;
of incoming waste in
tonnes;
4. Develop motorable
roads inside the sites
to ensure vehicles do
not get stuck as they
go to the tipping
phase;
5. Spread the waste at
regular intervals,
compact and cover
with soil;
6. Develop and install
proper fire control
systems for dumpsite
fires and extinguish all
fires at the sites;
7. Enhance security
and control of the
disposal sites so that
illegal activities are
contained and ensure
that hazardous waste
streams are not
disposed off at the
disposal sites;
8. Set up leachate
control systems for all
the disposal sites and
transfer stations and
ensure all leachate
collected is channeled
to a treatment facility;
9. Obtain licences
from NEMA to
own/operate the
disposal sites.
10. Enforce on all
illegal dumping sites
and instigate clean-
ups of these sites,
periodically.
disposal site;
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
73
4. Kiambu County
Kiambu County is located in central Kenya, it borders Murang’a county to the North and
North East, Machakos County to the East, Nairobi and Kajiado counties to the South,
Nakuru County to the West, and Nyandarua County to the North West. The main
economic activity in the county is agriculture- tea, coffee, dairy, poultry and horticulture.
Kiambu’s major urban centers are Thika, Ruiru, Gatundu, Limuru, Kabete, Githunguri,
Kiambaa, Kikuyu, Kiambu, Lari and Karuri. It is a predominantly rural county, but its
population is getting rapidly urbanized relative to Nairobi city’s growth. The Agikuyu are
the dominant tribe in the area, but in light of its growing urban migrant population, it is
slowly beginning to take the face of a cosmopolitan town.
Sub-counties in Kiambu includes; Thika, Ruiru, Juja, Kiambu, Kiambaa, Githunguri,
Limuru, Lari, Kikuyu, Kabete, Gatundu South and Gatundu North.
Population Density and Distribution
Kabete Constituency has the highest population density which currently is 2,534
persons/Km
2
followed by Kiambaa Constituency which has 2,153 persons/Km2. This is
due to their proximity to the city of Nairobi. The least densely populated constituency is
Lari with 307 persons/Km
2
, mainly due to the fact that a considerable part of the
constituency is covered by forests. High population density exerts pressure on the
available land leading to subdivision of land into uneconomical units.
Population Distribution and Density by Constituency/Sub-county
Constitue
ncy
2009 (Census)
2012 (Projections)
2015 (Projections)
2017
(Projections)
Population
Density
(Km2)
Populatio
n
Densit
y (Km2)
Populatio
n
Density
(Km2)
Populatio
n
Dens
ity
(Km2
)
Gatundu
South
114,180 593 124,223 645 135,149 702 142,962 742
Gatundu
North
100,611 352 109,460 383 119,088 417 125,972 441
Juja 118,793 365 129,241 397 140,609 432 148,737 457
Thika Town 165,342 760 179,885 827 195,706 900 207,020 952
Ruiru 201,986 1,003 219,752 1,091 239,080 1,187 252,901 1,256
Githunguri 147,763 852 160,760 927 174,899 1,008 185,010 1,067
Kiambaa 145,053 1,979 157,811 2,153 171,691 2,342 181,617 2,478
Kiambu 108,698 1,026 118,259 1,116 128,660 1,214 136,098 1,285
Kabete 140,427 2,329 152,778 2,534 166,216 2,757 175,825 2,916
Kikuyu 125,402 713 136,432 776 148,432 844 157,012 893
Limuru 131,132 466 142,666 507 155,214 552 164,187 583
Lari 123,895 282 134,792 307 146,648 334 155,125 353
Total 1,623,282 638 1,766,059 694 1,921,392 755 2,032,466 799
Waste generation in Kiambu County;
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
74
Municipal waste includes Household waste, Commercial waste, and Demolition
waste.
Hazardous waste includes Industrial waste.
Biomedical waste includes clinical waste.
Special Hazardous waste includes Radioactive waste, explosives waste,
and Electronic waste (e-waste)
Waste composition in percentage for each waste stream
Waste Stream Percentage
Municipal wastes Household wastes
Commercial wastes
Demolition wastes
Hazardous wastes Industrial wastes
Biomedical wastes Clinical wastes
Special Hazardous
wastes
Radioactive waste
Explosives wastes
Electronics wastes
Disposal sites include: Kang’oki dumpsite in Thika (Other disposal sites include
Kang’oya in Kiambu, Limuru, Lari and Gatundu. Gatuanyaga disposal site in Thika sub-
county is used primarily for disposal of asbestos.
Current Status Vs. the Minimum and Preferred State in Thika
Waste Cycle Current State Minimum
Required state
The
Ideal/Preferred
State
Waste
Generation
Promote waste
segregation at source
starting at the
household level by
providing colour
coded bags/bins for
the various waste
streams generated;
Provide waste
segregation bins
within the town
centers and in all
other designated
Promote waste
segregation at source
by providing colour
coded bags/bins for
the various waste
streams generated
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_waste
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_waste
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition_waste
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition_waste
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_waste
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_waste
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardous_waste
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_waste
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
75
waste collection areas
Waste
Collection
1. Waste is not collected
daily; specific days have
been set for collection per
areas;
2. Curbside waste collection
has been introduced in some
residential areas;
2. The county has introduced
(2) skips at Madaraka and
Jamuhuri, and two (2) at
Ruiru;
3. The County has budgeted
for five (5) skips this
financial year;
3. Limuru have several skips
and a Tractor and a skip
loader;
4. There are two youth
groups that have currently
been licenced to collect and
transport waste to the
disposal sites.
5. There are alot of illegal
dumping sites within the
County and efforts are
currently underway to
educate the people on the
need for storage of their
waste at the facilities and
homes awaiting collection.
1. All waste
operational areas/
collection centers are
zoned/designated;
2. Proper
management of all the
zoned/designated
waste operational
areas – ensuring they
are kept clean and
waste is collected
frequently and timely
to avoid scattering
and spread of waste
into undesignated
areas;
3. Provide adequate
skips for waste
collection and skip
loaders for ease of
loading and
transportation;
4. A budget for skips,
skip loaders,
machinery for
compacting the waste
at the disposal sites –
bull dozers,
compacters and a
tractor should be set
aside.
6. Provide colour-
coded waste
bins/bags to all
households or
provide adequate
waste collection
receptacles as an
initial stop measure
for illegal dumping by
members of the public
in the County;
6. Increase the no. of
trucks for waste
collection and
increase collection
rates in the various
waste collection areas.
7. Ensure all the
uncovered trucks are
covered to prevent
Provide colour-coded
waste bins/bags to all
households;
Set up collection
centers in specific
parts of the County
with waste
segregation bins
clearly labeled as per
each waste stream for
disposal by members
of the Public
Organise and
formalize informal
waste
collectors/groups
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
76
scattering of waste on
roadsides and in
undesignated areas
during transportation.
Waste
Transportation
1. Most of the trucks
operated by the County
Government need repairs
and are not covered thus
allowing for scattering of
waste during transportation
2. The County bought five
trucks last year for Kiambu,
Kabete, Limuru and Ruiru
3. There are plans underway
to repair the trucks which
have broken down.
1. Provide adequate
transport (trucks) for
the transportation of
the various
segregated waste
streams
Have dedicated trucks
which can carry
segregated waste
from various areas of
collection to the waste
treatment facilities
and landfills
Waste
treatment
(Material
recovery)
1. Enhance small-
medium scale waste
composting
1. Promote recycling
and recovery of waste.
2. Promote the
establishment of
hazardous waste
treatment facilities
particularly for
management of;
a) Waste tyres;
b) E-waste;
c) Used oil;
3. Promote
composting of all
organic waste streams
and initiate
establishment of
composting facilities
within the County.
4. Build focus on waste
treatment facilities
such as incinerators
for combustion of
Municipal waste with
energy recovery
facilities.
Waste
Disposal
(Disposal Sites
– Incinerators,
controlled
Kang’oki disposal site –
Thika sub-county
1. The waste disposal site is
designated by the County
1. Designate all official
county government
disposal site (s);
2. Secure all disposal
sites with a fence and
1. Set up Sanitary
landfills – plans in
place to set up a
Sanitary landfill at
Ting’ang’a area on a
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
77
tipping sites
and landfills)
Government.
2. The site is NOT fenced;
3. The site is NOT manned
by a county official at any
time of the day;
4. The disposal site is
separated by an earth road
and waste has been
haphazardly dumped on
either side of the road – no
controlled tipping practiced;
4. The waste is not
compacted neither is it
covered with a layer of soil;
6. It was also evident that
recyclable wastes such as
glass end up at the site;
7. Other hazardous wastes
such as biomedical, sanitary
waste, find their way also to
the dumpsite meaning waste
segregation within the
county from the household
level to the commercial and
industrial areas is not
practiced;
7. The site has a motorable
road which are accessible;
8. There is no machinery for
compacting of waste or
covering it after compaction;
9. No human settlements on
site;
10. Waste tyre burning is
rampant at adjacent sites to
the disposal site;
11. The site is characterized
by grazing cattle;
12. There are also
residential homes at a near
distance to the site;
13. There was no evidence
of waste collectors on-site
collecting the recyclable
wastes;
14. There are no proper
systems for fire controls
within the dumpsite
a gate manned by a
council official to
control dumping and
spread of waste
outside the disposal
sites;
3.Weigh or estimate
and record the amount
of incoming waste in
tonnes;
4. Develop motorable
roads inside the sites
to ensure vehicles do
not get stuck as they
go to the tipping
phase;
5. Spread the waste at
regular intervals,
compact and cover
with soil;
6. Develop and install
proper fire control
systems for dumpsite
fires and extinguish all
fires at the sites;
7. Enhance security
and control of the
disposal sites so that
illegal activities are
contained and ensure
that hazardous waste
streams are not
disposed off at the
disposal sites;
8. Set up leachate
control systems for all
the disposal sites and
transfer stations and
ensure all leachate
collected is channeled
to a treatment facility;
9. Obtain licences
from NEMA to
own/operate the
disposal sites.
10. Enforce on all
illegal dumping sites
40 acre piece of land;
2. Promote
incineration as a
technology for
combustion of
hazardous, industrial
waste streams;
3. Establish transfer
stations for sorting of
all waste prior to
transfer to the final
disposal site;
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
78
15. There was no site office,
nor sanitary facility within
the dumpsite.
16. The dumpsite is faced
with land disputes – it has
already been privately
allocated to other
individuals for other uses;
17. The matter is currently
before the National Land
Commission and the
Minister for lands
18. The County intends to
introduce the Fukuoka waste
management technology
from Japan as a pilot at the
Kang’oki disposal site in
Thika;
19. The pilot project will be
undertaken this year starting
with trainings and resource
mobilization;
20. The County has engaged
UN habitat on funding the
fukuoka technology;
21. The land issue is
currently hindering the
implementation of the 10
minimum points
22. Currently, the dumpsite
is receiving alot of waste
from Kiambu area as well
due to the closure of the
disposal site in Kiambu.
and instigate clean-
ups of these sites,
periodically.
5. Nakuru Town
Baseline Information:
1. Population densities:
As expected there are higher population growth rate projections for the major towns,
these are Nakuru, Molo and Naivasha. The current population of Nakuru is estimated at
600,000 of whom 190,000 live in the slums of Rhonda and Kaptembwo. Currently, less
than 10% of residents here have access to sufficient sanitation facilities of adequate
quality.
2. Waste Generation quantities:
Waste generated in the county is composed of different waste materials mainly from
household, market, and commercial, institution, building materials, street waste, scrap
metals, hospital waste and other waste generated materials. Refuse generated is
estimated at an average of 250 tons per day based on population and rate of generation
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
79
per capital per day is approximately 0.5kg/p/day. About 45% of this is collected and
transported to Giotto dump site; 18% is recovered and the rest accumulates in the
environment and is eventually deposited into the lake by storm water and wind.
The total amount of wastes collected by the County Government accounts for 15.1% daily
MSE (private) and C.B.O accounts for 29.8% which falls in the formal sector. 44.9% of the
total wastes collected per day are disposed off to Giotto dumpsite.
Out of the total wastes collected daily, 18.3% is recovered by the informal sector. 36.1%
accounts for the total wastes not collected daily which poses pollution in the
environment.
Types of wastes in Nakuru County (Source ITDG, 2004)
Material Average (%) High income Low income
Food 51.1 50 57
Paper 17.3 17 16
Textiles 2.7 3 2
Plastics 11.8 14 12
Grass and wood 6.7 8 2
Leather 0.9 1 1
Rubber 1.5 1 2
Glass 2.3 2 2
Cans/tins 1.7 2 1
Other metals 0.9 1 0
Others 2.7 7 4
Studies by the ITDG in 2004 indicate that most of the waste generated within Nakuru
municipality is organic in nature. However, the municipality has implemented
various wastes management initiatives and opportunities in the county which
include waste collection, privatization efforts designation of disposal site as well as
waste recycling among others.
The MCN waste characterization Report (2010) indicates that top five materials waste
generated comprise of organic (46%), fine (from sorting 21%, plastic 13%, cardboards
(4%) and paper 3%.Polythe bags are the main nuisance in the county. In the figure 1.4, it
is evident that the organic materials is the major pollutant generated and cardboards and
papers are the least generated
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
80
waste material
Organic
Fine
Plastic
Cardboards
Paper
Types of Waste Materials Generated In Nakuru County
Disposal sites include: Giotto dumpsite in Nakuru and Naivasha disposal site in Naivasha
sub-county
Current Status Vs. the Minimum and Preferred State in Nakuru
Waste Cycle Current State Minimum
Required State
The Ideal/
Preferred State
Waste
Generation
Promote waste
segregation at source
starting at the
household level by
providing colour
coded bags/bins for
the various waste
streams generated;
Provide waste
segregation bins
within the town
centers and in all
other designated
waste collection
areas
Promote waste
segregation at source
by providing colour
coded bags/bins for
the various waste
streams generated
Waste
Collection
1. The waste disposal site is
in a designated area;
2. There are waste
receptacles for waste
disposal within the town
centers.
1. All waste
operational
areas/collection
centers are
zoned/designated;
2. Proper
management of all
the
zoned/designated
waste operational
areas – ensuring they
are kept clean and
Provide colour-coded
waste bins/bags to all
households;
Set up collection
centers in specific
parts of the County
with waste
segregation bins
clearly labeled as per
each waste stream for
disposal by members
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
81
waste is collected
frequently and timely
to avoid scattering
and spread of waste
into undesignated
areas;
3. Provide adequate
skips for waste
collection and skip
loaders for ease of
loading and
transportation;
4.The waste
receptacles provided
should not become
an eye-sore or a
nuisance to the Public
by ensuring they are
emptied frequently;
of the Public
Organise and
formalize informal
waste
collectors/groups
Waste
Transportation
1. The county operates
dedicated vehicles for the
transportation of waste.
There are also private
collectors who are licenced
from the NEMA county office
to transport waste, the
county government vehicles
are not licenced.
2. The private waste
collectors transport waste in
the mornings and evenings
to the disposal site.
1. Provide adequate
transport for the
transportation of the
various segregated
waste streams
Have dedicated trucks
which can carry
segregated waste
from various areas of
collection to the waste
treatment facilities
and landfills
Waste
treatment
(Material
recovery)
1. Enhance small-
medium scale waste
composting
1. Promote recycling
and recovery of waste.
2. Promote the
establishment of
hazardous waste
treatment facilities
particularly for
management of;
a) Waste tyres;
b) E-waste;
c) Used oil;
3. Promote
composting of all
organic waste streams
and initiate
establishment of
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
82
composting facilities
within the County.
4. Build focus on waste
treatment facilities
such as incinerators
for combustion of
Municipal waste with
energy recovery
facilities.
Waste Disposal
(Disposal Sites –
Incinerators,
controlled
tipping sites
and landfills)
Gioto disposal site in
Nakuru County:
1. The waste disposal site is
designated by the County
Government.
2. The site has NO gate and
the area is NOT fenced;
3. The site is manned by a
county government official
during the day only;
4. The site is quite large and
the waste is not disposed off
in a controlled manner as
some patches of the land
have waste while others are
bare depicting that the
waste is dumped
haphazardly within the site;
5. Some sections of the site
had the waste compacted
and efforts to cover with a
fresh layer of soil were
underway;
6. It was also evident that
recyclable wastes,
hazardous wastes such as
biomedical, sanitary waste,
batteries find their way to
the dumpsite meaning waste
segregation within the
county from the household
level to the commercial and
industrial areas is really
poor;
7. The site has motorable
roads which are accessible;
8. The only equipment or
1. Designate all
official county
government disposal
site (s);
2. Secure all disposal
sites with a fence and
gates manned by
council officials to
control dumping and
spread of waste
outside the disposal
sites;
3.Weigh or estimate
and record the
amount of incoming
wastes in tonnes;
4. Develop motorable
roads inside the sites
to ensure vehicles do
not get stuck as they
go to the tipping
phase;
5. Spread the waste at
regular intervals,
compact and cover
with soil;
6. Controlled tipping
of waste at the
disposal sites should
be practiced and
waste should not be
scattered
haphazardly at the
sites;
6. Develop and install
proper fire control
systems for dumpsite
fires and extinguish
1. Set up Sanitary
landfills;
2. Promote
incineration as a
technology for
combustion of
hazardous, industrial
waste streams;
3. Establish transfer
stations for sorting of
all waste prior to
transfer to the final
disposal site;
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
83
machinery there is, is a
dozer for compacting and
covering the waste.
9. There were human
settlements within the sites
who have habited the land
for many years and
scavenge from the disposal
site.
10. There was no evidence
of proper systems for fire
controls within the dumpsite
11. There was no site office,
nor sanitary facility within
the dumpsite.
all fires at the sites;
7. Enhance security
and control of the
disposal sites so that
illegal activities are
contained and ensure
that hazardous waste
streams are not
disposed off at the
disposal sites;
8. Set up leachate
control systems for
all the waste disposal
sites including all
transfer stations and
ensure all leachate
collected is
channeled to a
treatment facility;
9. Obtain licences
from NEMA to
own/operate the
disposal sites.
10. Enforce on all
illegal dumping sites
and instigate clean-
ups of these sites,
periodically.
Photographs depicting current waste management practices in Nakuru:
Plate 9: Giotto site in Nakuru County – trucks on site disposing of waste
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
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84
Plate 10: Pigs scavenging at the Gioto disposal site Plate 11: Sanitary Waste at the Gioto
site
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
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85
REFERENCES
Department of Environmental Affairs (2010); National Waste Management Strategy;
Republic of South Africa
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) - Institute for International Cooperation
(2005); Supporting Capacity Development in Solid Waste Management in Developing
Countries - Towards Improving Solid Waste ManagementCapacity of Entire Society; 10-
5, Ichigaya Honmura-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8433 Japan
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA); 2009; Integrated Solid Waste
Management in Nairobi: Developing a support structure to turn Solid Waste into
Resource – A strategic analysis
UNEP & UN‐ Habitat ‐ Kenya (2007). City of Nairobi Environment Outlook. Nairobi, Kenya:
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) & United Nations Human Settlements
Programme (UN Habitat), Kenya. [Online]. Available from:
http://www.unep.org/DEWA/Africa/docs/en/NCEO_Report_FF_New_Text.pdf.
[accessed 10 May 2009].
JICA (1998). The study on solid waste management in Nairobi City in the Republic of Kenya
: final report. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA); in collaboration with CTI
Engineering & Environmental Technology Consultants. [Online]. Available from:
http://lvzopac.jica.go.jp/external/library. [accessed 10 April 2009].
"Thematic Guidelines on Solid Waste Management"(2009) is published in the following
JICA website.
(http://www.jica.go.jp/activities/issues/env_manage/pdf/haiki_e.pdf)
http://www.jica.go.jp/activities/issues/env_manage/pdf/haiki_e.pdf
oe
3)
nema
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ya (5
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most
favoured prevention
‘option
minimisation
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INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY
Most Preferred
Least Preferred uasaneen audios
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8
MAJOR COMPONENTS FOR MUNICIPAL SOLID
WASTE IN KISUMU COUNTY.
@ Paper and Cellulose material
m Plastic and Rubber
™ Aggregate materials e.g Glass
m Matals
@ Organic Material
@ Sanitary pads
m Others
Type of Wastes generated in
Uasin Gishu County.
lm Waste food 49%
lm Other
waste(Plastics,Cloth
ing,Paper,yard
trimmings,Cans,etc)
51%
ag
Different types of wastes generated
in Mombasa County(%)
1 Organic waste(60%)
& Plastics,paper,glass and
metal(30%)
@ Others(10%)-Inclusive of
Waste Oil.
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY
THE NATIONAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
February, 2015
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
ii
A publication of the
National Environment Management Authority, Kenya (NEMA)
© National Environment Management Authority, 2014
First published 2014
Extracts may be published if the source is duly acknowledged
For more information contact
Director General
National Environment Management Authority
Popo Road, off Mombasa Road, P.O Box 67839-00200,
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: 6005522/6001945/6008767/2101370
Fax: 254-02-6008997, Hotline: 6006041,
Mobile No: 0724253398, 0728585829, 0735013046, 0735010237
E -mail: dgnema@nema.go.ke,
Website: www.nema.go.ke
http://www.nema.go.ke/
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
iii
FOWARD
Accumulated waste deposits are an indication of societal lifestyles, waste management
practices and production technology. Some societies at the peak of their development have
stagnated due to inadequate management of their waste leading to proliferation of disease;
environmental degradation and ultimate impact on livelihoods. Improper management of
waste poses a threat to Climate Change and eventually in the achievement of sustainable
development. Waste being one of the contributors of greenhouse gases, affects climate
change and it is for this reason that as a country, we should develop sustainable waste
management technologies and initiatives to cub this growing global challenge.
Through our commitment to sustainable development, Kenya aims to balance the broader
economic and social challenges of development and environmental protection. For this reason
the country subscribe to the vision of a prosperous and equitable society living in harmony
with our natural resources. This is also reinforced in the constitution under the fundamental
right to a clean and health environment. Sound environmental management entails use of
waste reduction technologies in production, sustainable product design, resource efficiency
and waste prevention, re-using products where possible; recovering value from products.
Although, elimination of waste entirely may not be feasible, systematic application of modern
waste management systems should be explored and implemented.
The challenge of waste management affects every person and institution in society. The
measures set out in this strategy cannot be undertaken without a collective approach to waste
challenges, and the involvement of a broad range of stakeholders in their implementation. This
National Solid Waste Management Strategy (NSWMS) seeks to establish a common platform for
action between stakeholders to systematically improve waste management in Kenya. It is for
this reason that NEMA with other stakeholders undertook an assessment of waste management
practices in five municipalities namely; Kisumu, Eldoret, Thika, Mombasa and Nakuru to form a
basis on which this strategy was developed. The strategy lays the framework for improved
waste management in the country.
PROF. JUDI WAKHUNGU
CABINET SECRETARY
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, WATER AND NATURAL RESOURCES
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
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PREFACE
Every person in Kenya is entitled to a clean and healthy environment and has the duty to
safeguard and enhance the Environment. The Environment Management and Co-ordination Act
1999 is guided with among others the following principles of public participation in the
development of policies, plans and processes for the management of the environment, the
principle of intergenerational and intra-generational equity, the polluter-pays principle and
the precautionary principle.
It is in this context that the vision 2030 recognized that efficient and sustainable waste
management systems are required as the country develops into a newly industrialized state by
2030.In this regard, the vision 2030 set flagship projects for the five cities namely; Mombasa,
Kisumu, Eldoret, Nakuru and Thika to have fully functional and compliant waste management
system by developing strategies towards achieving sustainable waste management and a clean
healthy environment for all.
Although only the county governments of these five municipalities were engaged in
developing the strategy, it was observed that the waste challenges were similar in all other
counties. Thus; these systems can be replicated in other counties countrywide.
It is with this spirit that the National Environmental Management Authority strived to develop
this strategy which will assist the public and institutions involved to be a 7R oriented society,
by Reducing; Rethinking; Refusing; Recycling; Reusing; Repairing and Refilling their waste.
All the efforts were driven towards compliance with the Environmental Management and
Coordination Act of 1999 and Environmental Management and Coordination (Waste
Management) Regulations of 2006 in order to ensure a clean and healthy environment for all,
keeping in line with the Article 42, of the Constitution of Kenya 2010.
RICHARD L. LESIYAMPE (PHD) MBS
PRINCIPAL SECRETARY
STATE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, WATER AND NATURAL RESOURCES
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The main guiding principle on the National Waste Management Strategy is ZERO WASTE
PRINCIPLE whereby waste is a resource that can be harnessed to create wealth, employment
and reduce pollution of the environment. Due to the poor state of affairs regarding the existing
waste management facilities within the 47 Counties, NEMA developed minimum requirement
points for management of the existing waste management facilities so as to continuously
promote compliance with the waste management regulations within the counties. This initiative
will lead the country to the preferred state having moved from the current situation which is
wanting.
These minimum requirement points are on waste collection, transportation, disposal and
licensing and were developed through a participatory process by five counties being
Mombasa, Kisumu, Eldoret, Nakuru and Thika to help County Governments move towards full
compliance of embracing sanitary landfills and other environmentally friendly waste
management practices.
In achieving the aforementioned, the following taskforce members have managed to develop
and harness the strategy into deliverable actions for the country so as to achieve a clean and
healthy environment for all. Sincere gratitude goes to Mr. Benjamin Langwen – Former Director
Compliance & Enforcement; Mr. Zephaniah Ouma-Ag. Director Compliance & Enforcement;
Ms. Salome Machua-Deputy Director Enforcement; Ms. Margaret Njuki-Chief Compliance
Officer; Mr. Samuel Munene (late)- Principal Compliance and Enforcement Officer; Mr. Dickson
Njora- Principal Compliance and Enforcement Officer; Mr. Mwai Muitungu- Principal
Compliance and Enforcement Officer, Ms. Jane Nyandika – Principle Compliance &
Enforcement Officer; Ms. Immaculate Simiyu-Senior Compliance and Enforcement Officer; Ms.
Maureen Njeri-Compliance and Enforcement Officer; Mr. Gideon Rotich-Compliance and
Enforcement Officer; Ms. Elizabeth Ndungu, Ms. Peninah Nyasani and Ms. Salome Kiseve -
Administrative Secretaries. Special thanks go to Felix Mugambi for his layout and Computer
Graphic Design (DTP).
I want to also appreciate the NEMA management for their substantive guidance, advice and
managerial assistance throughout the process.
PROF. GEOFFREY WAHUNGU
DIRECTOR GENERAL
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
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vi
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY
Table of Contents
FOWARD .......................................................................................................................................... iii
PREFACE ........................................................................................................................................... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................... v
Table of Contents............................................................................................................................. vi
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................. viii
List of Plates ................................................................................................................................ viii
List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. ix
Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................ x
CHAPTER 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 11
1.0 Background of the Strategy ................................................................................................ 11
1.1 Objectives of the Strategy .................................................................................................. 11
1.2 Legal Framework ................................................................................................................. 12
1.3 Scope of the Strategy ........................................................................................................... 17
CHAPTER 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 19
2.0 Current Status of Waste Management in Kenya ............................................................. 19
2.1 SWOT Analysis: ........................................................................................................................
2.2 Types of waste streams and management challenges .....................................................
2.3 Current Waste Management Practices ............................................................................ 25
2.3.1 Waste Generation ......................................................................................................... 25
2.3.2 Collection and Transportation ................................................................................... 25
2.3.3 Treatment ....................................................................................................................... 25
2.3.4 Disposal .......................................................................................................................... 27
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2.4 Challenges in the Current Waste Management Practices ........................................... 27
CHAPTER 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 33
3.0 The Preferred State of Waste Management in the Country ......................................... 33
3.1 Strategy Objectives- Where should we go? ................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.2 Intergrated Solid Waste Management ............................................................................. 33
3.2.1 Waste avoidance and reduction ................................................................................ 34
3.2.2 Recovery, re-use and recycling ................................................................................ 34
3.3 The Waste Management Cycle: ........................................................................................ 35
3.3.1 Storage, collection and transportation of waste ..................................................... 35
3.3.2 Waste Treatment ........................................................................................................... 37
3.3.3 Waste Disposal .............................................................................................................. 39
3.3.4 Remediation ................................................................................................................... 41
CHAPTER 4 ....................................................................................................................................... 42
4.0 The Waste Management Strategy ..................................................................................... 42
4.1 Objectives of the Strategy – How to get there? .............................................................. 42
4.2 Roles of Collaborating Agencies ...................................................................................... 48
CHAPTER 5 ....................................................................................................................................... 50
5.0 IMPLEMENTATION MATRIX ............................................................................................... 50
CHAPTER 6 ....................................................................................................................................... 56
6.0 Funding Mechanism ............................................................................................................ 56
CHAPTER 7 ....................................................................................................................................... 57
7.0 Monitoring and Evaluation ................................................................................................. 57
CHAPTER 8 ....................................................................................................................................... 58
8.0 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................... 58
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................... 85
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
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List of Figures
Figure 1: Household Waste Composition
Figure 2: Solid Waste Management Hierarchy
Figure 3: Waste Generation Rates in 20yrs
List of Plates
Plate 1:Efforts of waste segregation in Kisumu County
Plate 2::A grounded compacter at the Kachok dumpsite
Plate 3:Motorable roads at Kachok
Plate 4:Unmanned wrecked main entrance at the Kachok dumpsite
Plate 5:Licenced private transporters at the disposal site in Eldoret
Plate 6:The Dumpsite in Eldoret, secured with concrete perimeter wall and a gate
Plate 7:Waste Collectors at the Eldoret disposal site collecting the recyclables
Plate 8: Animals scavenging at the Eldoret disposal site
Plate 9: Gioto site in Nakuru County – trucks on site disposing waste
Plate 10:Pigs scavenging at the Gioto disposal site
Plate 11: Sanitary Waste at Gioto site
Plate 12:Evidence of soil cover for covering the waste once compacted at Gioto
Plate 13: Dumpsites on the road reserve a common feature
Plate 14: Unmanaged disposal site and animal scavenge
Plate 15: An example of a Non-compliant waste transportation truck
Plate 16: Examples of non-compliant incinerators in use in the Country
Plate 17: A poorly maintained open dumpsite
Plate 18: A modern waste collection center
Plate 19: A well designed waste transportation vehicle
Plate 20:A well managed sanitary landfill
Plate 21: A standardized modern weighbridge at a Sanitary landfill
Plate 22: Properly managed waste - Compacted and covered in a modern sanitary landfill
Plate 23: A leachate collection system in a modern sanitary landfill
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
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List of Tables
Table 1: Current Waste Management Practices in Mombasa County
Table 2: Current Waste Management Practices in Kiambu County
Table 3: SWOT
Table 4: A Summary of Key Characteristics of Solid Waste Management in Kenya and the
related problems
Table 5: Summary of Aims and Goals for Municipal Solid Waste Management
Table 6: The Strategy Objectives, the key result areas, outcomes and subsequent activities
Table 7: The Waste Management Strategy Implementation Matrix
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
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Acronyms
NEMA National Environment Management Authority
EMCA Environmental Management and Coordination Act 1999
CBD Central business district
SWOT Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats
NWMS National Waste Management Strategy
JICA Japan International Cooperation
HCW Health Care Waste
POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants
WEEE Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
ICT Information Communication Strategy
SWM Solid Waste Management
SMEs Small &Medium Enterprises
CSO Civil Society Organizations
CBO’s Community Based Organizations
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UN Habitat United Nations Human Settlements Programme
PPEs Personal Protective Equipments
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
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CHAPTER 1
1.0 Introduction
All human activities generate waste which requires to be properly managed to protect human
health and environment while enhancing aesthetics. This scenario is particularly evident in
urban settlements which generate large quantities of solid waste due to high human
population. The impacts of poor solid waste management within the urban settlements,
particularly cities and big municipalities can be disastrous. As such there is need for proper
and efficient waste management.
Kenya Vision 2030 recognizes the need for efficient and sustainable waste management
systems to be established as the country develops into a newly industrialized state by 2030. In
this regard the Vision 2030 identified Solid waste management for five cities and towns namely;
Mombasa, Kisumu, Eldoret, Nakuru and Thika as one of the flagship projects. The National
Environment Management Authority is expected to deliver this flagship project which falls
within its mandate.
In implementing this flagship project, the Authority will be guided by the Environmental
Management and Coordination (Waste Management) regulations of 2006, other relevant
legislative frameworks and this National Solid Waste Management Strategy. In addition, the
Authority in collaboration with the County Governments and the relevant stakeholders will
develop modalities for achieving sustainable waste management systems. Although this
Strategy will be piloted in the above five cities and towns, it shall be applied countrywide.
1.1 Purpose of the Strategy
The purpose of this National Solid Waste Management Strategy is to guide sustainable solid
waste management in Kenya to ensure a healthy, safe and secure environment for all. The
Strategy is a deliberate and visionary commitment for the country in the management of solid
waste.
The guiding principle of this Strategy is to address the following:
The Current situation (Where are we now?)
The Preferred state (Where do we want to go?) and
Implementation of the Strategy (How do we get there?)
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
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1.2 Legal Framework relevant to Solid Waste Management in Kenya
The legal frameworks highlighted below are relevant to solid waste management in
Kenya;
Constitution of Kenya:
In the Constitution of Kenya, Article 42 on the Environment provides that-
―Every person has the right to a clean and healthy environment, which includes the right
(a) to have the environment protected for the benefit of present and future generations
through legislative and other measures, particularly those contemplated in Article 69;
and
(b) to have obligations relating to the environment fulfilled under Article 70.‖
Article 69 on Obligations to the Environment, the Constitution provides that –
(1) The State shall—
(d) encourage public participation in the management, protection and conservation of the
environment;
(f) establish systems of environmental impact assessment, environmental audit and
monitoring of the environment;
(g) eliminate processes and activities that are likely to endanger the environment; and
(h) utilise the environment and natural resources for the benefit of the people of Kenya.
(2) Every person has a duty to cooperate with State organs and other persons to protect and
conserve the environment and ensure ecologically sustainable development and use of
natural resources.
Part 2 of the fourth Schedule in the Constitution of Kenya also explicitly provides that the
County Governments shall be responsible for; refuse removal, refuse dumps and solid waste
disposal.
Vision 2030
In Vision 2030, one of the flagship projects is the Solid waste management initiative which calls
for relocation of the Dandora dumpsite and the development of solid waste management
systems in five (5) leading municipalities and in the economic zones planned under vision
2030.
The Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA), 1999
Section 3 of EMCA, 1999 stipulates that - ―Every person in Kenya is entitled to a clean and
healthy environment and has a duty to safeguard and enhance the environment.‖
Section 9 of EMCA, 1999 further states that –
―(1) The object and purpose for which the Authority is established is to exercise general
supervision and co-ordination over all matters relating to the environment and to be the
principal instrument of Government in the implementation of all policies relating to the
environment.
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
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(2) Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, the Authority shall –
(a) co-ordinate the various environmental management activities being undertaken by the lead
agencies and promote the integration of environmental considerations into development
policies, plans, programmes and projects with a view to ensuring the proper management and
rational utilization of environmental resources on a sustainable yield basis for the improvement
of the quality of human life in Kenya;‖
Section 86 of EMCA, 1999 provides that – ―The Standards and Enforcement Review Committee
shall, in consultation with the relevant lead agencies, recommend to the Authority measures
necessary to:-
(2) prescribe standards for waste, their classification and analysis, and formulate and
advise on standards of disposal methods and means for such wastes; or
(3) issue regulations for the handling, storage, transportation, segregation and destruction
of any waste.‖
Section 87 of EMCA 1999 states that – ―(1) No person shall discharge or dispose of any wastes,
whether generated within or outside Kenya, in such manner as to cause pollution to the
environment or ill health to any person.
(2) No person shall transport any waste other than –
(a) in accordance with a valid licence to transport wastes issued by the Authority; and
(b)to a wastes disposal site established in accordance with a licence issued by the
Authority.
(4) No person shall operate a wastes disposal site or plant without a licence issued by the
Authority.
(5) Every person whose activities generate wastes shall employ measures essential to minimize
wastes through treatment, reclamation and recycling.
Environmental Management and Coordination (Waste Management) Regulations of 2006
In the Responsibility of the Generator, Regulation 2 states that – ―Any person whose activities
generate waste shall collect, segregate and dispose or cause to be disposed off such waste in
the manner provided for under these Regulations.‖
Regulation 5 on the Segregation of waste by a generator states that – ―(1) Any person whose
activities generate waste, shall segregate such waste by separating hazardous waste from non-
hazardous waste and shall dispose of such wastes in such facility as is provided for by the
relevant Local Authority.‖
The Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2007
The Occupational Safety And Health Act, 2007 Part IX, Chemical Safety, Section 83 Subsection
IV states that at every workplace where chemicals or other toxic substances are manipulated,
the employer shall develop a suitable system for the safe collection, recycling and disposal of
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
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chemical wastes, obsolete chemicals and empty containers of chemicals to avoid the risks to
safety, health of employees and to the environment.
The Public Health Act, 2012
The Public Health Act Revised Edition 2012, Part 126. Rules under Part, The Minister, on the
advice of the board, may make rules and may confer powers and impose duties in connation
with the carrying out and enforcement thereof on local authorities, magistrates, owners and
others as to—(d) the drainage of land, streets or premises, the disposal of offensive liquids and
the removal and disposal of rubbish, refuse, manure and waste matters
Section 134 - Rules for protection of food, The Minister, on the advice of the board, may make
rules regarding all or any of the following matters—(h)the establishment, locality, supervision,
equipment, maintenance and management of slaughterhouses and the disposal of the waste.
Section 118 - What constitutes nuisance-1.The following shall be deemed to be nuisances
liable to be dealt with in the manner provided in this;
Part—(c) any street, road or any part thereof, any stream, pool, ditch, gutter, watercourse,
sink, water-tank, cistern, water-closet, earth-closet, privy, urinal, cesspool, soak-away pit,
septic tank, cesspit, soil-pipe, waste-pipe, drain, sewer, garbage receptacle, dust-bin, dung-
pit, refuse-pit, slop-tank, ash-pit or manure heap so foul or in such a state or so situated or
constructed as in the opinion of the medical officer of health to be offensive or to be injurious or
dangerous to health.
Part (e) states that any noxious matter, or waste water, flowing or discharged from any
premises, wherever situated, into any public street, or into the gutter or side channel of any
street, or into any or watercourse, irrigation channel or bed thereof not approved for the
reception of such discharge constitutes to be a nuisance.
Section 126 - Rules under Part, The Minister, on the advice of the board, may make rules and
may confer powers and impose duties in connection with the carrying out and enforcement
thereof on local authorities, magistrates, owners and others as to—part (d) the drainage of
land, streets or premises, the disposal of offensive liquids and the removal and disposal of
rubbish, refuse, manure and waste matters.
The County Governments Act, 2012
Section 120, Tariffs and pricing of public services, subsection (3) A tariff policy adopted under
subsection (1) shall reflect following guidelines — part (h) promotion of the economic,
efficient, effective and sustainable use of resources, the recycling of waste, and other
appropriate environmental objectives.
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
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The Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Water Quality) Regulations, 2006.
Part III – Water for Industrial Use and Effluent Discharge,
Sub section 11. No person shall discharge or apply any poison, toxic, noxious or obstructing
matter, radioactive waste or other pollutants or permit any person to dump or discharge such
matter into the aquatic environment unless such discharge, poison, toxic, noxious or
obstructing matter, radioactive waste or pollutant complies with the standards set out in the
Third Schedule to these Regulations.
Part IV - Water for Agricultural Use
Sub section 19. No person shall be permitted to use wastewater for irrigation purposes unless
such water complies with the quality guidelines set out in the Eight Schedule to these
Regulations.
Part V – Water for Any Other Uses
Sub section 24 states that no person shall discharge or apply any poison, toxic, noxious or
obstructing matter, radioactive wastes, or other pollutants or permit any person to dump or
discharge any such matter into water meant for fisheries, wildlife, recreational purposes or any
other uses.
The Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003
This regulation defines "waste" includes any matter prescribed to waste and any matter
whether liquid, solid, gaseous or radioactive, which is discharged, emitted or deposited in the
environment in such volume composition or manner likely to cause an alteration of the
environment.
Part II - The Project Report, 7. (1) A proponent shall prepare a project report stating –
(e) The materials to be used, products and by-products, including waste to be generated by
the project and the methods of their disposal.
(f) The products, by-products and waste generated project.
Part IV - The Environmental Impact Assessment Study Report, 18. (1)A proponent shall
submit to the Authority, an environmental contents of impact assessment study report
incorporating but not limited to the environmental following information - (f) the products, by-
products and waste generated project;
Part V - Environmental Audit and Monitoring 36, (2) an environmental audit report compiled
under these Regulations shall contain - (b) an indication of the various materials, including non-
manufactured materials, the final products, and by products, and waste generated.
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
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Relevant MEAs:
Basel Convention on the ccontrol of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and their
disposal
Ban Amendment to the Convention on the Control of transboundary movements of hazardous
wastes and their disposal
Convention on persistent organic pollutants
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
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1.3 Scope of the Strategy
Solid waste management remains a major challenge in all the 47 counties in the country. Over
the years most local authorities did not prioritize the establishment of proper waste
management systems and hence the County Governments have inherited this state of affairs.
This has led to the current poor waste management situation across the country. Although
Vision 2030 has prioritized on the five cities and towns for implementation of sustainable solid
waste management systems, this Strategy shall be applied countrywide
In an effort to address poor solid waste management, NEMA developed some minimum
requirements as a baseline for implementation by the Counties. These included designation,
securing and manning of the disposal sites, promotion of efficient collection and transportation
of waste (see table 1). The basic requirements were expected to ensure continuous promotion
of efficient solid waste management. This Strategy will therefore build on these on-going waste
management efforts towards the attainment of full compliance and ensuring a clean and healthy
environment.
It is proposed that this Strategy will cover a period of fifteen (15) years within the Vision 2030
framework and be reviewed every five (5) years in accordance with the medium term plans.
With the full implementation of the Strategy, it is expected that the Country will have embraced
environmentally sound waste management technologies and best practices.
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Minimum requirements for Solid Waste Management
The County Governments are expected to implement the minimum requirements
across the waste management cycle;
Waste collection
1. Ensure that the waste collection areas are zoned;
2. Ensure timely and regular collection of all solid wastes either through door to door
collection or from centralized collection points;
3. Ensure waste collection facilities such as skips, bulk containers and waste cubicles
are regularly emptied and do not become eye-sores;
Waste transportation
4. Ensure that all the collected waste is transported using NEMA licensed vehicles to
designated disposal sites.
Waste disposal site
5. Ensure there is a designated site(s) for waste disposal
6. Ensure that the disposal site is secured with a fence and a gate manned by a county
government official to control dumping and spread of waste outside the disposal
site.
7. Ensure all incoming waste is weighed or estimated and the quantities recorded in
tonnes
8. Develop and maintain motorable roads inside the site to ensure ease of access
during disposal;
9. Ensure the waste is spread, covered and compacted at regular intervals
10. Put in place appropriate control measures for the management of dumpsite fires
11. Enhance security and control of the disposal sites so that illegal activities are
contained.
Requirement for licensing
12. Ensure waste transportation vehicles have NEMA licences;
13. Obtain licences to operate waste disposal sites.
The County Governments will strive to ensure continuous improvement of collection
methods, transportation and disposal facilities. Effective waste management systems will
deliver a clean and healthy environment for all as granted by the Constitution of Kenya,
2010.
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CHAPTER 2
2.0 CURRENT STATUS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT IN KENYA
2.1 Overview of current waste management
Kenya has a growing human population and an increase in urbanization. The urban centers
have attracted a large population of informal settlements dwellers and the middle class. This
urbanization and increased affluence has led to increased waste generation and complexity of
the waste streams. This trend is compounded by growing industrialization of the Kenyan
economy. Despite the existence of laws and policies guiding waste management, weak
implementation and poor practices have led to towns and cities being overwhelmed by their
own waste, consequently affecting public health and the environment.
Over the years waste management has been the mandate of the local Authorities. However,
most local authorities did not prioritize the establishment of proper waste management systems
and hence allocated meager resources for its management. Further the councils lacked
technical and institutional capacities to manage waste. This has led to the current poor state of
waste management which includes indiscriminate dumping, uncollected waste and lack of
waste segregation across the country.
Plate 13: Illegal dumping on a road reserve -a
common feature
Plate 14: poorly managed disposal site
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Most towns and cities have inefficient waste collection and disposal systems. For instance, a
study done for Nairobi indicates that about 30-40% of the waste generated is not collected and
less than 50% of the population is served. (Habitat s). In Nakuru, it’s estimated that 45% of the
waste generated is collected and disposed at Giotto Dumpsite, 18% is recovered and the rest
accumulate in the environmental.
Table 2: Summary of wastes generation, collection and recovery status in major towns
Name of town Estimated
Waste
generated
(tons/day)
% Waste
collected
% waste Recovery Uncollected
waste
Nairobi 2400 80% 45% 20%
Nakuru 250 45 % 18% 37%
kisumu 400 20% Unknown Unknown
Thika 140 60% 30% 40%
Mombasa 2200 65% 40% 35%
Eldoret 600 55% 15% 45%
Waste transportation is largely rudimentary using open trucks, hand carts, donkey carts among
others. These poor transportation modes have led to littering, making waste an eye-sore,
particularly plastics in the environment. However, some counties have adopted appropriate
transportation trucks as stipulated by the Waste Management Regulations. In addition County
Governments have privatized waste transportation through Private Public Partnership
arrangements.
Disposal of waste in the country remains a major challenge as most of the counties lack proper
and adequate disposal sites. The few towns that have designated sites practice open dumping
of mixed waste as they lack appropriate technologies and disposal facilities. In an effort to
address this situation NEMA directed all county governments to designate areas of waste
disposal and undertake basic actions to manage the sites including fencing, manning and
weighing of the waste.
2.2 Types of waste streams and their management
There are various waste streams generated in Kenya, that can be categorized as domestic,
municipal, industrial and hazardous wastes. Other emerging waste streams, such as e-waste,
waste tyres are as a result of growing industrialization and growth of ICT. The composition of
general waste varies considerably between households, businesses and industries.
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2.2.1 Domestic waste:
Domestic waste is also referred to as garbage, refuse or trash. It consists mainly of
biodegradable waste which is food and kitchen waste, green waste paper and non-
biodegradable such as plastics, glass bottles, cans, metals and wrapping materials. The
composition of the domestic waste streams is a function of income, consumption patterns and
recycling opportunities. Nationally domestic waste is not adequately managed and is disposed
off at our disposal sites with minimal sorting/segregation.
2.2.2 Waste Tyres:
Waste tyres is an emerging waste stream that has reached their end of life due to wear or
damage and cannot be recycled or reused. There are no established formal systems for
collection and recycling of tyres with the exception of retreading. As such the bulk of the tyres
are informally collected and often illegally burnt in the open to recover steel for recycling. This
emits harmful gases causing air pollution and soil contamination arising from the residues.
Currently only two facilities in the country are using waste tyres as fuel and for producing
industrial diesel oil (IDO). To address the management of waste tyres, NEMA has developed
relevant regulations which are awaiting gazettement.
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2.2.3 Construction and demolition waste:
This is waste that is generated as a result of new construction works, remodeling or demolition.
Construction waste comprises debris, steel, timber, iron sheets, tiles and ceramics among
others. Although construction and demolition waste is not classified as hazardous, it is a mixed
waste source that requires separation into component parts for the purposes of recycling.
These wastes currently end up in the disposal sites or are used for backfilling in our road
networks.
Asbestos Waste
Demolition wastes may include asbestos which is hazardous and can present a significant
health risk when improperly disposed or reused. NEMA has developed guidelines on safe
management and disposal of Asbestos.
2.2.4 Industrial waste:
Industrial waste is the waste produced by industrial activity which includes any material that is
rendered useless during a manufacturing process. Industries produce both hazardous and non-
hazardous waste. These wastes include chemical solvents, paints, sand paper, paper products,
industrial by products, metals, municipal solid waste and radio-active waste.
Currently, most of the hazardous industrial waste is not pretreated before reuse, recycling or
disposal. This poses health risks to the handlers and causing damage to the environment.
Disposal of hazardous industrial waste illegally occurs at the municipal dumpsites.
However some industries have embraced best practices in disposing industrial waste by
seeking guidance from NEMA on appropriate disposal methods.
2.2.5 Biomedical Waste
Biomedical waste also referred to as medical waste refers to waste generated in health
facilities, research institutions or during immunization of human beings and animals. It’s
classified into; Infectious waste, sharps, pharmaceutical wastes, chemical waste and
pathological waste. Biomedical wastes pose risks to human health due to its pathogenic
characteristics and hence require prior treatment before disposal.
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Currently, segregation is fully embraced in most hospitals and clinics based on the guidelines
issued by the Ministry of Health. Although the biomedical waste is expected to be disposed
through incineration, some find its way to the municipal dumpsites while some is handled
through rudimentary facilities such as kilns. While big hospitals have embraced proper
biomedical waste management, the major challenge remains the small clinics which practice
illegal disposal of these wastes.
So far, NEMA has licenced 15 incinerators countrywide both in government institutions and
private which have complied with the provisions of the Third schedule of the Waste
Management Regulations of 2006. Although the licenced incinerators are few they are not
operating at optimal capacity and hence other medical facilities are encouraged to share.
2.2.6 E-waste:
E-waste is an emerging waste stream arising from Electrical and Electronic Equipments (EEEs)
becoming obsolete at the end of life. Kenya has experienced a rapid increase of e-waste due to
adoption of ICT across all sectors and an influx of low quality EEEs. E-waste comprises of heavy
metal components and materials used in the manufacture of electronic goods. Some of these
include mercury, brominated flame retardants, and cadmium which are considered hazardous
if not well handled during dismantling or recycling can become harmful to human health and
the environment.
As a country, limited infrastructure has been put in place to deal with e-waste. NEMA has
developed E-waste Regulations which will assist the country in regulating e-waste by
registering producers, licensing of recyclers and preventing entry of sub-standard EEEs. In
addition the Regulation has extended responsibility to producers to bare cost of recycling of
the products commonly known as extended producer responsibility. Currently there are two
licenced facilities in the Country which are undertaking e-waste management.
Batteries:
Batteries can either be alkaline (dry cells) or acid based which support domestic and industrial
applications. The acid based (rechargeable and silver oxide) batteries contain heavy metals
such as mercury and cadmium which are classified as hazardous substances. This hazardous
material if not properly handled and disposed presents a risk the human health and the
environment.
Currently, there are no recycling or disposal facilities for alkaline, rechargeable and silver
oxide batteries. As such the batteries are disposed in the open dumpsites alongside domestic
waste. On the other hand, lead-acid batteries which are also considered hazardous waste are
recyclable and by February 2015 NEMA had licenced two facilities for their recycling.
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2.2.8 Fluorescent Lamps:
Fluorescent lamps are used for illumination and contain a small amount of mercury. The
mercury is a neurotoxin and can be harmful even in small quantities. Fluorescent lamps can be
successfully recycled and the mercury recovered. However, if poorly handled at any stage this
releases the mercury which is hazardous. Increasingly people are adopting florescent lamps as
energy saving devices across the country which is likely to compound the challenge of their
disposal. So far NEMA has licenced one facility for recycling florescent lamps.
2.2.9 Pesticide Waste:
Pesticides are chemicals used to control pests. Pesticide waste consists of expired and
contaminated pesticides as well as the used containers. Due to their toxicity, potential to
pollute and threat to human health, pesticide wastes are extremely hazardous and must be
transported, treated and disposed off accordingly. These pesticides can contain persistent
organic pollutants (POPs), which can accumulate in the food chain if not well managed. Larger
scale generators of pesticides waste incinerate or export the waste to developed countries for
treatment or disposal. However small scale generators dispose in their farms.
2.2.10 Used Oil and Sludge:
Used Oil and Sludge arises from the use of petroleum products. This contains potentially
hazardous compounds such as poly-aromatic hydrocarbons that have carcinogenic and
mutagenic properties. Used oil and sludge have a slow rate of decomposition and hence any
spillage can accumulate in the environment causing soil and water pollution. This waste is
currently recycled to produce lubricants and industrial oil used in furnaces and boilers.
Though illegal, used oil is also largely applied in the treatment of timber and dust suppression.
NEMA has developed guidelines for the management of used oil and sludge and has licenced a
few used oil and sludge handlers.
2.2.11 Sewage Sludge:
Sewage sludge is a sediment material that accumulates over time in the sewage treatment
plants and ponds. The widespread disposal of industrial effluent via sewage treatment works
results in contamination of sewage sludge with hazardous chemicals, thereby posing particular
challenges for its disposal. Sewage sludge that is contaminated by heavy metals from industrial
effluent can severely contaminate agricultural land to which it is applied. However, a high
proportion of the contaminated sewage sludge continues to be disposed in dumpsites. In this
regard there is need to pre-treat contaminated sewage sludge before disposal.
Uncontaminated sewage sludge has a variety of commercial uses and can be recycled.
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2.3 Current Waste Management Practices
2.3.1 Waste Segregation
Most of the waste is generated at household, market places, cities, towns, institutions and
industrial zones
Very few households segregate waste at the household level
There is minimal waste segregation at source within the CBD areas, industries,
institutions in most towns/cities
There is considerable segregation of biomedical waste
Recovery of recyclable items like plastics, papers, glass and metals is done by
a increasing number of informal groups
2.3.2 Collection and Transportation
Waste in the CBDs is largely collected by
the County Governments while private
operators dominate collection in residential
areas at a fee
Waste collection in low income and
informal settlements is mainly done by organized groups and CBOs
Waste collectors obtain permits from the
County Governments to collect waste
from designated areas
Plate 15: An example of a Non-
compliant waste transportation truck
in a Section of Nairobi
NEMA issues annual licences to waste transporters in accordance with the
provisions of the waste management regulations of 2006. However some waste transportation
vehicles operate illegally as they do not meet NEMA requirements.
2.3.3 Waste Treatment
Waste treatment technologies have not been fully embraced in the country however
there are on-going efforts to enhance waste treatment practices.
Recyclable materials comprise 50 – 80% of the general waste stream;
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Several industries exist that receive recovered materials such as paper, polythene,
plastics, glass, scrap metals, used oil, e-waste and waste tyres for recycling. There is
low public awareness of these facilities and hence majority have not achieved optimal
operations;
A few composting facilities exist especially in horticultural farms;
Thermal treatment of waste by use of incinerators and cement kilns is increasingly
being adopted. However, most incinerators do not comply with the requirements of the
Third Schedule of the waste management regulations of 2006;
2.3.4 Waste Disposal
Most of the municipal and domestic waste generated is disposed off in open dumpsites
across the country. Although this is not a recommended practice it is the most common
practice
Biomedical waste is largely disposed through incineration and rudimentary kilns;
Condemned, damaged or expired goods are disposed through incineration or in the
cement kilns
The existing incineration facilities have been largely burners and kilns and do not meet
the requirements stipulated the Third schedule of the waste management regulations
of 2006
Most of workforce operating these disposal sites have minimal or no training on how to
manage these facilities.
Plate 16: Examples of non-compliant burners or kilns in use in the Country
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Plate 17: A poorly maintained open dumpsite
2.4 Challenges in Waste Management
Waste management in Kenya has remained a major challenge due to diverse factors. This
range from problems associated with waste management systems, limited knowledge, attitude
and practices, political will, technical and financial resources.
Lack of awareness and knowledge: There is limited awareness and knowledge on the
importance of a clean and healthy environment. This has led to poor practices by the Public
towards waste management which has led to environmental pollution. As such there is poor
handling of waste at the household level including lack of segregation, reuse, reduce and
recycling. In addition, negative attitude towards waste management and failure to take
individual responsibility has contributed to poor practices such as littering, illegal dumping
and open burning.
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Political influence and lack of good will: Political good will is key to the ultimate success of
proper waste management in the country. Unfortunately, the waste management agenda has
not been prioritized , leading to poor investments and funding.
Disposal sites: Availability, siting and management.
The county governments are expected to designate waste disposal sites/facilities within their
areas of jurisdiction. However, the availability of public land for the purpose of a disposal site
remains a challenge. In situations where the land is available, the neighboring communities are
opposed to it being in their backyard. This is as a result of poor management of the existing
sites. This has culminated in dumpsites being sited on environmentally sensitive areas such as
river banks, forests and wetlands.
Funding: Lack of prioritization for waste management in the counties has led to inadequate
budgetary allocation. As a result management of the entire waste management cycle
(collection, transportation and disposal) is hampered. Low funding has also affected
investment in waste management facilities and equipments.
High poverty levels: High poverty level especially in informal and low income settlements has
compromised the ability to pay for waste management services. This has led to lack of
collection leading to illegal waste dumping in undesignated areas sites, streams, rivers and
highways. The situation is further compounded by lack of access and waste management
infrastructure.
Lack of segregation: There is lack of waste segregation at source leading to mixed wastes
which are collectively disposed off in the dumpsites. Where sorting is done, the problem is
compounded by the lack of compartmentalized vehicles for transportation of the sorted waste
leading to the remixing. This hampers material recovery, reuse, and recycling. The sorting has
largely been relegated to the lowly in society such as the waste pickers and street urchins.
Limited technical competencies: As a Country, we are faced by limited technical
competencies in waste management. This has led to poor management of our waste
management facilities and equipment and their failure to attain optimal operating capacities.
Slow adoption of modern technological options: Although there are many waste
management technologies in the country, there has been low adoption of the same by the
relevant practitioners. This as a result of diverse factors including inadequate financial
resources to purchase the equipments, lack of incentives including tax waivers, resistance to
change, lack awareness, unavailability of land and weak enforcement.
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Table 4: Challenges associated with waste management systems
Aspect Challenge Root cause
Waste generation Increased generation
of waste
Increase population, change of consumption
patterns.
Collection and
transportation
Low coverage of waste
collection services
Irregular collection
Inappropriate
transportation trucks
Inaccessible roads, lack of payment for
waste services, lack of zoning of waste
collection areas
Inadequate transportation trucks, poor
scheduling of waste collection and
transportation, low budgetary allocation for
operations
Low investment in acquisition of compliant
waste trucks
Un-regulated waste
collection fees
Lack of a clear policy on waste management
services.
Disposal method Open dumping
Inappropriate siting of
a dumpsite
Lack of appropriate waste disposal
infrastructure
Irregular or lack of collection service
Long distances to the existing dump-sites
Proximity to environmentally sensitive
areas, conflict with standards of existing
establishments (airports, designated wildlife
corridors), Lack of acceptability by the host
communities, unavailability of land
Waste recovery Lack of segregation
Poor quality of
recovered materials
Lack awareness and negative attitude
towards waste segregation, lack of proper
waste management systems to support
segregation, lack of linkage between the
waste pickers and the formal recycling
facilities
Contamination due to mixing of waste
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Lack of appropriate
technologies
Lack of intermediate technologies (cleaning,
pelleting etc.)
Legal requirements
and enforcement
low compliance to
Environmental
legislation
Weak enforcement and lack of awareness on
the legislations
2.4 SWOT Analysis:
This section analysis the full scope of the situational analysis of waste management in Kenya by
identifying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) in order to form a
basis for our way forward.
The table below provides this detailed analysis;
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Table …: SWOT Analysis
STRENGTHS: WEAKNESSES:
County Governments are aware of
their obligations on waste management
County Governments have established
Environmental units headed by a
County Executive Committee Member
(CECs)
Most County Governments have
designated waste disposal sites
County Governments are increasingly
investing in waste management
systems and equipments
County Governments are aware of the
role of NEMA and the existing
environmental laws
There are by-laws governing waste
management in the counties
To date, NEMA has licenced several
waste management facilities to address
diverse waste streams
The public is increasingly becoming
aware of their rights to a clean and
healthy environment and hence
agitating for environmental services by
the County Governments
The County Governments and the
general public are increasingly
embracing waste management systems
(segregation, collection,
transportation, recovery and disposal)
There is a growing public-private-
partnership in waste management
investments and initiatives
Low priority to waste management
leading to low budgetary allocations
Inadequate trained personnel
Inadequate political good-will at
National and County levels
Waste disposal not recognized as a
land use hence is limited or no land set
aside for waste management
Poorly managed disposal sites
Inadequate/ poor maintenance of
machinery and equipments
Inappropriate location of disposal sites
Poor public perceptions/ attitude on
individual responsibility towards waste
management
Tolerance to living in a dirty
environment
Intolerance to the establishment of new
waste management facilities by
potential host communities
Political patronage against siting of
waste management facilities
Poor infrastructure in informal
settlements hindering waste collection
Land grabbing of land set aside for
dumpsites
No modern waste management facility
developed to date e.g. Sanitary landfill
OPPORTUNITIES: THREATS:
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Increase involvement of the private
sector
Employment opportunities in waste
management through diverse waste
based enterprises (waste as a
resource by recovery)
External financial resources from
development partners and investors
Investment opportunities in
recycling, energy recovery,
composting, incineration
Adoption of emerging technologies
in waste management
Increased public awareness on
waste management and related
opportunities
Opportunity to implement the
existing environmental regulations
Grabbing of disposal sites
Vandalism of security fences and
equipments on dumpsites
Civil strife damaging waste
management structures
Insecurity at disposal sites due to
existence of illegal gangs
Land use conflicts between waste
management and other competing
uses
Political interference and patronage
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CHAPTER 3
3.0 THE PREFERRED STATE OF WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE COUNTRY
The overall aim for solid waste management is protection of human health and the environment
in a manner that is affordable, environmentally friendly and socially acceptable. To achieve
this there is need to adopt the principle of integrated solid waste management. In the current
dispensation, county governments are charged with the management of waste in their
jurisdictions.
3.1 Integrated Solid Waste Management
The solid waste management hierarchy is an integrated approach to protecting and conserving
the environment through implementation of various approaches of sustainable waste
management. It establishes the preferred order of solid waste management alternatives as
follows: waste reduction, reuse, recycling, resource recovery, incineration, and landfilling.
Figure 3: The Solid Waste Management Hierarchy
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Adopted from various sources by NEMA, 2014
3.2.1 Waste avoidance and reduction
Waste avoidance and reduction is the foundation of the waste hierarchy and is the preferred
choice for waste management measures. The aim of waste avoidance and reduction is to
achieve waste minimization and therefore reduce the amount of waste entering the waste
stream.
3.2.2 Recovery, re-use and recycling
Recovery, re-use and recycling comprise the second step in the waste hierarchy. Recovery,
reuse and recycling are very different physical processes, but have the same aim of reclaiming
material from the waste stream and reducing the volume of waste generated that moves down
the waste hierarchy.
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3.2.3 Disposal
Disposal is any operation that involves the dumping and incineration of waste without energy
recovery. Before final disposal, a considerable amount of pretreatment may be necessary to
change the characteristics of the waste in order to reduce the quantity or harmfulness of the
waste. Landfills are the most common form of waste disposal but the least preferred option in
the waste hierarchy.
3.3 The Waste Management Cycle and the ideal approaches:
The waste management cycle comprises ;
Waste generation
Waste collection
Waste transportation
Waste treatment
Waste disposal
3.3.1 Waste Generation
Most of the waste is generated at household, market places, cities, towns, institutions and
industrial zones. Ideally;
The waste generator should endeavor to minimize waste by reducing, reusing, refusing,
returning waste or by adopting cleaner production technologies;
All waste generated should be segregated at source;
The County Governments and the licenced service providers should provide colour
coded bags or bins as per the NEMA guidance for the segregated waste;
3.3.2 Waste Collection
Waste collection is the main point of interface between the public and waste service
providers who are either the Government or the private sector.
Collection centers/transfer stations should be established at strategic areas within a
town .They should be fully equipped with waste receptacles which should either be
colour coded or labeled with the specific waste stream to promote waste segregation.
All waste collection centers should be zoned/ designated by the County Governments.
These collection areas should be properly managed and maintained with frequent and
timely collection of waste to avoid scattering into undesignated areas.
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Adequate measures should be put in place to manage any leachate from the waste
receptacles and collection areas;
The County Governments should embrace Public-Private-Partnerships with organized
groups to enhance waste collection within the informal settlements and low income
areas.
Plate 18: A modern waste collection center in a site in Northern Ireland
3.3.3 Waste Transportation
The County Governments should provide adequate transport for the various segregated
waste streams;
The waste transportation trucks should be closed and suitable for the transportation of
the various waste streams to the waste treatment facilities and landfills;
The trucks waste trucks should be regularly serviced and maintained to avoid littering
of waste;
All waste transportation vehicles should be licenced to operate by NEMA.
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Plate 19: A well designed waste transportation vehicle in use in Denmark
3.3.2 Waste Treatment
The following waste treatment technologies are highly recommended to enable the Country
achieve reduction of waste directed to landfills and other disposal facilities.
3.3.2.1 Material recovery technologies
3.3.2.1.1 Recycling
Recycling is the processing of waste material into a new product of similar chemical
composition.
Recycling prevents wastage of potentially useful materials, reduces the consumption of
fresh raw materials and energy usage in addition to reducing pollution.
Kenyans should embrace full recycling of all recyclable materials to reduce the amount
of waste being disposed at the landfill.
3.3.2.1.2 Composting
Composting is the biological decomposition of biodegradable solid waste under controlled
aerobic conditions to produce compost
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Compost is used as an organic fertilizer in agricultural production
Kenyans should strive to compost all their organic wastes to reduce on organic waste
ending at the landfill.
3.3.2.2 Waste to energy/ Energy recovery technologies
3.3.2.2.1 Thermal treatment of waste:
Thermal treatment is the combustion of waste at specific temperatures with or with no air-
supply as part of the process and includes waste incineration, gasification and pyrolysis. The
unreusable and unrecyclable wastes can be subjected to thermal treatment which is an
environmentally sound technology that reduces the volume of waste and inerts any hazardous
components. At the same time energy can be recovered as an end product.
a) Waste Incineration:
Incineration is controlled burning of solids, liquids and gaseous waste.
The technology is applicable in the management of both hazardous waste streams as
well as municipal solid waste.
Incineration should be undertaken in facilities that meet the requirements in the Third
schedule of the Environmental Management and Coordination (Waste management)
Regulations of 2006.
b) Gasification:
c) Gasification is a process of reacting waste at high temperatures greater than (>700 °C),
without combustion, with a controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam to generate
useful products such as electricity, chemicals, fertilizers and natural gas. This could be
an important option in landfills. Pyrolysis:
Pyrolysis is a form of treatment that chemically decomposes organic materials by heat
in the absence of oxygen. Pyrolysis typically occurs under pressure and at operating
temperatures above 400-500 degrees Celsius. It is affordable??
Recommendation: This National Solid Waste Management Strategy highly recommends
thermal treatment of waste as it leads to the generation of useful products besides waste
treatment.
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3.3.2.2.2 Biological treatment of waste:
This is a natural process that occurs where plant and animal materials (biomass) are
broken down in the presence of micro-organisms. Biological treatment of waste can
either be anaerobic or aerobic. In anaerobic treatment, waste is broken down in the
presence of micro-organisms and in the absence of air while in the aerobic treatment,
biological degradation of organic waste take place in the presence of oxygen. Useful
products are derived from these two processes mainly biogas which produces
electricity and organic fertilizer;
Recommendation: This National Solid Waste Management Strategy highly recommends
biological treatment of organic waste which is an environmentally sound technology and leads
to the generation of useful products.
3.3.3 Waste Disposal
Disposal refers to the depositing or burial of waste on land.
The Sanitary landfills should be lined with systems to collect leachate and methane gas.
There should be frequent spreading, compacting and covering of waste with soil or any
other appropriate covering material so as to avoid environmental pollution and
scavenging birds.
This National Solid Waste Management Strategy highly recommends minimal disposal of waste
and establishment of properly engineered Sanitary landfills with systems to collect leachate
and methane gas.
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Plate 20: A well managed sanitary landfill in the City of Dublin
Plate 21: A standardized modern weighbridge at a landfill in Dublin
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Plate 22: Properly managed waste - Compacted and covered in a modern sanitary landfill,
Dublin.
Plate 23: A leachate collection system in a modern sanitary landfill, Dublin
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CHAPTER 4
4.0 THE WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
(How to get there?)
This National Solid Waste Management Strategy has been formulated with an aim of gearing
the Country towards achieving sustainable solid waste management with Zero Waste as a
guiding principle by ?? which period? .
The Strategy has been developed by NEMA to enable the Country meet the;
1. Kenya Vision 2030 flagship project,
2. Medium term Plans II and performance contracting guidelines and;
3. The goals for solid waste management as summarized below:
Table 5: Summary of Goals for Solid Waste Management
Overall Strategy Goals i. Protection of public health
ii. Reduction of poverty
iii. Reduction of waste management costs
iv. Protection of environment
Guiding principles Zero Waste Principle (Waste is a resource that can be harnessed to
create wealth, employment and reduce pollution of the
environment)
Long-term-goals achieve approximately 80% waste recovery (recycling,
composting and waste to energy) and 20% landfilling in a Sanitary
landfill (inert material)by 2030
Medium-term goals achieve 50% waste recovery (recycling, composting and waste to
energy) and 50% semi-landfilling by 2025
Short-term goals Achieve 30% waste recovery (recycling, composting) and 70%
controlled dumping (tipping, compacting and covering) in key
urban areas by 2020
Key priority areas Preparation of County based waste management action
plans that are consistent with national solid waste
management strategy and other relevant policies.
Capacity building at all levels of planning and decision
making (national and the county government levels) to
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
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promote transformative leadership.
Enactment of county laws to regulate waste recovery and
disposal to serve as a regulatory regime for the use of waste
as a resource.
Instruments Specific action/ programs
Legal instruments Solid waste recovery and disposal laws (emphasis for SWM should
be on reuse and recycling), enactment/ enforcement of regulatory
and supervisory statutes.
Financial instruments Levying taxes as disincentives for landfilling to encourage source
reduction, provide incentives for waste recyclers, preferential use
of recovered materials over virgin materials.
Communication
instruments
Advocacy for behavioral change through media campaigns,
communication and technology, dissemination of waste
management information.
Institutional
instruments
Decentralized SWM, public-private partnerships (e.g. voluntary
agreements), strengthened entrepreneurial activities (e.g. for
SMEs) training of SWM managers, demonstrations, promotion of
research and development in SWM.
4.1 Objectives of the Strategy
This strategy is to be implemented through five (5) key objectives.
1. To formulate policies, legislations and economic instruments to reduce waste quantities
2. To inculcate responsible public behaviour on waste management
3. To promote waste segregation at source
4. To promote resource recovery for materials and energy generation
5. To establish environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for waste management
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
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Table 6: Logframe
Overall Goal: Sustainable solid waste management with Zero Waste in Kenya by the year 2013
No. Objectives Key Result Areas Outcomes Activities
1. To formulate policies,
legislations and
economic
instruments on solid
waste management
Policies and economic
instruments on waste
management
Uptake of efficient
technologies
Compliance and
Enforcement of waste
management legislations
Sustainable
management of
solid waste
Develop and harmonize
county legislations on
waste management
Develop policies on
economic instruments
Implement policies and
economic instruments
Benchmark on appropriate
technologies
Enforcement of waste
management standards
and legislations
2. To inculcate
responsible public
behaviour on waste
management
Capacity building in waste
management
Informed public on waste
management
Public behaviour
changed on waste
management
Sensitize the public on
responsible waste
management
Create awareness on
suitable waste
management options
Educate the public on
integrated waste
management
Undertake monthly clean-
ups
Develop sensitization
materials
4. To promote waste as
an income generating
venture
Market for the recovered
and recycled products
More entrepreneurship in
Enhanced income
from waste
management
activities
Explore market
opportunities for the
recovered and recycling
materials
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waste management
activities
Increased uptake of
modern technology
Promote the use of
recycled and recovered
materials
Promote modern
technologies on recovery
and recycling
Promote Public Private
Partnership in waste
management
3. To promote waste
segregation at source
Improvement in
Knowledge, Attitude and
Practice towards SWM
Segregated waste services
Segregated
wastes
Intensified waste
segregation campaigns
Pilot waste segregation
Provision of equipments
for waste segregation
Provision of segregated
waste transport systems
Promote Public Private
Partnership in waste
management
4. To promote resource
recovery for
materials
Recycling and composting
facilities
Market availability for
recovered materials
Acceptance of recovered
materials
Collaborations in
recycling
Enhanced
materials
recovery and use
Enhance modern
technologies for recycling
and composting of waste
Explore market
opportunities for
recovered materials
Develop promotion
programs for use of
recovered materials
Enhance collaboration
with stakeholders on
recycling
5. To promote resource
recovery through
energy generation
Waste to energy
generation plants
Promote energy recovery
plants
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Energy generated
Collaborations in waste to
energy recovery
initiatives
Enhance waste to energy
resources
Enhance collaboration
with stakeholders on
energy recovery
5. To establish
environmentally
sound infrastructure
and systems for waste
management
Improvement on existing
waste management
facilities, collection and
transportation systems,
transfer stations, treatment
and disposal facilities
Existence of
environmentally
sound waste
management
collection,
transportation,
transfer stations,
treatment and
disposal facilities
Improve existing waste
management facilities,
Provision of adequate and
appropriate collection
facilities and services
Provision of adequate and
appropriate transport
systems for segregated
waste
Build and operate transfer
stations
Develop standard
incinerators with energy
recovery facilities
Establish composting
facilities
Establish recycling
facilities
Develop sanitary landfills
Key approaches to implementing the strategy
Depending on the situational analysis of the waste management practices in a county, the
strategy will be implemented using the following approaches;
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Strategic alignment and recognition of partners through a public private partnership
Introduction of incentives in the waste management cycle(generation, segregation,
collection, transportation, treatment and disposal)
Introduction of extended producer responsibility and public awareness campaigns and
education;
Establishment of efficiency and value addition in the waste management cycle
Compliment the input from CBO’s and other private public activities.
Phase out waste burning
Establish waste operational zones
Upscale the activities of the informal sector to link up with the existing formal recycling
industries.
Establishment of infrastructure and systems for residual waste through a stepwise
phasing out of illegal dumpsites to establishment of sanitary landfills
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4.2 Roles of Collaborating Agencies:
Successful implementation of this strategy requires the involvement of several actors whose
roles are outlined below
Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources:
a) Give policy direction on solid waste management initiatives country-wide;
b) Channel funding to NEMA, for benchmarking and for capacity building and technology
transfer.
NEMA:
a) Formulate policies, legislations and economic instruments relevant to achieving
sustainable waste management;
b) Develop and disseminate public information on the regulatory requirements for waste
management in Kenya;
c) Undertake benchmarking regionally and internationally on appropriate waste
management technologies;
d) Enhance the capacity of the county governments on waste management systems and
approaches applicable in their respective counties;
e) Employ social media to attract wider stakeholder participation and change attitudes
towards waste management at a national level;
f) Hold public awareness sessions (for example, school workshops, public consultation
exhibitions and public events) on waste management initiatives;
g) Support the dissemination of waste management research and development findings
h) Involve mass media dissemination techniques, such as the publication of news articles
and press releases, in addition to ensure coverage in both print and media outlets.
a) Undertake enforcement activities of the laws developed on solid waste management
and surveillance exercises on illegal waste related activities. Monitoring and evaluation
of the strategy
County Governments:
b) Responsible for drawing up action plans for implementation of applicable solid waste
management systems within their counties;
c) Source adequate funding for development of sustainable waste management initiatives
in the entire cycle;
d) Put in place measures for enhanced Public-Private-Partnerships (PPP);
e) Benchmark on best practices of appropriate technologies;
f) Undertake periodic clean-up activities within their counties;
g) Provision of equipments for waste segregation and transport systems;
h) Zone the waste operational areas;
i) Continuous management of activities/facilities to ensure all the waste is transported to
the designated waste disposal sites in a timely manner;
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j) Monitoring and evaluation of the strategy
k) Ensure wide coverage and no littering of waste through improved collection methods
and facilities ;
l) Progressively improve the designated official county disposal site towards a sanitary
landfill;
The National Treasury:
(a) Channel funding to the respective government agencies and institutions for
development of waste management initiatives and facilities
Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and NGOs:
a. Promote and /or undertake income generating ventures in waste management
initiatives;
b. Represent the public’s interest in the solid waste management agenda, nationwide and
in support in identification of illegal waste related activities.
c. Advocate for change in the public’s knowledge, attitude and practice towards
sustainable waste management.
Private Sector
(a) Through PPP, Involvement in the development of effective and efficient solid waste
management facilities;
(b) Prioritize on corporate social responsibility (CSR) on waste management
(c) Empower communities and other stakeholders in understanding waste management
related issues and in finding solutions for the same.
The Citizens/Public
(a) Change in attitude and practice to embrace the concept of a waste generator’s
responsibility by ensuring waste is appropriately managed at source and/or in all
phases of the waste management cycle;
(b) Adopt the 7R (Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Rethink, Refuse, Refill, Repairing) and/or an
integrated solid waste management approach in the management of all waste streams;
(c) Collaborate with other government entities, CSOs, NGOs and other informal groups in
waste management through the PPP approach.
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CHAPTER 5
ANNEX 1: 5.0 IMPLEMENTATION MATRIX
Table 7: The Waste Management Strategy Implementation Matrix
Strategic Objective 1: To formulate policies, legislations and economic instruments to reduce waste quantities
Key Results
Areas
Activity Key
performance
Targets
Key
performance
Indicators
Time frame (years) outcomes Actors Budget – Kshs.
(M)
1
st
2
nd
3
rd
4
th
5
th
Policies and
economic
instruments
on waste
reduction
Develop and
harmonies
policies and
economic
instruments
harmonized
polices and
economic
instrument
Policies and
economic
instruments
Reduced
quantities of
waste
MEWNR,
NEMA,
County
Government
s & other
relevant lead
agencies
30 M
Implement
policies and
economic
instruments
Implementation
of policies and
economic
instruments
Policies and
economic
instruments
implemented
Uptake of
efficient
technologies
Undertake
benchmarking
on best
practices of
appropriate
technologies
Best practices of
appropriate
technologies
benchmarked
Appropriate
technologies
adopted
NEMA,
County
Government
s
10 M
Compliance
and
Enforcement
of waste
Compliance
and
enforcement of
waste
Compliance and
enforcement to
set standards
Level of
compliance
and
enforcement
NEMA with
other
relevant lead
20 M
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Strategic Objective 2: To inculcate responsible public behavior on waste management
Key Results
Areas
Activity Key
performance
Targets
Key
performance
Indicators
Time frame (years) outcomes Actors Approx.
Budget (M)
1
st
2
nd
3
rd
4
th
5
th
Capacity
building in
waste
management
Sensitize the
public on
responsible
waste
management
A sensitized
public on
responsible
waste
management
No of people
sensitized
Public behavior
changed on waste
management
NEMA, County
Governments &
other relevant lead
agencies
100 M
Informed
public on
waste
management
Create
awareness on
suitable waste
management
options
Awareness
created on
suitable waste
management
options
No of
campaigns
NEMA, Media
houses & other
relevant
institutions, CSOs,
NGOs, the
public/citizenry
Educate the
public on
integrated
waste
management
Educated
public on
integrated
waste
management
No of people
educated
NEMA, CSOs,
NGOs, the
public/citizenry
Undertake
monthly
clean-ups
Monthly
cleans-ups
undertaken
No of clean-
ups
NEMA, County
Governments &
other relevant lead
agencies, CSOs,
NGOs, the
100 M
management
legislations
management
standards and
legislations
agencies
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public/citizenry
Develop
sensitization
materials
Sensitization
materials
developed
No of
Sensitization
materials
developed
NEMA, 5 M
Strategic Objective 3: To promote waste segregation at source
Key
Results
Areas
Activity Key
performance
Targets
Key
performance
Indicators
Time frame (years) outcomes Actors Approx.
Budget (M)
1
st
2
nd
3rd 4
th
5
th
Segregated
waste
services
Provision of
equipment
for waste
segregation
Equipment for
waste
segregation
provided
No of
equipments
provided
Segregated
wastes
County
Governments
(Dependent on
County needs
and the
implementation
plans developed
for the same
specific to each
county)
Provision of
segregated
waste
transport
systems
Segregated
waste
transport
systems
provided
No of
transport
system
provided
County
Governments
(Dependent on
County needs
and the
implementation
plans developed
for the same
specific to each
county)
Intensified
waste
segregation
Campaigns on
Segregation
undertaken
No of
campaigns
NEMA, County
Governments
CSOs, NGOs, the
80 M
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
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campaigns public/citizenry
Initiate pilot
waste
segregation
Waste
segregation
pilot schemes
No of pilot
schemes
initiated
NEMA, County
Governments,
CSOs, NGOs, the
public/citizenry
100 M
Strategic Objective 4: To promote resource recovery for materials and energy generation
Key Results
Areas
Activity Key
performance
Targets
Key
performance
Indicators
Time frame (years) outcomes Actors Approx. Budget
(M)
1
st
2
nd
3
rd
4
th
5
th
Recycling
facilities
Enhance
recycling of
waste
Enhanced
recycling of
waste
Percentage of
waste recycled
Materials
recovered,
recycled and
energy
generated
Local and
international
investors,
County
Governments
(Dependent on
investor potential
as well as type of
facility) Energy
generation
plants
Enhance
waste to
energy
resources
Energy
generated from
waste
Percentage of
energy
generated
Recovered
materials
Recovery of
materials
Recovered
materials
Amount of
materials
recovered
Collaboration
on recycling
and energy
recovery
Enhance
collaboration
Mechanisms of
collaborations
No of
Collaborations
Relevant
agencies
5 M
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Strategic Objective 5: To establish environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for waste management
Key Results
Areas
Activity Key
performanc
e Targets
Key
performance
Indicators
Time frame (years) outcomes Actors Approx. Budget
(M)
1
st
2
nd
3rd 4
th
5
th
Improvemen
t of existing
waste
management
facilities
Upgrade
existing
waste
manageme
nt facilities
Upgraded
waste
management
facilities
No. of
upgraded
waste
management
facilities
Existence of
environmentally
sound waste
management
collection,
transportation,
transfer station,
treatment and
disposal
facilities
County
Governments
with support
from various
funding
bodies
1 billion
Waste
collection
and
transportatio
n systems
Provision of
adequate
and
appropriate
collection
facilities
and
services
Adequate and
appropriate
collection
facilities
provided
No of
appropriate
facilities
provided
Local and
international
investors,
County
Governments
with support
from various
funding
bodies
300 M
Provision of
adequate
and
appropriate
transport
systems for
segregated
waste
Appropriate
transport
systems
provided
No of
appropriate
transport
systems
provided
County
Governments
with support
from various
funding
bodies
Waste
transfer
stations
Build and
operate
transfer
stations
Transfer
stations built
and
operational
No of transfer
station built
and
operational
Local and
international
investors,
County
Governments
100 M
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with support
from various
funding
bodies
Waste
treatment
facilities
Establish
recycling
facilities
Recycling
facilities
established
No of
recycling
facilities
established
Local and
international
investors
(Dependent on
investor potential)
Establish
composting
facilities
Composting
facilities
established
No of
composting
facilities
established
Waste
disposal
facilities
Develop
sanitary
landfills
Sanitary
landfills
developed
No of Sanitary
landfills
developed
County
Governments
with support
from various
funding
bodies
1 billion
Develop
standard
incinerators
Standard
incinerators
developed
No of Standard
incinerators
with energy
recovery
facilities
developed
Local and
international
investors,
County
Governments
with support
from various
funding
bodies
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CHAPTER 6
6.0 FUNDING MECHANISM
The implementation of the NWMS will result in a number of clear socio-economic
benefits, saving the country considerable resources in terms of public health and
environmental degradation. The NWMS has to address the issue of the sheer volume of
wastes produced by our society, at the same time ensuring that waste management
measures targeting the increasingly complex waste flows are environmentally
sustainable and protect the health and well-being of the people. Accordingly, the NWMS
seeks to integrate the objectives of environmental sustainability and achievement of the
waste hierarchy with the broader transformation and development objectives of
improved public health outcomes, economic development, poverty alleviation and
improved access for all.
The sources of funding for the implementation plan will be from the Government of
Kenya, Public Private Partnerships, waste generators and the development partners. The
funding must be self sustaining in the long run and strategically integrated in all facets of
the waste management system. These facets include initiatives to minimize generation of
waste at source, improve collection and transportation systems as well as managing the
disposal of waste that cannot be recycled or reused.
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CHAPTER 7
7.0 MONITORING AND EVALUATION
Environmental monitoring will be a key component of this strategy. This is because poor
solid waste management has direct and indirect effects to the public health and the
environment and must be monitored. There are essential parameters to monitor the
quality of the environment and does provide basic information on the levels of deviation
on the set standards of environmental quality.
There is need for regular collection of information of waste generation and disposal rates
in each municipality. This information will then be linked to the population trends,
economic growth and other social monitoring parameters. This undertaking will provide
basis for planning of future waste management needs for example the need for
additional landfills and material recovery facilities. The information will also inform on
the effectiveness of strategies earlier put in place e.g. public awareness and education
programmes.
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CHAPTER 8
8.0 CONCLUSION
There is need to introduce service charge to the residents for solid waste collection in
order to offer commensurate service provision. It is proposed that a well designed
charging system can have a positive effect in reducing waste generation by producers
through offering incentives for those who minimize waste by lowering their chargeable
tariff. This initiative requires intensive social marketing and public goodwill. Other
premises e.g. supermarkets would be encouraged to buy back valuable used items such
as bottles hence enabling greater recovery.
Other than the government’s annual budgetary allocation, partial funding from various
partners can also be explored for the infrastructural components of the strategy. The
main aspect in such an arrangement would be the extent to which the government and
private sector share the cost.
The development of the NWMS is an important milestone in the process of implementing
the strategy and establishing an integrated approach to waste management across
government and society more broadly. As stated in the introduction to the NWMS, Kenya
faces particular challenges in relation to waste management that require a coordinated
effort by government and stakeholders. Addressing these challenges will not be easy,
given the capacity and resource constraints we face as a developing country with large
income inequalities and competing development priorities. Nevertheless the
implementation of the waste hierarchy and achievement of the objectives outlined in this
strategy is integral to achieving the vision of a zero waste society, and establishing a
sustainable future and a better life for all Kenya. The NWMS provides the framework
within which the actions of different stakeholders are located. This strategy is addressed
to stakeholders in all spheres of government, industry, labour unions, community based
and non-governmental organizations, and the public at large. It sets out the different
roles and responsibilities that need to be taken up by each stakeholder and level of
government.
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CHAPTER 9 ANNEX 2
9.0 CASE STUDIES
Current practices and the proposed preferred state in solid waste management as
depicted in the five (5) pilot cities/towns;
a. Kisumu
b. Eldoret
c. Mombasa
d. Thika
e. Nakuru
1. Kisumu Town
Baseline Information
Population densities: 560,000 people in 2009 and the growth rate is at 4.74% per
annum.
Waste Generation Quantities: Generation is at 250 tonnes/day
The major components of municipal solid waste in Kisumu are Paper and Cellulose
material (12.3%), Plastic and Rubber (10.2%), Aggregate material such as glass (3.2%),
Metals (1.4%), Organic material (63.1%), sanitary pads (2.8%) and others (7.1 %).
Therefore, the highest percentage of waste is organic waste (63.1%) followed by paper
material (12.3%) then plastic waste (10.2%) percentage.
The large amount of organic content (63.1%) indicates the necessity for frequent
collection and immediate composting. The larger amounts of paper and cellulose
material, plastics and rubber, aggregate materials and metals indicates that about
20.69% of the waste can be recycled or re-used. Hence, about 2.35% of the total solid
waste needs to be disposed of if an integrated SWM approach can be used in the City of
Kisumu. The salvaging of materials (paper, clothing, glass, metals and plastics) is
common at all stages of the SWM system but more extensive at the dumping site.
Disposal sites: Kachok disposal site
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Current Status Vs. the Minimum and Preferred State in Kisumu
Waste Cycle Current State Minimum Required
State
The Ideal/Preferred
State
Waste
Generation
Promote waste
segregation at source
starting at the household
level by providing
colour coded bags/bins
for the various waste
streams generated
Increase the No. of waste
segregation bins within
the CBD and in all the
zoned waste operational
areas/collection centers.
Promote waste
segregation at source
by providing colour
coded bags/bins for the
various waste streams
generated
Sensitizing members of
the public on best waste
management practices,
behaviors/attitudes
(Focus on the 7Rs -
Waste
Collection
1. The waste operation/
collection areas which are
already are zoned are Kibuye,
Nyalenda, Obunga, Central
business district, Manyatta and
Kondele
2. The county has equipments
for handling waste which
includes a shovel for loading
into a tipping lorry, a 7 tonne
lorry and a canter
3. They have a grounded
compactor at the dumpsite
4. Within the CBD there are
efforts of waste segregation
and waste separation bins have
provided at various strategic
areas of the town.
1. All waste operational
areas/collection centers
are zoned/designated;
2. Proper management
of all the
zoned/designated waste
operational areas –
ensuring they are kept
clean and waste is
collected frequently and
timely to avoid
scattering and spread of
waste into undesignated
areas;
3. Provide adequate
skips for waste
collection and skip
loaders for ease of
loading and
transportation;
4.The waste receptacles
provided should not
become an eye-sore or a
nuisance to the Public by
ensuring they are
emptied frequently;
5. Set up and designate
transfer stations for
sorting of municipal
waste prior to
transportation to a
controlled tipping site,
Provide colour-coded
waste bins/bags to all
households;
Set up collection centers
in specific parts of the
County with waste
segregation bins clearly
labeled as per each
waste stream for
disposal by members of
the Public
Organise and formalize
informal waste
collectors/groups
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landfill or incinerator.
6. Organise and
formalize informal waste
collectors/groups
7. Enhance Private-
public-partnership in
waste delivery services
Waste
Transportation
1. Provide adequate
transport for the
transportation of the
various segregated
waste streams
Have dedicated trucks
which can carry
segregated waste from
various areas of
collection to the waste
treatment facilities and
landfills
Waste
treatment
(Material
recovery)
1. Enhance small-
medium scale waste
composting
2. Provide infrastructure
to facilitate material
recovery facilities such
as jua-kali sheds.
3. Encourage and
promote the formation of
small and micro waste
enterprises at
neighborhood level.
4. Enhance Private-
public-partnership in
waste delivery services
1. Promote recycling
and recovery of waste.
2. Promote the
establishment of
hazardous waste
treatment facilities
particularly for
management of;
a) Waste tyres;
b) E-waste;
c) Used oil;
3. Promote composting
of all organic waste
streams and initiate
establishment of
composting facilities
within the County.
4. Build focus on waste
treatment facilities such
as incinerators for
combustion of Municipal
waste with energy
recovery facilities.
5. Provide land for
establishment of the
required material;
recovery facilities
Disposal
(Disposal
Sites)
Kachok dumpsite – the state:
1. The waste disposal site is
designated by the County
Government of Kisumu;
2. The site has a manned gate
1. Designate all official
county government
disposal site (s);
2. Secure all disposal
1. Set up Sanitary
landfills;
2. Promote incineration
as a technology for
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and the area is fenced with iron
sheets though not maintained
with some areas exposed and
the area encroached by the
waste collectors and
scavenging animals;
3. The site is manned by a
county government official
during the day only
4. The wastes into the dumpsite
are estimated per the tonnes of
the offloading tracks
5. The site has motor able roads
though not accessible during
rainy seasons
6. The waste are not spread and
compacted regularly because
the compacter is grounded
and during rainy season the
compacter is not effective
7. There was evidence of open
burning of waste by scavengers
with smoke seen in various
locations
8. There was no evidence of
proper systems for fire controls
within the dumpsite
9. The dumpsite security is only
manned by one county official
during the day and its
unmanned during the night
10. There was no site office and
sanitary facility within the
dumpsite
11. The only manning officer is
not provided with proper PPEs
sites with a fence and a
gate manned by a
council official to control
dumping and spread of
waste outside the
disposal sites;
3.Weigh or estimate and
record the amount of
incoming waste in
tonnes;
4. Develop motorable
roads inside the sites to
ensure vehicles do not
get stuck as they go to
the tipping phase;
5. Spread the waste at
regular intervals,
compact and cover with
soil;
6. Develop and install
proper fire control
systems for dumpsite
fires and extinguish all
fires at the sites;
7. Enhance security and
control of the disposal
sites so that illegal
activities are contained
and ensure that
hazardous waste streams
are not disposed off at
the disposal sites;
8. Set up leachate
control systems for all
the disposal sites and
transfer stations and
ensure all leachate
collected is channeled to
a treatment facility;
9. Obtain licences from
NEMA to own/operate
the disposal sites.
10. Enforce on all illegal
dumping sites and
instigate clean-ups of
these sites, periodically.
combustion of
hazardous, industrial
waste streams;
3. Establish transfer
stations for sorting of all
waste prior to transfer to
the final disposal site;
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
63
Photographs depicting current waste management practices in Kisumu:
Plate 1: Efforts of waste segregation in Kisumu County
Plate 2: A grounded compacter at the Kachok dumpsite Plate 3: Motorable roads at Kachok
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
64
Plate 4: Unmanned wrecked main entrance at the Kachok dumpsite
2. Uasin Gishu County
Baseline Information:
Population densities:
Population: 894,179 (2009 Population and Housing Census)
Waste generation quantities:
Quantities of waste generated: 6,795 mt (100%) out of which 49% is waste food and
51% for other wastes (plastics, clothing, paper, yard trimmings, cans etc.)
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
65
Waste Generation Quantities in Uasin Gishu County
Current Status Vs. the Minimum and Preferred State in Pilot Town: Eldoret town
Waste Cycle Current State Minimum
Required state
The
Ideal/Preferred
State
Waste
Generation
Promote waste
segregation at source
starting at the
household level by
providing colour
coded bags/bins for
the various waste
streams generated;
Provide waste
segregation bins
within the town
centers and in all
other designated
waste collection areas.
Promote waste
segregation at source
by providing colour
coded bags/bins for
the various waste
streams generated
Waste
Collection
1. The waste operation areas
are zoned in a way that the
private sector are contracted
to collect waste within estates
while the County Government
collects within the Central
business district (CBD)
2. Waste collection is done on
a daily basis
3. The County Government
face challenges in collecting
waste within the low income
areas because the areas do
not attract the private sector
waste collectors;
1. All waste
operational
areas/collection
centers are
zoned/designated;
2. Proper
management of all the
zoned/designated
waste operational
areas – ensuring they
are kept clean and
waste is collected
frequently and timely
to avoid scattering
and spread of waste
Provide colour-coded
waste bins/bags to all
households;
Set up collection
centers in specific
parts of the County
with waste
segregation bins
clearly labeled as per
each waste stream for
disposal by members
of the Public
Organise and
formalize informal
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
66
4. The county government is
planning to engage the youth
groups and women in low
income areas and induce
them with incentives so that
they can be encouraged to
take up waste collection work
within their areas
5. They have 10 skips within
the CBD
6. There is a waste transfer
station in Burnt forest sub
county
1. The county had
ordered 40 containers for
waste collection and 2 skip
trailers
into undesignated
areas;
3. Provide adequate
skips for waste
collection and skip
loaders for ease of
loading and
transportation;
4.The waste
receptacles provided
should not become an
eye-sore or a nuisance
to the Public by
ensuring they are
emptied frequently;
waste
collectors/groups
Waste
Transportation
1. The county has equipments
for handling waste which
includes 4 side loaders,4
tractors (2 are for the CBD,1
for burnt forest sub county
and one for the town
outskirts);
2. The county is in the process
of procuring more trucks for
waste transportation
1. Provide adequate
transport for the
transportation of the
various segregated
waste streams
Have dedicated trucks
which can carry
segregated waste
from various areas of
collection to the waste
treatment facilities
and landfills
Waste
treatment
(Material
recovery)
1. Enhance small-
medium scale waste
composting
1. Promote recycling
and recovery of waste.
2. Promote the
establishment of
hazardous waste
treatment facilities
particularly for
management of;
a) Waste tyres;
b) E-waste;
c) Used oil;
3. Promote
composting of all
organic waste streams
and initiate
establishment of
composting facilities
within the County.
4. Build focus on waste
treatment facilities
such as incinerators
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
67
for combustion of
Municipal waste with
energy recovery
facilities.
Waste Disposal
(Disposal Sites –
Incinerators,
controlled
tipping sites
and landfills)
Kipkenyo waste disposal
site in Eldoret Town – the
state:
1. The waste disposal site is
designated by the County
Government
2. The waste from the
previous decommissioned site
was transferred to the current
site therefore its becoming a
challenge in terms of space
3. The County Government
has 300 Acres of land in
Kipkenyo which they are
planning to annex part of it for
a landfill under the municipal
program. The feasibility study
had been done, KAA had
been invited to assess the
aviation requirements
because the site would
impacting on the town air strip
4. The County was in
discussion with a private
company to come up with a
waste to energy program
5. The site is fenced with
concrete wall with an
unmanned steel gate
6. They frequently use a hired
dozer to compact waste
7. The wastes into the
dumpsite are not weighed but
the county is planning to
procure a weighbridge for the
exercise
8. The site has motorable
roads though not accessible
during rainy seasons
9. There was evidence of
open burning of waste by
scavengers with smoke seen
in various locations
10. There was no evidence of
proper systems for fire
controls within the dumpsite
11. The dumpsite is unmanned
for 24hrs
12. There was no site office
1. Designate all official
county government
disposal site (s);
2. Secure all disposal
sites with a fence and
a gate manned by a
council official to
control dumping and
spread of waste
outside the disposal
sites;
3.Weigh or estimate
and record the amount
of incoming waste in
tonnes;
4. Develop motorable
roads inside the sites
to ensure vehicles do
not get stuck as they
go to the tipping
phase;
5. Spread the waste at
regular intervals,
compact and cover
with soil;
6. Develop and install
proper fire control
systems for dumpsite
fires and extinguish all
fires at the sites;
7. Enhance security
and control of the
disposal sites so that
illegal activities are
contained and ensure
that hazardous waste
streams are not
disposed off at the
disposal sites;
8. Set up leachate
control systems for all
the disposal sites and
transfer stations and
1. Set up Sanitary
landfills;
2. Promote
incineration as a
technology for
combustion of
hazardous, industrial
waste streams;
3. Establish transfer
stations for sorting of
all waste prior to
transfer to the final
disposal site;
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
68
and sanitary facilities within
the dumpsite
13. There was evidence of
dumped waste outside the
perimeter wall and near the
gate for the dumpsite and that
of the waste water treatment
plant adjacent to the dumpsite
14. The County face
challenges of illegal dumping
in un developed plots
15. They also face challenges
from unplanned small eateries
within the town who have no
planned waste collection
areas and therefore end up
dumping the waste on streets
at night. Though the county is
trying to engage them and
they have assigned them with
a loader to ease collection of
waste
16. The county is planning to
employ enforcement officers
to enhance compliance to the
environmental by laws
ensure all leachate
collected is channeled
to a treatment facility;
9. Obtain licences
from NEMA to
own/operate the
disposal sites.
10. Enforce on all
illegal dumping sites
and instigate clean-
ups of these sites,
periodically.
Photographs depicting current waste management practices in Eldoret:
Plate 6: The Kipkenyo dumpsite in Eldoret, secured with a concrete perimeter wall and a
gate
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
69
Plate 7: Waste Collectors collecting recyclables and animals scavenging at the
Kipkenyo disposal site in Eldoret
3. Mombasa Town
Baseline Information:
Population densities: 939,370 (2009 Population and Housing Census)
Waste Generation Quantities:
Organic waste (60%)
Plastics, paper, glass and metal (30%)
Others (10%) - Inclusive of Waste Oil.
Waste Generation Rates in Mombasa County
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
70
Current Status Vs. the Minimum and Preferred State in Mombasa
Waste Cycle Current State Minimum
Required state
The
Ideal/Preferred
State
Waste
Generation
Promote waste
segregation at source
starting at the
household level by
providing colour
coded bags/bins for
the various waste
streams generated;
Provide waste
segregation bins
within the town
centers and in all
other designated
waste collection areas
Promote waste
segregation at source
by providing colour
coded bags/bins for
the various waste
streams generated
Waste
Collection
1. The County Government
operates various collection
points/centers within the
County, this being in
Mwembe-tayari, Ganjoni,
Mackinon, Kongowea,
makupa Market and
Bombolulu.
2. The three operational
waste disposal sites
(Mwakirunge, Vok transfer
station and Kibarani) are in a
designated area;
3. There are waste
receptacles for waste
disposal within the town
centers.
There are dedicated trucks
within these disposal sites
which aid in waste collection
– case in point VOK transfer
station and the Kibarani
dumpsite
1. All waste
operational
areas/collection
centers are
zoned/designated;
2. Proper
management of all the
zoned/designated
waste operational
areas – ensuring they
are kept clean and
waste is collected
frequently and timely
to avoid scattering
and spread of waste
into undesignated
areas;
3. Provide adequate
skips for waste
collection and skip
loaders for ease of
loading and
transportation;
4.The waste
receptacles provided
should not become an
eye-sore or a nuisance
to the Public by
ensuring they are
emptied frequently;
Provide colour-coded
waste bins/bags to all
households;
Set up collection
centers in specific
parts of the County
with waste
segregation bins
clearly labeled as per
each waste stream for
disposal by members
of the Public
Organise and
formalize informal
waste
collectors/groups
Waste 1. The county operates 1. Provide adequate Have dedicated trucks
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
71
Transportation dedicated vehicles for the
transportation of waste.
2. There are also private
collectors who are licenced
from the NEMA county office
in Mombasa to transport
waste, the county
government vehicles are not
licenced.
transport for the
transportation of the
various segregated
waste streams
which can carry
segregated waste
from various areas of
collection to the waste
treatment facilities
and landfills
Waste
treatment
(Material
recovery)
1. Enhance small-
medium scale waste
composting
1. Promote recycling
and recovery of waste.
2. Promote the
establishment of
hazardous waste
treatment (recycling)
facilities particularly
for management of;
a) Waste tyres;
b) E-waste;
c) Used oil/sludge;
3. Promote
composting of all
organic waste streams
and initiate
establishment of
composting facilities
within the County.
4. Build focus on waste
treatment facilities
such as incinerators
for combustion of
Municipal waste with
energy recovery
facilities.
Waste
Disposal
(Disposal Sites
– Incinerators,
controlled
tipping sites
and landfills)
1. The waste disposal sites
are designated by the
County Government.
2. All the sites are not fenced
and have no gates for
manning purposes;
3. Waste within the sites is
compacted – there was
evidence of compaction
machines on site.
4. It was also evident that
recyclable wastes,
hazardous wastes such
biomedical waste finds its
1. Designate all official
county government
disposal site (s);
2. Secure all disposal
sites with a fence and
a gate manned by a
council official to
control dumping and
spread of waste
outside the disposal
sites;
3.Weigh or estimate
and record the amount
1. Set up Sanitary
landfills;
2. Promote
incineration as a
technology for
combustion of
hazardous, industrial
waste streams;
3. Establish transfer
stations for sorting of
all waste prior to
transfer to the final
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
72
way to the dumpsite
meaning waste segregation
within the county is poor;
5. ONLY Vok transfer station
and Mwakirunge have
motorable roads which are
in a fair condition as
opposed to Kibarani whose
roads are not very good ;
6. There were scavengers in
all the sites.
7. There was no evidence of
proper systems for fire
controls within the disposal
sites;
8. The disposal sites are not
manned;
9. There were no site offices
and nor sanitary facilities
within the disposal sites;
of incoming waste in
tonnes;
4. Develop motorable
roads inside the sites
to ensure vehicles do
not get stuck as they
go to the tipping
phase;
5. Spread the waste at
regular intervals,
compact and cover
with soil;
6. Develop and install
proper fire control
systems for dumpsite
fires and extinguish all
fires at the sites;
7. Enhance security
and control of the
disposal sites so that
illegal activities are
contained and ensure
that hazardous waste
streams are not
disposed off at the
disposal sites;
8. Set up leachate
control systems for all
the disposal sites and
transfer stations and
ensure all leachate
collected is channeled
to a treatment facility;
9. Obtain licences
from NEMA to
own/operate the
disposal sites.
10. Enforce on all
illegal dumping sites
and instigate clean-
ups of these sites,
periodically.
disposal site;
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
73
4. Kiambu County
Kiambu County is located in central Kenya, it borders Murang’a county to the North and
North East, Machakos County to the East, Nairobi and Kajiado counties to the South,
Nakuru County to the West, and Nyandarua County to the North West. The main
economic activity in the county is agriculture- tea, coffee, dairy, poultry and horticulture.
Kiambu’s major urban centers are Thika, Ruiru, Gatundu, Limuru, Kabete, Githunguri,
Kiambaa, Kikuyu, Kiambu, Lari and Karuri. It is a predominantly rural county, but its
population is getting rapidly urbanized relative to Nairobi city’s growth. The Agikuyu are
the dominant tribe in the area, but in light of its growing urban migrant population, it is
slowly beginning to take the face of a cosmopolitan town.
Sub-counties in Kiambu includes; Thika, Ruiru, Juja, Kiambu, Kiambaa, Githunguri,
Limuru, Lari, Kikuyu, Kabete, Gatundu South and Gatundu North.
Population Density and Distribution
Kabete Constituency has the highest population density which currently is 2,534
persons/Km
2
followed by Kiambaa Constituency which has 2,153 persons/Km2. This is
due to their proximity to the city of Nairobi. The least densely populated constituency is
Lari with 307 persons/Km
2
, mainly due to the fact that a considerable part of the
constituency is covered by forests. High population density exerts pressure on the
available land leading to subdivision of land into uneconomical units.
Population Distribution and Density by Constituency/Sub-county
Constitue
ncy
2009 (Census)
2012 (Projections)
2015 (Projections)
2017
(Projections)
Population
Density
(Km2)
Populatio
n
Densit
y (Km2)
Populatio
n
Density
(Km2)
Populatio
n
Dens
ity
(Km2
)
Gatundu
South
114,180 593 124,223 645 135,149 702 142,962 742
Gatundu
North
100,611 352 109,460 383 119,088 417 125,972 441
Juja 118,793 365 129,241 397 140,609 432 148,737 457
Thika Town 165,342 760 179,885 827 195,706 900 207,020 952
Ruiru 201,986 1,003 219,752 1,091 239,080 1,187 252,901 1,256
Githunguri 147,763 852 160,760 927 174,899 1,008 185,010 1,067
Kiambaa 145,053 1,979 157,811 2,153 171,691 2,342 181,617 2,478
Kiambu 108,698 1,026 118,259 1,116 128,660 1,214 136,098 1,285
Kabete 140,427 2,329 152,778 2,534 166,216 2,757 175,825 2,916
Kikuyu 125,402 713 136,432 776 148,432 844 157,012 893
Limuru 131,132 466 142,666 507 155,214 552 164,187 583
Lari 123,895 282 134,792 307 146,648 334 155,125 353
Total 1,623,282 638 1,766,059 694 1,921,392 755 2,032,466 799
Waste generation in Kiambu County;
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
74
Municipal waste includes Household waste, Commercial waste, and Demolition
waste.
Hazardous waste includes Industrial waste.
Biomedical waste includes clinical waste.
Special Hazardous waste includes Radioactive waste, explosives waste,
and Electronic waste (e-waste)
Waste composition in percentage for each waste stream
Waste Stream Percentage
Municipal wastes Household wastes
Commercial wastes
Demolition wastes
Hazardous wastes Industrial wastes
Biomedical wastes Clinical wastes
Special Hazardous
wastes
Radioactive waste
Explosives wastes
Electronics wastes
Disposal sites include: Kang’oki dumpsite in Thika (Other disposal sites include
Kang’oya in Kiambu, Limuru, Lari and Gatundu. Gatuanyaga disposal site in Thika sub-
county is used primarily for disposal of asbestos.
Current Status Vs. the Minimum and Preferred State in Thika
Waste Cycle Current State Minimum
Required state
The
Ideal/Preferred
State
Waste
Generation
Promote waste
segregation at source
starting at the
household level by
providing colour
coded bags/bins for
the various waste
streams generated;
Provide waste
segregation bins
within the town
centers and in all
other designated
Promote waste
segregation at source
by providing colour
coded bags/bins for
the various waste
streams generated
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_waste
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_waste
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition_waste
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition_waste
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_waste
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_waste
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardous_waste
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_waste
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
75
waste collection areas
Waste
Collection
1. Waste is not collected
daily; specific days have
been set for collection per
areas;
2. Curbside waste collection
has been introduced in some
residential areas;
2. The county has introduced
(2) skips at Madaraka and
Jamuhuri, and two (2) at
Ruiru;
3. The County has budgeted
for five (5) skips this
financial year;
3. Limuru have several skips
and a Tractor and a skip
loader;
4. There are two youth
groups that have currently
been licenced to collect and
transport waste to the
disposal sites.
5. There are alot of illegal
dumping sites within the
County and efforts are
currently underway to
educate the people on the
need for storage of their
waste at the facilities and
homes awaiting collection.
1. All waste
operational areas/
collection centers are
zoned/designated;
2. Proper
management of all the
zoned/designated
waste operational
areas – ensuring they
are kept clean and
waste is collected
frequently and timely
to avoid scattering
and spread of waste
into undesignated
areas;
3. Provide adequate
skips for waste
collection and skip
loaders for ease of
loading and
transportation;
4. A budget for skips,
skip loaders,
machinery for
compacting the waste
at the disposal sites –
bull dozers,
compacters and a
tractor should be set
aside.
6. Provide colour-
coded waste
bins/bags to all
households or
provide adequate
waste collection
receptacles as an
initial stop measure
for illegal dumping by
members of the public
in the County;
6. Increase the no. of
trucks for waste
collection and
increase collection
rates in the various
waste collection areas.
7. Ensure all the
uncovered trucks are
covered to prevent
Provide colour-coded
waste bins/bags to all
households;
Set up collection
centers in specific
parts of the County
with waste
segregation bins
clearly labeled as per
each waste stream for
disposal by members
of the Public
Organise and
formalize informal
waste
collectors/groups
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
76
scattering of waste on
roadsides and in
undesignated areas
during transportation.
Waste
Transportation
1. Most of the trucks
operated by the County
Government need repairs
and are not covered thus
allowing for scattering of
waste during transportation
2. The County bought five
trucks last year for Kiambu,
Kabete, Limuru and Ruiru
3. There are plans underway
to repair the trucks which
have broken down.
1. Provide adequate
transport (trucks) for
the transportation of
the various
segregated waste
streams
Have dedicated trucks
which can carry
segregated waste
from various areas of
collection to the waste
treatment facilities
and landfills
Waste
treatment
(Material
recovery)
1. Enhance small-
medium scale waste
composting
1. Promote recycling
and recovery of waste.
2. Promote the
establishment of
hazardous waste
treatment facilities
particularly for
management of;
a) Waste tyres;
b) E-waste;
c) Used oil;
3. Promote
composting of all
organic waste streams
and initiate
establishment of
composting facilities
within the County.
4. Build focus on waste
treatment facilities
such as incinerators
for combustion of
Municipal waste with
energy recovery
facilities.
Waste
Disposal
(Disposal Sites
– Incinerators,
controlled
Kang’oki disposal site –
Thika sub-county
1. The waste disposal site is
designated by the County
1. Designate all official
county government
disposal site (s);
2. Secure all disposal
sites with a fence and
1. Set up Sanitary
landfills – plans in
place to set up a
Sanitary landfill at
Ting’ang’a area on a
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
77
tipping sites
and landfills)
Government.
2. The site is NOT fenced;
3. The site is NOT manned
by a county official at any
time of the day;
4. The disposal site is
separated by an earth road
and waste has been
haphazardly dumped on
either side of the road – no
controlled tipping practiced;
4. The waste is not
compacted neither is it
covered with a layer of soil;
6. It was also evident that
recyclable wastes such as
glass end up at the site;
7. Other hazardous wastes
such as biomedical, sanitary
waste, find their way also to
the dumpsite meaning waste
segregation within the
county from the household
level to the commercial and
industrial areas is not
practiced;
7. The site has a motorable
road which are accessible;
8. There is no machinery for
compacting of waste or
covering it after compaction;
9. No human settlements on
site;
10. Waste tyre burning is
rampant at adjacent sites to
the disposal site;
11. The site is characterized
by grazing cattle;
12. There are also
residential homes at a near
distance to the site;
13. There was no evidence
of waste collectors on-site
collecting the recyclable
wastes;
14. There are no proper
systems for fire controls
within the dumpsite
a gate manned by a
council official to
control dumping and
spread of waste
outside the disposal
sites;
3.Weigh or estimate
and record the amount
of incoming waste in
tonnes;
4. Develop motorable
roads inside the sites
to ensure vehicles do
not get stuck as they
go to the tipping
phase;
5. Spread the waste at
regular intervals,
compact and cover
with soil;
6. Develop and install
proper fire control
systems for dumpsite
fires and extinguish all
fires at the sites;
7. Enhance security
and control of the
disposal sites so that
illegal activities are
contained and ensure
that hazardous waste
streams are not
disposed off at the
disposal sites;
8. Set up leachate
control systems for all
the disposal sites and
transfer stations and
ensure all leachate
collected is channeled
to a treatment facility;
9. Obtain licences
from NEMA to
own/operate the
disposal sites.
10. Enforce on all
illegal dumping sites
40 acre piece of land;
2. Promote
incineration as a
technology for
combustion of
hazardous, industrial
waste streams;
3. Establish transfer
stations for sorting of
all waste prior to
transfer to the final
disposal site;
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
78
15. There was no site office,
nor sanitary facility within
the dumpsite.
16. The dumpsite is faced
with land disputes – it has
already been privately
allocated to other
individuals for other uses;
17. The matter is currently
before the National Land
Commission and the
Minister for lands
18. The County intends to
introduce the Fukuoka waste
management technology
from Japan as a pilot at the
Kang’oki disposal site in
Thika;
19. The pilot project will be
undertaken this year starting
with trainings and resource
mobilization;
20. The County has engaged
UN habitat on funding the
fukuoka technology;
21. The land issue is
currently hindering the
implementation of the 10
minimum points
22. Currently, the dumpsite
is receiving alot of waste
from Kiambu area as well
due to the closure of the
disposal site in Kiambu.
and instigate clean-
ups of these sites,
periodically.
5. Nakuru Town
Baseline Information:
1. Population densities:
As expected there are higher population growth rate projections for the major towns,
these are Nakuru, Molo and Naivasha. The current population of Nakuru is estimated at
600,000 of whom 190,000 live in the slums of Rhonda and Kaptembwo. Currently, less
than 10% of residents here have access to sufficient sanitation facilities of adequate
quality.
2. Waste Generation quantities:
Waste generated in the county is composed of different waste materials mainly from
household, market, and commercial, institution, building materials, street waste, scrap
metals, hospital waste and other waste generated materials. Refuse generated is
estimated at an average of 250 tons per day based on population and rate of generation
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
79
per capital per day is approximately 0.5kg/p/day. About 45% of this is collected and
transported to Giotto dump site; 18% is recovered and the rest accumulates in the
environment and is eventually deposited into the lake by storm water and wind.
The total amount of wastes collected by the County Government accounts for 15.1% daily
MSE (private) and C.B.O accounts for 29.8% which falls in the formal sector. 44.9% of the
total wastes collected per day are disposed off to Giotto dumpsite.
Out of the total wastes collected daily, 18.3% is recovered by the informal sector. 36.1%
accounts for the total wastes not collected daily which poses pollution in the
environment.
Types of wastes in Nakuru County (Source ITDG, 2004)
Material Average (%) High income Low income
Food 51.1 50 57
Paper 17.3 17 16
Textiles 2.7 3 2
Plastics 11.8 14 12
Grass and wood 6.7 8 2
Leather 0.9 1 1
Rubber 1.5 1 2
Glass 2.3 2 2
Cans/tins 1.7 2 1
Other metals 0.9 1 0
Others 2.7 7 4
Studies by the ITDG in 2004 indicate that most of the waste generated within Nakuru
municipality is organic in nature. However, the municipality has implemented
various wastes management initiatives and opportunities in the county which
include waste collection, privatization efforts designation of disposal site as well as
waste recycling among others.
The MCN waste characterization Report (2010) indicates that top five materials waste
generated comprise of organic (46%), fine (from sorting 21%, plastic 13%, cardboards
(4%) and paper 3%.Polythe bags are the main nuisance in the county. In the figure 1.4, it
is evident that the organic materials is the major pollutant generated and cardboards and
papers are the least generated
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
80
waste material
Organic
Fine
Plastic
Cardboards
Paper
Types of Waste Materials Generated In Nakuru County
Disposal sites include: Giotto dumpsite in Nakuru and Naivasha disposal site in Naivasha
sub-county
Current Status Vs. the Minimum and Preferred State in Nakuru
Waste Cycle Current State Minimum
Required State
The Ideal/
Preferred State
Waste
Generation
Promote waste
segregation at source
starting at the
household level by
providing colour
coded bags/bins for
the various waste
streams generated;
Provide waste
segregation bins
within the town
centers and in all
other designated
waste collection
areas
Promote waste
segregation at source
by providing colour
coded bags/bins for
the various waste
streams generated
Waste
Collection
1. The waste disposal site is
in a designated area;
2. There are waste
receptacles for waste
disposal within the town
centers.
1. All waste
operational
areas/collection
centers are
zoned/designated;
2. Proper
management of all
the
zoned/designated
waste operational
areas – ensuring they
are kept clean and
Provide colour-coded
waste bins/bags to all
households;
Set up collection
centers in specific
parts of the County
with waste
segregation bins
clearly labeled as per
each waste stream for
disposal by members
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
81
waste is collected
frequently and timely
to avoid scattering
and spread of waste
into undesignated
areas;
3. Provide adequate
skips for waste
collection and skip
loaders for ease of
loading and
transportation;
4.The waste
receptacles provided
should not become
an eye-sore or a
nuisance to the Public
by ensuring they are
emptied frequently;
of the Public
Organise and
formalize informal
waste
collectors/groups
Waste
Transportation
1. The county operates
dedicated vehicles for the
transportation of waste.
There are also private
collectors who are licenced
from the NEMA county office
to transport waste, the
county government vehicles
are not licenced.
2. The private waste
collectors transport waste in
the mornings and evenings
to the disposal site.
1. Provide adequate
transport for the
transportation of the
various segregated
waste streams
Have dedicated trucks
which can carry
segregated waste
from various areas of
collection to the waste
treatment facilities
and landfills
Waste
treatment
(Material
recovery)
1. Enhance small-
medium scale waste
composting
1. Promote recycling
and recovery of waste.
2. Promote the
establishment of
hazardous waste
treatment facilities
particularly for
management of;
a) Waste tyres;
b) E-waste;
c) Used oil;
3. Promote
composting of all
organic waste streams
and initiate
establishment of
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
82
composting facilities
within the County.
4. Build focus on waste
treatment facilities
such as incinerators
for combustion of
Municipal waste with
energy recovery
facilities.
Waste Disposal
(Disposal Sites –
Incinerators,
controlled
tipping sites
and landfills)
Gioto disposal site in
Nakuru County:
1. The waste disposal site is
designated by the County
Government.
2. The site has NO gate and
the area is NOT fenced;
3. The site is manned by a
county government official
during the day only;
4. The site is quite large and
the waste is not disposed off
in a controlled manner as
some patches of the land
have waste while others are
bare depicting that the
waste is dumped
haphazardly within the site;
5. Some sections of the site
had the waste compacted
and efforts to cover with a
fresh layer of soil were
underway;
6. It was also evident that
recyclable wastes,
hazardous wastes such as
biomedical, sanitary waste,
batteries find their way to
the dumpsite meaning waste
segregation within the
county from the household
level to the commercial and
industrial areas is really
poor;
7. The site has motorable
roads which are accessible;
8. The only equipment or
1. Designate all
official county
government disposal
site (s);
2. Secure all disposal
sites with a fence and
gates manned by
council officials to
control dumping and
spread of waste
outside the disposal
sites;
3.Weigh or estimate
and record the
amount of incoming
wastes in tonnes;
4. Develop motorable
roads inside the sites
to ensure vehicles do
not get stuck as they
go to the tipping
phase;
5. Spread the waste at
regular intervals,
compact and cover
with soil;
6. Controlled tipping
of waste at the
disposal sites should
be practiced and
waste should not be
scattered
haphazardly at the
sites;
6. Develop and install
proper fire control
systems for dumpsite
fires and extinguish
1. Set up Sanitary
landfills;
2. Promote
incineration as a
technology for
combustion of
hazardous, industrial
waste streams;
3. Establish transfer
stations for sorting of
all waste prior to
transfer to the final
disposal site;
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
83
machinery there is, is a
dozer for compacting and
covering the waste.
9. There were human
settlements within the sites
who have habited the land
for many years and
scavenge from the disposal
site.
10. There was no evidence
of proper systems for fire
controls within the dumpsite
11. There was no site office,
nor sanitary facility within
the dumpsite.
all fires at the sites;
7. Enhance security
and control of the
disposal sites so that
illegal activities are
contained and ensure
that hazardous waste
streams are not
disposed off at the
disposal sites;
8. Set up leachate
control systems for
all the waste disposal
sites including all
transfer stations and
ensure all leachate
collected is
channeled to a
treatment facility;
9. Obtain licences
from NEMA to
own/operate the
disposal sites.
10. Enforce on all
illegal dumping sites
and instigate clean-
ups of these sites,
periodically.
Photographs depicting current waste management practices in Nakuru:
Plate 9: Giotto site in Nakuru County – trucks on site disposing of waste
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
84
Plate 10: Pigs scavenging at the Gioto disposal site Plate 11: Sanitary Waste at the Gioto
site
The National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NEMA 2014
85
REFERENCES
Department of Environmental Affairs (2010); National Waste Management Strategy;
Republic of South Africa
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) - Institute for International Cooperation
(2005); Supporting Capacity Development in Solid Waste Management in Developing
Countries - Towards Improving Solid Waste ManagementCapacity of Entire Society; 10-
5, Ichigaya Honmura-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8433 Japan
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA); 2009; Integrated Solid Waste
Management in Nairobi: Developing a support structure to turn Solid Waste into
Resource – A strategic analysis
UNEP & UN‐ Habitat ‐ Kenya (2007). City of Nairobi Environment Outlook. Nairobi, Kenya:
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) & United Nations Human Settlements
Programme (UN Habitat), Kenya. [Online]. Available from:
http://www.unep.org/DEWA/Africa/docs/en/NCEO_Report_FF_New_Text.pdf.
[accessed 10 May 2009].
JICA (1998). The study on solid waste management in Nairobi City in the Republic of Kenya
: final report. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA); in collaboration with CTI
Engineering & Environmental Technology Consultants. [Online]. Available from:
http://lvzopac.jica.go.jp/external/library. [accessed 10 April 2009].
"Thematic Guidelines on Solid Waste Management"(2009) is published in the following
JICA website.
(http://www.jica.go.jp/activities/issues/env_manage/pdf/haiki_e.pdf)
http://www.jica.go.jp/activities/issues/env_manage/pdf/haiki_e.pdf
oe
3)
nema
(en
ya (5
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0
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= a er
most
favoured prevention
‘option
minimisation
recycling
least
favoured
‘option
INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY
Most Preferred
Least Preferred uasaneen audios
Q
2>
Frew
Bey
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#23
2
ou
8
MAJOR COMPONENTS FOR MUNICIPAL SOLID
WASTE IN KISUMU COUNTY.
@ Paper and Cellulose material
m Plastic and Rubber
™ Aggregate materials e.g Glass
m Matals
@ Organic Material
@ Sanitary pads
m Others
Type of Wastes generated in
Uasin Gishu County.
lm Waste food 49%
lm Other
waste(Plastics,Cloth
ing,Paper,yard
trimmings,Cans,etc)
51%
ag
Different types of wastes generated
in Mombasa County(%)
1 Organic waste(60%)
& Plastics,paper,glass and
metal(30%)
@ Others(10%)-Inclusive of
Waste Oil.
Email domain
nema.go.kePhone numbers
- 757
- 342760179
- 254026008997
- 88417125
- 611352109
- 432844157
- 2826381
- 3927552
- 223645135
- 666507155
- 442
- 609432148
- 219
- 6783900200
- 858
- 760927174
- 656
- 550
- 333
- 149702142
- 111
- 402713136
- 180593124
- 432776148
- 885827195
- 793365129
- 1731716
- 460383119
- 5115057
- 214552164
- 132466142
- 596941
- 895282134
- 1181412
- 792307146
- 648334155
- 241397140
- 763852160
- 706900207
Phone numbers
- 7 ....................................................................................................................................... 57
- 895 282 134
- 6 ....................................................................................................................................... 56
- 793 365 129
- 792 307 146
- 51.1 50 57
- 59 694 1
- 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 33
- 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 11
- 432 776 148
- 648 334 155
- 214 552 164
- 88 417 125
- 132 466 142
- 460 383 119
- 609 432 148
- 666 507 155
- 254-02-6008997
- 11.8 14 12
- 342 760 179
- 5 ....................................................................................................................................... 50
- 149 702 142
- 611 352 109
- 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 19
- 4 ....................................................................................................................................... 42
- 180 593 124
- 282 638 1
- 392 755 2
- 8 ....................................................................................................................................... 58
- 67839-00200
- 763 852 160
- 241 397 140
- 760 927 174
- 885 827 195
- 432 844 157
- 706 900 207
- 402 713 136
- 17.3 17 16
- 223 645 135
Law clause
- Section 83
- art 126
- Article 42
- section 19
- section (1
- section 24
- Section 118
- section 11
- Section 134
- Section 120
- Section 87
- art 2
- Section 126
- Article 69
- section (3
- Section 9
- Section 86
- Article 70
- Section 3
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