Republic of Ethiopia (2004) EPA Environmental impact assessment guidelines on forestry

Republic of Ethiopia (2004) EPA Environmental impact assessment guidelines on forestry


The Federal Environmental Protection Authority

Environmental impact assessment guidelines
on Forestry

NOT FOR CITATION

This guidelines is still under development and shall be
binding after consensus is reached between the
Environmental Protection Authority and the Environmental
Units of Competent Sectoral Agencies

2004
Addis Ababa

Ethiopia

[Type text] [Type text] [Type text]


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Table of Contents


Page

INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................1

1. MAJOR TYPES OF INTERVENTION IN THE FORESTRY SUB-SECTOR.....1

2. SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A FORESTRY PROJECT.............................2

3. MAJOR ISSUES RELATED TO A FORESTRY PROJECT..................................4

4.1 ECONOMY....................................................................................................................5

4.2 ECOLOGY.....................................................................................................................7

4.3 POPULATION...............................................................................................................11

4.4 HEALTH OUTCOMES...................................................................................................13

4.5 GENDER......................................................................................................................15

5. EXTERNAL FACTORS............................................................................................17

6. HAZARD MANAGEMENT..........................................................................................17

7. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING......................................................................18

Environmental Monitoring cont….......................................................................................20

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Introduction

These guidelines cover agroforestry, tree planting and natural forest management

that are generally components of rural development projects. The guidelines do not

consider forest products processing projects.

The Guidelines aim to assist in developing forestry projects that can address the

themes of sustainable development. They highlight major issues and potential

impacts that should be taken into account during the preparation and assessment

phases. The appropriate enhancement and mitigation measures should be

integrated as early as possible, preferably in the project design.

1. Major Types of Intervention in the Forestry Sub-Sector

Forestry comprise various activities, ranging from tree planting to forest products

harvesting, as well as biodiversity conservation and watershed management. These

guidelines focus on the activities inducing the most important environmental and

social impacts, particularly forest management activities carried out in the field to

harvest trees on a commercial basis.

Globally, there are three categories of forestry activities, namely:

 agro forestry;

 tree plantations;

 natural forest management.

Agro forestry can be defined as land-use systems or technologies where woody

perennials (trees, shrubs, palms, etc.) are used on the same land-management units

as agricultural crops and/or animals, in some form of spatial arrangement or

temporal sequence. Agro forestry projects involve ecological and economical

interactions between the different project components and tend to enhance

agricultural/livestock production as well as to contribute to soil conservation.

Tree plantation projects aim to grow trees for wood production and/or for provision of

environmental services. Tree plantations for production can vary from large

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commercial plantations to small community or private woodlots. Plantation products

include timber, poles, pulpwood, fuel wood, and non-timber products such as fruits,

forage and medicine. Tree plantation projects for providing environmental services

consist in planting trees for preserving soils, preventing desertification, producing

shade and wind breaking.

Natural forest management projects have the same dual purpose: production of

timber and other forest products and provision of environmental services (watershed

protection and biodiversity conservation). In this case, forest regeneration is ensured

by natural mechanisms that can be enhanced by human interventions such as

silvicultural treatments and the use of fire as a management tool, where conditions

are favourable such as in Southern African countries.

2. Specific Characteristics of a Forestry Project

The description and justification of a forestry project shall at least cover the following

elements:

 Project location and siting, including a location map.

 History of forest management in the area.

 Land tenure and uses.

 Affected groups (directly and indirectly).

 Existing and proposed location of human settlements and public services such as

health centres and accident and emergency units.

 Natural and human resources requirements.

 Socio-cultural factors or constraints, such as customs and beliefs.

 Project characteristics: planting and/or forest management activities, harvesting

or protection methods, expected production, etc.

 Targeted tree species and justification.

 Use of fertilisers and chemicals.

 Fire and pest management plan.

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 Forest products transportation.

 Forest products marketing methods.

 Construction activities (land preparation, use of heavy machinery, forest roads,

facilities such as workers’ camps, etc.).

 Anticipated liquid, solid (including waste) and gaseous emissions, and sources of

nuisances (at construction and operation stages).

 Investment schedules and costs.

 Maintenance works and associated costs.

 Consultation approaches and participation mechanisms.

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3. Major Issues Related to a Forestry Project

The major issues related to forestry projects can be summarised as follows:

Crosscutting
Theme

Major Issues Relevant
or not

Economy  Economic activity, employment and incomes.
 Operations profitability.
 Access to benefits, particularly for the poor and other

vulnerable groups.
 Skills, knowledge and attitude towards forest

management.
 Availability of and access to infrastructures and

services.
 Access and ownership of forest products.

Ecology  Protection of soils.
 Water management.
 Wildlife habitat and biodiversity.
 Tree species selection.*
 Forest products management.*
 Vegetation coverage and diversity.**
 Climate change.
 Waste management.**

Population  Migration
 Availability of and use of forest products.
 Traditional forest product collection activities and

local customs.
 Land uses.
 Fire risk.
 Quality of life.

Health Outcomes  Communicable diseases such as trypanosomiasis,
yellow fever and other zoonoses.

 Injuries.
 Pesticides management.*
 Malnutrition.*

Gender  Women’s workload.
 Control over the land and land procceds.
 Income-generating activities for women.
 Access of women to new facilities and services.
 Women’s specific demands.
 Involvement of women in decision-making processes.

Participation  Participation of affected groups in consultations.
 Organisation of forestry management.

* Specific to tree plantations
** Specific to natural forest management

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Potential Impacts, Enhancement and Mitigation Measures

The potential impacts outlined below are presented by crosscutting theme (one table per theme) to clearly identify the potential interactions
between a forestry project and a specific transversal issue.

4.1 Economy

Component Potential Beneficial and Adverse Impacts Enhancement and Mitigation Measures

Economy  Increased forest products yields, generating
additional revenues.

 Diversification of income-generating
activities due to a better access to forest
products.

 Increase in local development and
employment.

 Substitution of tree imports by local
production.*

 Increase in forest products exports.
 Constraints for producers to meet profitability

objectives.
 Exclusion of specific groups from

participating in forestry projects.
 Losses for affected people who cannot

maintain forest products collection activities.
 Disruption of economic activities such as

hunting and tourism in protected forests.**
 Decrease in forest products prices.

 Give preference to local employment (men and women) and local inputs
(food, basic material) to the extent possible.

 Select tree production on the basis of commercial comparative
advantages, biophysical potentialities as well as preferences of the local
population (men and women).

 Ensure that commercial channels exist to sell forest products at
competitive prices.

 Base profitability projections on conservative revenue assumptions.
 Identify why specific groups are not benefiting from the project and adopt

corrective measures as required.
 Ensure that a fare share of royalties from forest harvesting is distributed to

local communities, when forests are publicly owned.
 Create a Community Development Fund to manage taxes and other

revenues coming from forest products to maintain infrastructures.
 Offer alternative income opportunities to men and women having a limited

access to or loosing productive means.
 Establish appropriate compensation mechanisms, recognising income and

asset losses.
 Ensure that the poor and other vulnerable groups can continue to satisfy

their basic needs in forest products.

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Economy cont…
Information,
education
and
communicati
on

 Development of skills in forestry
management.

 Increased awareness about forestry as a
component of rural development planning.

 Exclusion of specific groups from the project
allocation process due to a lack of knowledge.

 Assist groups of individuals (men and women) who may lack the capacity
to apply for participating in the project, if they want to.

 Develop and implement a literacy program especially aimed at poor
people and women.

 Provide producers, men and women, with the training required to
maximise production and revenues (forestry techniques, management,
commercialisation).

 Ensure that forestry extension services provide additional training to
producers who do not have all the skills required due to a lack of
opportunities (ex: landless people).

 Ensure that forestry extension services offered to men and women are
designed in a gender sensitive way.

 Inform the local population on potential project benefits for the community
and identify individual behaviours that would contribute to achieve those
benefits.

Access to
infrastructure
s and
services

 Improved access to tree production inputs.
 Development of commercial services for

forest products.
 Improvement of transportation

infrastructures in remote forested areas.**
 Degradation of existing public roads by

heavy timber loads.**

 Involve the population (men and women) in the management of new and
improved services to ensure their sustainability.

 Consider the establishment of social facilities such as schools and health
centres in labour camps.

 Provide logistical support to producers (men and women) to organise
activities complementary to tree production (input purchase, technology,
credit, etc.).

 Regulate timber loads size for transportation.
 Establish road taxes on timber loads to finance road maintenance.

* Specific to tree plantations
** Specific to natural forest management

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4.2 Ecology

Component Potential Beneficial and Adverse Impacts Enhancement and Mitigation Measures

Air  Degradation of air quality by dust and
vehicles emissions during access roads
construction and forest products transport.

 Degradation of air quality by fire (site
preparation).*

 Protection against wind and dust
dispersion.*

 Maintain vehicles and machinery in good condition in order to minimise
gas emissions.

 Forbid the use of fire for site preparation in dry season.*
 Use appropriate means for minimising dust dispersion during site

preparation, particularly means involving labour intensive methods.*
Give preference to wind-resistant species.*

Water Change in local hydrologic conditions by altering
water flow, which can affect groundwater
recharge.

Contamination of water quality by hazardous
materials (hydrocarbons, chemical products,
etc.), leaks and spills.

Degradation of water quality due to soil erosion
and use of fertilisers and pesticides.*

Regulation of surface water flow and
improvement of water quality.*

Flood regulation.*
Watercourse obstruction and soil compaction

causing localized ponding and stagnation.**

Manage surface water in order to minimise the impacts downstream of the
project area.

Maintain motorised equipment in good condition to avoid leaks and discharge
of hazardous materials.

Take all precautions during the refuelling of motorised equipment.
Provide storage and handling facilities for waste collection and disposal.
Discourage the use of pesticides and chemical fertilisers and favour the use

of alternative biological and mechanical means.*
Train workers on the safe use of pesticides and chemical fertilisers.*
Avoid clearing vegetation along water bodies.**
Do not hamper natural drainage and runoff.**

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Ecology cont…

Soil Increased soil fertility due to the establishment
of vegetation cover.*

Soil stabilisation.*
Following site preparation and harvesting, runoff

erosion resulting in sedimentation problems.
Loss of organic matter by removal of vegetation

(site preparation and harvesting).
Contamination of soils from spilling of hazardous

materials.
Soil compaction, erosion, leaching and

increased temperature resulting from
harvesting operations.

Development of hardpans and laterization (site
preparation).*

In semiarid areas, depletion of soil moisture and
lowering of water table in plantation area.*

Change in soil stability by roadcuts on sloping
soils resulting in landslides.**

Avoid areas sensitive to erosion.
Minimise land-clearing areas and clearly identify the areas that should not be

harvested.
Ensure a safe management of hazardous materials (hydrocarbons, chemical

products, etc.).
Avoid whole-tree harvesting.
Locate log-landing area in well drained and easily accessible areas

downslope.
Restrict land clearing and harvesting to dry periods.
Avoid clear cutting; instead, use a rotation system cutting an annual quota

determined on a sustainable basis.
After harvesting, stabilise the soils in order to reduce potential erosion.
Give preference to animal traction rather than machinery.
Minimise the construction of access roads and skidding trails for harvesting.
Replant as soon as possible after land clearing.*
Give preference to fast-growing and nitrogen-fixing species for protecting

soils.*
Encourage rapid forest regeneration.**

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Ecology cont….

Ecosystems Encroachment into ecologically sensitive and
protected areas in order to establish new tree
plantations.*

Destruction of natural forests for the
establishment of commercial tree plantations
(decrease in biodiversity).*

Increased sedimentation in streams.*
Creation of habitats favourable to organisms

that could be harmful for the vegetation cover
and/or favourable to diseases vectors due to
the establishment of intensive monocultures.*

Degradation of ecologically sensitive areas due
to bad forest management practices.**

Increased access to forest areas.**

Design tree plantation projects taking into account ecologically sensitive
areas.*

Forbid land clearing for the establishment of tree plantations in ecologically
sensitive and protected areas.*

Establish tree plantations in degraded sites or sites of low diversity.*
Maintain a strip vegetation along water bodies.*
Avoid earthfill dams across streams as crossings.*
Install sediments traps in streams.*
Intensify the management of existing natural forests in order to discourage

extensive tree plantations occupying large areas.*
Avoid single-species plantations and favour multipurpose trees.*
Develop and implement proper tree plantations management plans.*
 Develop and implement proper forest management plans.**

Limit access into the forest areas managed for production or protection.**
Flora Creation of carbon sink due to increased

vegetation cover.*
Environmental degradation due to the selection

of trees and shrubs not well adapted to site
conditions.*

Loss of medicinal plants.*
Loss of biodiversity due to the introduction of

exotic species and monoculture plantations.*
Increase in harmful species.*
Overexploitation of forest resources and

degradation of the resource base.**
Damages to non-target species.**
Reduction in the biodiversity due to selective

logging.**

 When selecting species, give preference to indigenous species or to those
well adapted to the site characteristics.*

Discourage or forbid the introduction of exotic species without comprehensive
study.*

Increase the number of species planted and avoid monocultures over large
areas.*

Manage forest resources on a sustainable basis (restrictions, annual
allowable cut, compulsory permits, regulations, traditional practices).**

Develop new markets for non-target species.**
Assess forest resources stocks, develop forest management plans and

implement international agreements over resources allocation.**
Ensure proper regeneration for all species present in the area.**
Take into account wildlife migratory routes.
Restrict land clearing to tree plantation areas.*

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Ecology cont….
Fauna Creation of new wildlife habitats.*

Degradation of terrestrial and aquatic wildlife
habitats through land clearing for the
establishment of tree plantations and forest
logging.*

Derangement of wildlife due to bad practices
(poaching, roading, harvesting, etc.).**

 Plan harvesting operations taking into account the presence of wildlife
habitats.**

 Regulate and monitor management practices. **
 Forbid non-resident workers from hunting and fishing.

Natural and
cultural
heritage

 Loss of cultural, religious and historical
heritage as well as aesthetic resources.

 Breach in agreements with traditional
authorities concerning cultural, religious,
historical and aesthetic sites and resources.

 Before site preparation, carry out an archaeological search in the potential
areas containing artefacts and preserve discovered artefacts.

 Negotiate with traditional authorities the preservation of important cultural,
religious, historical and aesthetic sites and resources and agree on
potential compensation for the communities.

 During site preparation, ensure an archaeological surveillance in potential
areas containing artefacts and in case of a discovery, advise the concerned
authorities.

 Involve traditional authorities in monitoring cultural, religious, historical and
aesthetic sites and resources during site preparation activities.

* Specific to tree plantations
** Specific to natural forest management

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4.3 Population

Component Potential Beneficial and Adverse Impacts Enhancement and Mitigation Measures

Demographic
trends

 Temporary imbalance between men and
women due to male workers, which can lead
to an increase in sexually transmitted
diseases.

 Establish labour camps at a reasonable distance from villages.
 Whenever possible employ women or married men with nearby families.
 Assist non-resident workers in order to encourage their families to join

them.
Migration and
resettlement

 Inappropriate living conditions for non-
resident workers and their families.

 Plan adequate settlement areas with appropriate housing and services
(water, sanitation, food supply) for non-resident workers and their families.

Natural
resources
and land
management

 Increase in the production of forest products
(fodder, fuelwood, etc.).

 More efficient use of forest resources
through improved natural forests management
practices.**

 Incompatible land uses leading to social
conflicts.

 Loss of territory for some groups, particularly
farmers and livestock herders.

 Reduction in the quantity of water available
for various uses.

 Increased risk of fire in arid areas.*
 Risks of forest fires due to the presence of

workers and machinery.**
 Social conflicts over forest products

ownership.
 Destruction of food sources and medicinal

plants.**

 Design the project and coordinate work with all land users (fuelwood
collectors, farmers, livestock herders, etc.).

 Establish tree nurseries and plantations taking into consideration water
needs of all types of users.*

 Choose low water demanding species.*
 Develop and implement appropriate fire control measures.
 Develop and implement proper management plans taking into account the

needs of local populations.
 Clearly define forest products ownership in consultation with affected men

and women.
 Develop alternative grazing areas.*
Plan for recuperating forest products during land clearing and identify

mechanisms to distribute the products to the local population.*
Protect medicinal plants.**

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Population cont…

Quality of life  Improvement in quality of life due to new
economic opportunities.

 Degradation of the quality of life due to
nuisances such as noise, dust and traffic
related to the project.

 Change in local customs (means of
subsistence and traditional forest products
collecting activities).

 Change in livelihood for subsistence
farmers, hunters and fuelwood sellers.

 Establish a formal consultation mechanism with local authorities to
discuss issues disturbing inhabitants and to find solutions satisfying all
parties.

 Train workers in the field of environmental protection.
 Implement an adequate communication plan to inform the local population

on work to come and opportunities for them.
 Involve local authorities in monitoring implementation activities, ensuring a

good representation of men and women.
 Ensure appropriate compensation to men and women whose livelihood is

adversely affected.
* Specific to tree plantations
** Specific to natural forest management

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4.4 Health Outcomes

Component Potential Beneficial and Adverse Impacts Enhancement and Mitigation Measures

Communicabl
e diseases

Malaria, yellow fever, trypanosomiasis and other
zoonoses and acute viral infections such as
Ebola Fever.

HIV and other sexually transmissible diseases
due to non-resident workers and migrants.

Distribute impregnated bednets and insect repellents.
Control animal populations associated with disease reservoirs.
Use tsetse fly traps and associated environmental management techniques.
Focal pesticide spraying.
Provide vaccination.
Implement HIV/AIDS prophylaxis for men and women, through appropriate

health promotion as well as wide distribution and use of condoms;
employment opportunities for project-affected women; provision of family
accommodation for non-resident workers.

Improve access to medical diagnosis and treatment.
Non-
communicabl
e diseases

Pesticide poisoning.* Comply with regulations on pesticides import and management.*
Safely manage pesticide storage (appropriate containers, labelling, locked

facilities) and use (appropriate training for all family members, masks and
gloves).*

Malnutrition Decrease in wild food sources, jeopardising food
security, due to a loss of common property
resources.

Loss of fodder.

Provide alternative food and fuelwood sources.
Maintain or replace grazing reserves.

Injuries Crushing and cutting injuries.
Snake bites.

Improve occupational health and safety.
Include traffic calming devices on access roads.

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Health Outcomes cont…

Psychosocial
disorders and
well-being

Stress and anxiety associated with involuntary
resettlement, rapid social change, loss of
traditional authority, loss of spiritual assets,
uncertainty and locus of control, severance,
exclusion, and marginalisation, gender related
problems and domestic disputes leading to
suicide, physical and mental abuse, child
marriage, labour and sale, and communal
violence.

Well-being associated with improved income,
stability, work opportunities, settlements,
health, empowerment, education and training.

Refer to measures proposed under other crosscutting themes as those
address many causes of psychosocial disorders and factors contributing to
well-being.

* Specific to tree plantations
** Specific to natural forest management

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4.5 Gender

Component Potential Beneficial and Adverse Impacts Enhancement and Mitigation Measures

Division of
labour (paid
and unpaid
work)

 Reduction in time spent to collect fuelwood
as sources are closer.*

 Increased time spent by children, women
and men on natural resources management,
including nursery work.

 Establish rules among producers to limit child work.
 Provide technologies to both women and men to reduce time spent on

natural resources management.
 Build on the respective knowledge and experience of women and men in

tree production to reduce management time and efforts.
Income-
generating
activities
(money or
kind)

 Additional sources of income for women
when paid for nursery work or allowed to
collect and to sell forest products.

 Decreased revenues for women when
collecting and selling activities are restricted.

Ensure that all workers (women and men) get remunerated for their work or
are entitled to forest products in compensation.

 Ensure that women are directly paid for their work, avoiding
intermediaries.

Provide appropriate compensation or income generating alternatives to both
women and men adversely affected by the project.

Access to
and control
over
productive
factors

 Exclusion of women when the selection of
project beneficiaries is based on land
ownership.

 Loss of control over forest products when
women are not involved in decision-making
processes.

 Selected species do not respond to women
priority needs.*

 Ensure that project promoters do not reinforce cultural barriers affecting
negatively women.

 Establish, and change if required, the selection criteria to ensure that
women have a greater access to and control over forestry resources.

 Provide women with an opportunity to make their needs known to project
decision-makers.

 Recognise the specific demands and skills of women in forestry, based on
their experience in caring for trees as well as in collecting and using forest
products.

 Consider targeting women beneficiaries when inequities exist and persist.
Involvement
in societal
organisation

 Involvement of women in decisions related
to forestry management and tree production.

 Women get organised to obtain training in
forestry management adapted to their specific
needs.

 Establish management committees involving women and men in the
development and monitoring of forest management plans. If cultural
barriers do not allow mixed structures, develop independent structures for
women.

 Facilitate the creation of women groups when women express an interest
in being better organised and represented.

* Specific to tree plantations

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** Specific to natural forest management

6 Participation

Component Potential Beneficial and Adverse Impacts Enhancement and Mitigation Measures

Consultations  Integration of men’s and women’s concerns
into the project design.

 Increased support for the project among
affected populations.

 Exclusion of specific groups from
consultations, particularly women.

 Consult affected men and women at all phases of the project.
 Provide the opportunity to all affected groups (men and women) to

participate in consultations by offering adapted consultation mechanisms.
 Use consultations to determine traditional patterns of right and

responsibilities concerning forestry and to identify ways to increase the
involvement of excluded groups (men and women).

 Inform consulted men and women on how their concerns were taken into
account.

Civil society
strengthening

 Creation of community-based organisations
in forestry management.

 Expansion of the civil society organisation
(CSO) network working on environmental
protection.

 Lack of collaboration with existing CSOs
working on forestry issues.

 Ensure that men and women have the opportunity to organise themselves
in groups representing their interests.

 Facilitate the participation of existing CSOs in the project taking into
account their respective intervention priorities and strengths.

* Specific to tree plantations
** Specific to natural forest management

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5. External Factors

The major external factors that may influence the outcomes of a forestry project are

the following:

 Fire

In dry areas, such as semiarid areas, fire can represent a serious threat to the

conservation of tree plantations and natural forests. To reduce fire risks, proper

protection measures against fire, such as fire protection plans, shall be implemented.

 Insect epidemics and tree diseases

Monocultures can be quite sensitive to insect epidemics and tree diseases, due to

their lack of diversity and sometimes to low resistance of selected species. This is

why it might be preferable to choose indigenous species rather than exotic species

and to plant various species in a same area.

 Conversion of natural forests to other uses

The conversion of natural forests for farming, livestock grazing, urban development

etc. leads to the destruction of forests and to the loss of their ecological and social

functions. The development and implementation of proper land use plans taking into

account the needs of all groups of the population can help to ensure the sustainable

conservation of forests and meanwhile their socio-economic development.

 Social instability

The emergence of community violence, vandalism, civil war, border raids and

boundary disputes are phenomena that generate social instability and can lead to

migration, disruption of the food chain, injuries, epidemics and mortality. Good

governance and poverty alleviation policies are means to prevent social instability.

6. Hazard Management

The main hazards associated with forestry projects are the following:

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For tree plantations:

 Pesticides misuse, resulting in acute and chronic poisoning of people and

wildlife, as well as bioaccumulation.

 Fire hazard, due to the build up of organic matter under tree plantations.

For natural forest management:

 Work accidents, resulting in injuries (burns, explosions) and human losses.

For all forestry projects:

 Natural disease reservoirs in animal populations such as monkeys and

bushbucks.

In order to prevent or minimise these hazards, appropriate risk management

measures shall be designed and implemented.

7. Environmental Monitoring

The following tables present the potential indicators that could be used to monitor the

implementation of a forestry project. The appropriate indicators for a specific project

shall be selected according to the project context, major anticipated impacts and the

cost of data collection and processing.

Component Indicators

Economy  Annual revenues and profits generated by the project compared
to projected revenues and profits.

 Number of jobs created and occupied by men and women.
 Level of satisfaction of adversely affected men and women toward

compensations and offered alternatives. (survey)
Information, education
and communication

 Understanding of concepts and approaches related to tree
production and management among trained men and women
producers (survey).

Access to
infrastructures and
services

 Availability of tree plantation inputs as a function of the demand
(quantity and timeliness).

 Adequacy of storage facilities to the demand (quantity and
quality).

 Revenues from timber transportation taxes and allocation.

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Component Indicators


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Environmental Monitoring cont…

Environment

Air  Area where fire is used for site preparation.*
 Timber trucks traffic.

Water  Groundwater static level and refilling capacity.
 Parameters of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality for

evaluating the physico-chemical characteristics of underground
water and surface water quality (upstream, on the site and
downstream).

 Quantity of water used compared to initial estimates.
 Number of workers trained on the safe use of chemical products.*

Soils  Volume of sedimentation downstream of the project site.
 Concentration of organic compounds in sediments.

Ecosystems  Area cleared along water bodies.
 Area of cleared natural forest for the establishment of tree

plantations.*
 Proportion of total natural forest area. **
 Annual harvested ecologically sensitive area.**

Flora  Number of species used, indigenous and exotic.
 Biomass per inhabitant.*
 Annual harvested volume by species and proportion of the annual

allowable cut. **
 Rate of regeneration by species and tree size (diameter).**

Natural and cultural
heritage

 Loss of cultural, religious and historical sites (area and/or
quantity).

Population
Migration and
resettlement

 Adequacy of housing and basic services offered to workers.

Natural resources and
land management

 Number of social conflicts requiring a legal or administrative
intervention.

 Number of and area affected by forest fires.
 Changes in the availability of forest products by type on local

markets and for collection before and after the project (quantity and
quality).

 Total area lost for crop production and livestock grazing.

Quality of life  Level of satisfaction of men and women who had to change
livelihood (survey).

Health Outcomes
Communicable
diseases

 Prevalence rates of malaria, sexually transmissible diseases and
zoonoses.

 Number of vector breeding sites and vector density.
 Abundance of disease reservoir animal species.
 Availability of condoms, impregnated bednets, mosquito

repellents.
 Outpatient attendance records.
 Quantities of drug supplied and used from health services and

local shops.

FORESTRY GUIDELINES, FEPA, 2004 21


NOT FOR CITATION

Non-communicable
diseases

 Prevalence rates of poisoning.*
 Inventory of exposure sites including pesticide storage.

FORESTRY GUIDELINES, FEPA, 2004 22


NOT FOR CITATION

Environmental Monitoring cont…

Malnutrition  Number of people affected by seasonal hunger (evolution over
time).

 Height/weight monitoring of children.
Injuries  Number of violent events reported by the police and social

services.
 Number of accidents in forest worksites.
 Police records of traffic accidents.

Gender
Division of labour  Time spent by women and children on forest products

management and/or collection before and after the project.
Income-generating
activities

 Proportion of revenues received and managed by men and
women in families participating in the project (before and after the
project).

Access to and control
over productive factors

 Level of satisfaction of women toward project investment
decisions and management methods (survey).

Involvement in societal
organisations

 Proportion of women and men involved in forest management
committees.

Participation
Consultation  Proportion of forest users (men and women) consulted as part of

the project.
Civil society
strengthening

 Increase in community-based organisations dedicated to forest
management or environmental protection.

 Rivalry cases among existing and new CSOs.
* Specific to tree plantations
** Specific to natural forest management

FORESTRY GUIDELINES, FEPA, 2004 23


Introduction
1. Major Types of Intervention in the Forestry Sub-Sector
2. Specific Characteristics of a Forestry Project
3. Major Issues Related to a Forestry Project
Major Issues
Relevant
4.1 Economy
4.2 Ecology
4.3 Population
4.4 Health Outcomes
4.5 Gender

5. External Factors
6. Hazard Management
7. Environmental Monitoring
Environmental Monitoring cont…