Republic of Ethiopia (2004) Guidelines for social, environmental and ecological impact assessment and environmental hygiene in settlement areas.pdf

Republic of Ethiopia (2004) Guidelines for social, environmental and ecological impact assessment and environmental hygiene in settlement areas.pdf


Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

Environmental Protection Authority

Guidelines for Social, Environmental and Ecological
Impact Assessment and Environmental Hygiene

in Settlement Areas
(Draft)

NOT FOR CITATION

This guidelines is still under development and shall be binding
after consensus is reached between the Environmental
Protection Authority and the Environmental Units of
Competent Sectoral Agencies

August 2004
Addis Ababa


Table of Content

Introduction...................................................................................................1
1. Aim..........................................................................................................2
2. Main Principles......................................................................................2

2.1 Voluntary and Informed Consultation..................................................................2
2.2 The Objective of Improving Life Sustainably......................................................3
2.3 Environmental Sustainability................................................................................3
2.4 Cooperation, Self-reliance and Cost-sharing........................................................4
2.5 Community-led Administration, Transparency and Responsibility.....................5
2.6 Improvement and Enrichment of Implementation through Action and

Experience............................................................................................................7
3. Essential Preconditions for a Settlement programme........................7
4. Action Needed to Ensure Sustainability..............................................8

4.1 Firewood Supply...................................................................................................9
4.2 Restoration of Vegetation Cover by Stopping Free range Grazing...........9
4.3 Forest and Park Protection....................................................................................9
4.4 Protection of River and Water Channel Banks...................................................10
4.5 Rehabilitation of Land Affected by Gullies........................................................10
4.6 The Conservation and Development of Crop and Animal Biodiversity.............10
4.7 The Discontinuation of the Use of Dangerous Chemicals..................................11
4.8 The Appropriate Use of Chemical Inputs...........................................................11

5. Sectors in which Capacity Building is Required for the
Implementation of the Settlement Programme................................11

6. Impact Assessment of a Settlement Programme..............................12
6.1 Social Issues........................................................................................................12

6.1.1 Human Population.....................................................................................12
6.1.2 Environmental Hygiene.............................................................................13
6.1.3 Gender Equity............................................................................................13
6.1.4 People's Participation.................................................................................14
6.1.5 Identification of Institutions......................................................................14
6.1.6 The Sustainable Development Bylaw of the Local Community...............15
6.1.7 Prevention of Conflict within the Community..........................................15

6.2 Economic Issues.................................................................................................16
6.2.1 Capacity Building......................................................................................16
6.2.2 Community Sustainable Development Fund.............................................17

6.3 Ecological Issues................................................................................................17
6.3.1 Criteria for Choosing Settlement Areas.....................................................18
6.3.2 Water Resources and Aquatic Resources..................................................18
6.3.3 Natural Scenic Sites...................................................................................19
6.3.4 Wood Demand and Supply........................................................................19
6.3.5 Forest Development...................................................................................19
6.3.6 Crop Production.........................................................................................19
6.3.7 Appropriate Use of Chemical Fertilizer and other Agrochemicals...........20
6.3.8 Domestic Animals.....................................................................................20


6.3.9 Energy Source............................................................................................20
6.3.10 Composting................................................................................................20
6.3.11 Alien Invasive Plants.................................................................................21
6.3.12 Forest Fires................................................................................................21

6.4 Environmental Hygiene......................................................................................22
6.4.1 Solid Waste Recycling, Stowage, Management and Disposal..................22
6.4.2 Liquid Waste Recycling, Management and Disposal................................23
6.4.3 Site Choice and Latrine Construction........................................................23
6.4.4 Animal Pens and Feeding Places...............................................................24
6.4.5 The Handling and Use of Pesticides and Chemical Fertilizers..................25
6.4.6 Protection of Water Bodies........................................................................25
6.4.7 The Siting of Water Wells.........................................................................25
6.4.8 Protecting a Spring....................................................................................26
6.4.9 The Management and Use of Stream Water..............................................26
6.4.10 Protecting Pond Water...............................................................................26
6.4.11 Using Rain Water......................................................................................27
6.4.12 Water Purification......................................................................................27
6.4.13 Primary Health Service.............................................................................27

7. Environmental Management Plan.....................................................28
7.1 Impact Summary.................................................................................................28
7.2 Itemization of Steps of Mitigation......................................................................28
7.3 Implementation Action Plan...............................................................................28
7.4 Organization of Information and Presentation of Reports..................................28
7.5 Monitoring and Evaluation.................................................................................29

8. Relevant Legal and Policy Provisions................................................29
8.1 The Constitution.................................................................................................29

8.1.1 The Right to Property................................................................................29
8.1.2 Rights to life, the Security of Person and Liberty (Article 14)..................31
8.1.3 Right to Life (Article 15)...........................................................................31
8.1.4 Freedom of Religion, Belief and Opinion.................................................31
8.1.5 Right of Thought, Opinion and Expression...............................................32
8.1.6 Freedom of Association (Article 31).........................................................32
8.1.7 Freedom of Movement..............................................................................32
8.1.8 Rights of Women.......................................................................................33
8.1.9 Right of Access to Justice..........................................................................34
8.1.10 Rights of Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples...........................................35
8.1.11 Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.......................................................35
8.1.12 The Right to Development.........................................................................36
8.1.13 Environmental Rights................................................................................37

8.2 Environmental Policy.........................................................................................37
8.2.1 Soil Husbandry and Sustainable Agriculture.............................................38
8.2.2 Forest, Woodland and Tree Resources......................................................39
8.2.3 Genetic, Species and Ecosystem Biodiversity...........................................40
8.2.4 Water Resources........................................................................................41
8.2.5 Cultural and Natural Heritage....................................................................42
8.2.6 Community Participation and the Environment........................................42

2


3


Introduction

The vegetation cover of our country has been empoverished; soil fertility

has decreased; soil erosion has not been contained and springs are drying

up. Because of these reasons, the population's capacity has been sapped.

Millions of our compatriots have gone hungry, have been forced to

migrate and have died. This has exacerbated environmental degradation.

Various national policies, strategies and programmes have been

formulated and are being implemented to counter the impact of recurrent

droughts and to bring about food sovereignty. One of the programmes is

that of giving people who are prone to exposure to serious problems of

survival the chance to resettle in better areas. This is to be based on their

own wish and initiative.

It is appropriate to try to bring about the sustainable development

envisaged by the settlers. Therefore, it is essential to predict any negative

impacts of the development activities that will take place in settlement

areas and correct them. It is, therefore, equally necessary to put in place a

social, economic and environmental impact assessment system to enable

the incorporation of corrections at the planning stage. This should be

supplemented by an audit system to make the implementation sensitive to

needed modifications. These guidelines for environmental, social and

economic impact assessment are aimed at doing that.

1


1. Aim

These guidelines aim at strengthening the positive impacts and

reducing to the minimum, and where possible eliminating, the

negative impacts of social and economic activities on environmental

well-being and human health in settlement areas.

2. Main Principles

Any development initiative planned for implementation in a

settlement area should adhere to the following principles starting at its

inception and going through to its planning and implementation

stages.

2.1 Voluntary and Informed Consultation

The implementation of a settlement programme should be planned

through a consultation process involving both settlers and receiving

communities. There should be transparent, detailed and all-

inclusive discussions among the settlers, receiving communities

and others concerned. The participation of all concerned in the

planning, implementation and monitoring and control of the

economic and social development activities helps maximize

possible options as well as choose the most effective among those

options. For this participation to be effective, all sides have to

obtain in advance accurate information and analysis concerning

2


the settlers, the recipient communities and the status of the natural

resources of the settlement areas.

2.2 The Objective of Improving Life Sustainably

The action taken in a settlement area should free citizens from

dependency on aid caused by human induced environmental

deterioration or by drought so that they may maintain themselves

sustainably through their own efforts. This makes it essential to

implement plans that spring from the communities themselves and

are in harmony with the ecosystem dynamics as well as being

consistent with the national vision of development. Therefore, all

plans should incorporate the requisite environmental

considerations. The action for environmental protection should be

planned and implemented in such a way as to create economic

capacity. For this to be possible, the capacity of the local

administration, and especially that of the settlers, to plan and

implement should be developed. However, this capacity should be

built on the endogenous initiative of the local community itself and

should not be imposed from outside.

2.3 Environmental Sustainability

The economic and social development activities carried out in a

settlement area should be based on a coherent environmental

3


management plan that enhances the quality of the environment

and maximizes its productivity sustainably. Special care and

protection must be given to fragile natural and human made

environments that can be easily damaged or destroyed and cannot

be easily replaced. Therefore, consultations should be carried out

on the environmental, economic, social and cultural impacts of any

activity aimed at implementing the settlement programme. This is a

necessary precondition for precaution. Similarly, a utilization and

management plan of the area should be prepared based on the

environmental audit of any activity being undertaken to implement

the settlement programme.

2.4 Cooperation, Self-reliance and Cost-sharing

The implementation of a settlement programme should involve the

settlers, the receiving local community, governmental and other

actors in a cooperative and mutually supportive interaction. It

should first use the development potential of the settler community.

It is more important to realize that it is the settlers that can, and

have the prime responsibility to, put in place all requirements for

living rather than insisting that all the requirements be already

ready before the settlement programme starts being implemented.

The Settlement programme should foster self-reliance and

eliminate the spirit of dependency. Great care should be taken not

to present the settlement process as a welfare programme based on

4


endless largesse. It should be viewed as an outcome of the

settlers’own efforts with help being only temporary and only

aimed at enabling self-reliance. Therefore, the settlers should

provide the labour needed to collect the materials that can be found

locally and should reduce the cost of implementation and thus

clearly fulfill their cost-sharing responsibility.

2.5 Community-led Administration, Transparency and
Responsibility

A part of a population the members of which are found in a distinct

area, believe that they have a common heritage, are bound together

by the same language and customs, and, in general, by a common

culture, constitutes a community. We call the members that live in

a specified part of the area occupied by a community a local

community.

Paragraph 3 of Article 39 of the Constitution [Refer to Section

8.1.10.3] gives the complete right of self-administration to every

community. Therefore, it is appropriate that members of a

community organize themselves to bring about their own

sustainable development and to care for the wellbeing of their

environment. The factors that determine sustainable development

and environmental management vary from place to place. The

organization of the community also thus needs to vary its nature

5


from place to place. This makes the organization of a local

community the functional unit of the community. It also makes the

bylaws for the self-administration of a local community the main

instrument for enforcing the right of a community to self-

administration. So long as no provisions of the Constitution or any

other law are not contravened during formulation or enforcement,

therefore, local community bylaws for self-administration enable

the community to collectively promote the realization of its right to

use, write and develop its language; to express, develop and expand

its culture; as well as to expound its history.

Local community bylaws for self-administration enable the forging

of cooperation based on common interest between neighboring

local communities or between settler and receiving local

communities. They also help develop and apply new and

constructive amalgams of culture and traditions for unified action.

Article 37 of the Constitution [Refer to Section 8.1.9] empowers any

association to seek justice from any legally constituted judiciary so

as to protect the private or collective interests of its membership.

Article 31 of the Constitution [Refer to Section 8.1.6] gives the right

to any component of the population to organize itself to achieve any

common objective so long as it is within the law. Therefore, it is

appropriate that local community to organizes itself and uses the

rights given to associations to enforce the rights of the community

of which it is a part.

6


For these reasons, the capacities of local communities should be

developed to use their rights to become the leading actors in their

own affairs and thus to manage their own environments according

to systems of their own making based on the national vision.

Settlers and the receiving local community that live together in a

locality should thus manage their daily environmental, social and

economic life together as a reconstituted local community through

a system they themselves have created, led by their own

representatives elected by them. This should be achieved through

combining the useful elements of the local community's customary

practices or through the local community itself formulating a new

set of bylaws and having them written. The written local

community bylaws should then be given recognition at, and their

enforcement supported by, all levels of governance.

This process makes transparency and answerability essential

characteristics of the formulation and implementation of any action

plan of the settlement programme. The implementation of

settlement activities and the sustainability of development plans

should be clearly visible to both the settlers and the receiving local

community. Any individual who commits a crime should be

subjected to the law; and the law should consist of both those

enactments that have been issued nationally and the local

community's bylaws.

7


2.6 Improvement and Enrichment of Implementation
through Action and Experience

The settlement programme should be enriched and improved using

knowledge gained through implementation, monitoring and

control. The implementation should vary according to what the

diversity in time and space calls for. For this reason, resettlement

should not take place in one go but should rather be initiated by

family or local community representatives and, upon evaluation

and realization of its effectiveness, the accumulated positive

experience can be used to develop a strategy for a more extensive

implementation.

3. Essential Preconditions for a Settlement programme

The following are issues that require attention for the success of the

implementation of the settlement programme.

3.1 Prepare both settler and receiving local communities

psychologically so that they can join together and support each

other for their common good;

3.2 Facilitate an exploratory visit of the settlement area by

representatives of settler individuals or local communities and their

consent to be resettled;

3.3 Inform each settler of the size of the land she/he will use and of the

security of the access she/he will be granted to that land;

8


3.4 Facilitate the formulation and implementation of land use plans

and environmental management through the local community's

own initiative and direct participation, as well as the resolution in a

similar manner of conflicts that may arise from land use;

3.5 Ensure that any plan that is formulated to improve infrastructure

and economic services is implementable;

3.6 Provide incentives for the development in each village of sectors of

employment that reduce pressure from land and sustainably

enhance the economic capacity of the local community;

3.7 Ensure in advance that any support given to a local community

because it is indispensable at the initial stage in the settlement

process, far from fostering dependency, enables it to become self

reliant;

4. Action Needed to Ensure Sustainability

The empoverishment of vegetation cover and the consequent soil

erosion by water and wind in and around each village can be avoided

through helping the village community organize itself, raise its

awareness and build its capacity to take the cooperative action it

believes in. The reduction in the empoverishment of vegetation cover

and soil erosion following increased capacity for action also eases the

problem of reducing water availability. Therefore, activities aimed at

enhancing the environmental quality of a settlement area could focus

on the following issues. These activities need to be carried out in

conjunction with those given under the headings of soil 9husbandry

9


and sustainable agriculture, forest and tree resources, water resources,

genetic, species and ecosystem biodiversity, cultural and natural

heritage and community participation and the environment in Annex 2

to this document.

4.1 Firewood Supply

A major improvement in vegetation cover will take place if each

farmer were to plant trees for firewood to be used at home and sold

in the market.

4.2 Restoration of Vegetation Cover by Stopping Free range
Grazing

If either each farmer or the community as a whole were to keep

domestic animals in a defined area and each farmer were to cut and

carry feed for his/her animals, the vegetation cover of the land

would be restored in a one-, two- or three- year time.

4.3 Forest and Park Protection

In order to protect existing forests and parks, consultations should

be carried out involving all concerned starting from the village to

the Regional administration to demarcate areas for protection by

each village or district (kebele). This will make it possible to protect

biodiversity found outside national forests and parks.

4.4 Protection of River and Water Channel Banks

10


In order to develop a system of protecting the banks of rivers,

streams and other water channels based on the wish of the

community, consultations should be carried out based on

knowledge and information which is as complete as possible. If the

local community 's wish is then enshrined in its bylaws and these

are enforced, the protection will become sustainable.

4.5 Rehabilitation of Land Affected by Gullies

Water flow should be prevented from gullying the land. To achieve

this, it is necessary to conduct field visits, consult with local

communities, terrace the whole country and especially ensure that

the consultations to this effect are carried out everywhere where

the land is uneven.

4.6 The Conservation and Development of Crop and
Animal Biodiversity

Consultations should take place within each local community to

develop systems of conserving each crop variety and animal breed.

New ideas in conservation can be introduced during these

consultations. These varieties and breeds and other interventions

consciously put in place can be used to improve soil fertility.

Chemical fertilizer could be included judiciously. The whole

combination can generate recipes for a sustainable soil fertility

increase. The biodiversity can then provide varieties and breeds

11


that are appropriate for the increased soil fertility and thus increase

production.


4.7 The Discontinuation of the Use of Dangerous

Chemicals

In cooperation with international organizations mandated to

protect the environment, we should discontinue through

substitution the use of dangerous pesticides that poison the

environment, e.g. DDT.

4.8 The Appropriate Use of Chemical Inputs

To prevent water and soil contamination with the increased use of

chemical fertilizer and pesticides, regular monitoring is required.

This should be followed by the development of appropriate

protective strategies and laws and their implementation and

enforcement.

5. Sectors in which Capacity Building is Required for the
Implementation of the Settlement Programme

The capacity building required for the implementation of the

Settlement Programme is likely to be in the following areas:

5.1 Matching the human resources with the natural resources

available;

5.2 Hygienic water availability and liquid waste disposal service;

5.3 Public health and family planning service;

12


5.4 Education and training;

5.5 Credit facilities;

5.6 The creation of alternative employment;

5.7 Provision of energy resources;

5.8 Disaster early warning and preparedness system;

5.9 The planning, implementation and monitoring of environmental

management.

6. Impact Assessment of a Settlement Programme

An impact assessment needs to be carried out on the planned activities

aimed at implementing the settlement programme in order to predict

their positive and negative impacts on the environment, and on social

and economic conditions so as to strengthen the positive and, when

possible avoid (or at least minimize) the negative consequences. An

impact statement is then prepared based on the assessment. The

statement may be compiled under the following headings:

6.1 Social Issues

A new settlement area is usually not devoid of people; the local

community that has been in the area will continue in that area.

Therefore, there will be some social issues that affect the settlers and

the receiving community differently and others that affect them both

similarly. Even the settlers will usually have come from diverse local

communities. Therefore, settlement areas cannot be taken as socially

13


homogenous. This makes social issues play critical roles in settlement

areas.

6.1.1 Human Population

It is essential to plan the implementation so as to keep the size of

the human population within the carrying capacity of the

environment. As a first step, the population should be categorized

into groups of similar condition. This will enable the identification

of the existing labour force and those that require assistance. This

will in turn enable the planning of alternative employment. The

categories could thus show population size, age, gender, family

status, the number that needs aid, immigration, educational status,

geographic distribution in the settlement area etc.

6.1.2 Environmental Hygiene

Factors that reduce health should be removed, environmental

hygiene should be maintained and health services should be made

available so as to improve the health of the population. Traditional

systems of health care should be strengthened. This will require

organizing local communities and individuals that have traditional

medical knowledge. This will help conserve biodiversity, save

foreign currency and expand health services using existing

economic capacity. Parallel to this, modern health facilities should

be created and strengthened. Special attention should be paid to

HIV/AIDs, especially in the 15-34 year-old age group, under

nutrition and malnutrition, communicable diseases including

14


malaria, venereal diseases, and ailments associated with pesticide

use, the handling and use of chemical fertilizers, the use of

containers that had chemicals in them and the handling and use of

agricultural implements.

6.1.3 Gender Equity

Any attempt at development should aim at equal access to men and

women. Various cultures view women as inferior. This has to

change. Some of the issues that must be considered in bringing

about gender equity include the division of labour between the

sexes especially in the homestead, access to natural resources

based on gender equality, women's participation in the society and

in environmental management, family planning, HIV/AIDs, the

types and capacities of women's organizations in the area, the

creation and strengthening of programmes and projects for

strengthening women's capacities.

6.1.4 People's Participation

Participation is decisive for the success or failure of any planning

and implementation. When planning the implementation of a

settlement programme, the participation of all stakeholders that

can contribute knowledge or experience, including farmers, civil

servants, employees of non-governmental organizations, various

experts, traders and renouned individuals, will help ensure success.

6.1.5 Identification of Institutions

15


There are both formal and informal institution in any community.

Enlisting the support of these institutions in the planning and

execution of the implementation of the development programme of

the settlement area is essential. The main institutions that require

attention include government institutions, professional

associations, religious organizations, district ( kebele) offices,

farmers’ associations, and non-governmental organizations. After

these organizations have been identified, agreement should be

made with each of them as to what activities they will carry out and

what they will monitor.

6.1.6 The Sustainable Development Bylaw of the Local Community

Local communities need to care for their communal natural

resources and take development action that concerns them all

collectively. Among the activities that require collective action, the

main ones include soil and water conservation, the management of

community grazing land, the management of community areas

closed off to grazing for cutting and carrying forage and for

producing wood; the management of protected forests and parks;

water development; compost preparation; rehabilitating gullies;

protecting and reforesting hillsides; recognizing individuals with

outstanding contributions to managing and using private or

community holdings etc. Bylaws are needed to give legal basis for

collective decisions to coordinate action in these areas, to create a

16


system of community-wide monitoring and evaluation of action

taken, to raise financial resources for community use, and to

withstand droughts cooperatively. These bylaws should be given

legal recognition and their enforcement supported at the district

( kebele) level and above. For this to be possible, the bylaws must be

consistent with national law.

6.1.7 Prevention of Conflict within the Community

Conflicts can arise from the use of natural resources, cultural

diversity, differences in religion or other social relations. It is

preferable to anticipate and prevent such conflicts by removing

their causes. It is thus advisable to give priority to traditional

systems of conflict resolution.

6.2 Economic Issues

The settler should be given sufficient information to enable her/him

to decide on what economic activity to focus upon to increase

income. However, the initial focus will have to be on sectors that

can absorb large numbers of people but can also enhance

environmental management.

6.2.1 Capacity Building

It is useful to create a consultation forum for analysing the impacts

of the implementation plan of a settlement programme. Experts

and other stakeholders that can help look for corrective measures

17


for the negative impacts should participate in the consultations.

Following the expression of the wish of the local community, it will

be appropriate to correct the negative impacts including through

the provision of technical assistance.

Among the issues that may need technical assistance are the

provision of essential implements, produce storage technologies,

training identified by the local community as required, marketing

and credit services, renewable energy supply (e.g biogas, solar,

hydropower), water supply for human and animal use as well as for

irrigation and sanitation, latrine construction, solid waste stowage,

the recycling of solid and liquid wastes hygienically and their

disposal when deemed necessary, access to health service

institutions (hospital, health centre, health station, pharmacy,etc.),

educational institutions, and communication facilities (telephone,

post office).

6.2.2 Community Sustainable Development Fund

It would be very helpful to establish a Community Sustainable

Development Fund to strengthen the economic capacity of the local

community in the settlement area. The primary source of finance

for this Fund will be the settler and receiving communities

themselves. However, the Fund may also obtain contributions both

from within the country and from abroad. The Community

Sustainable Development Fund will create in the community the

18


ability to withstand unexpected difficulties. But it will especially

enable it to plan and undertaken activities essential for sustainable

development which will not produce results in the short run.

Among the activities that can benefit from the Community

Sustainable Fund, the following can be given as examples: to

develop a sustainable animal feed source, to fortify and protect

springs, to protect and devolope slopes, to rehabilitate gullied

areas, to protect denuded areas from animal and human impact

and thus rehabilitate them, to provide credit services to members,

to make agricultural inputs available to members, to undertake

other development activities, to prepare and take agricultural

produce to the market.

6.3 Ecological Issues

The receiving local community in a settlement area will have been

having its own ecological impact on the area. The incoming settlers

are bound to exacerbate these impacts. They may even produce

totally new impacts. Therefore, ecological considerations play a

critical role in the sustainability of the settlement.

6.3.1 Criteria for Choosing Settlement Areas

The following criteria should be considered when selecting a

settlement area:

6.3.1.1 The fertility of the soil;

19


6.3.1.2 The capacity of the area to support the receiving

community and the settlers, together with expected

increase from population growth, materially and

socially in the next 10 years;

6.3.1.3 Adequacy of rainfall or water resource;

6.3.1.4 Availability of land for grazing or forage production;

6.3.1.5 Availability or potential for production of energy and

construction materials;

6.3.1.6 Absence of any novel negative effects on humans,

domestic animals or corps that the settlers are not

familiar with;

6.3.1.7 The potential to rehabilitate the environment in the

event of damage;

6.3.1.8 Safety from flooding, earthquakes, and landslides.

6.3.2 Water Resources and Aquatic Resources

Because water bodies, including rivers, lakes and marshes, have

ecological, economic, social and cultural values, they have to be

appropriately protected and used. Likewise, aquatic resources, e.g.

fish, papyrus, have economic, cultural and ecological uses. But they

can be easily destroyed. Therefore, they should be handled with

care. A manual to help in their use should be prepared and

appropriate training should be given to the users.

6.3.3 Natural Scenic Sites

20


Naturally scenic sites may attract tourists and create employment

for members of the local community. A manual should be prepared

to help in their protection especially from pollution associated

tourism, and appropriate training should be given to the local

community.

6.3.4 Wood Demand and Supply

So as to protect forests from decimation and tree biodiversity from

elimination, each family should plant the trees it needs for

firewood, construction and the market around the homstead or in

plots set aside for it for the purpose.

6.3.5 Forest Development

Community forest development should take place in slopes and

other areas not suitable for agriculture. This will help maintain

ecological balance while providing animal feed and wood for fuel

and construction and thus also yield income for the local

community. Even if the whole area turns out to be suitable for crop

cultivation, a part of it should be delimited and protected for

afforestation. This will help maintain its ecological balance and

increase the productivity of the whole area.

6.3.6 Crop Production

A system of environmental management that protects the soil from

fertility loss should be instituted in each settlement area.

Specifically, the settlers and the receiving community members

21


individually or in groups should collect biomass and prepare

compost to raise and maintain soil fertility.

6.3.7 Appropriate Use of Chemical Fertilizer and other Agrochemicals

When settlers and the receiving community use chemical fertilizer

to increase their production, care should be taken so as to use the

fertilizer appropriate for the soil and prevent disturbance of the

ecological balance of the area as well as damage downstream to

aquatic biological resources from the fertilizer washed off from the

fields. Some agrochemicals, e.g. pesticides, kill living things and

they should thus be used only with great care.

6.3.8 Domestic Animals

The farmers and pastoralists of our country feed their domestic

animals by letting them graze freely in natural grasslands.

Overgrazing prevents the grass from growing. This causes

ecological instability. Therefore, it is essential to help them develop

the culture of keeping their animals tethered or free only in

restricted areas and feed them by cutting and carrying fodder. This

will often require the deliberate production of forage crops.

6.3.9 Energy Source

It would be more economically cost-effective to use animal (cattle,

sheep, goats, camels) droppings to produce biogas in a digester, use

the biogas for fuel and the slurry for fertilizer than to burn dried

animal dung.

22


6.3.10 Composting

The settlers and receiving community should be helped to develop

the skill to make compost out of household organic waste,

byproducts of home brewed beer, animal urine and droppings,

trampled feed remains, other agricultural waste, weeds and other

herbs and leaver and apply it in their fields. This would free them

from the need to buy chemical fertilizer to raise their agricultural

production. It would also help protect water from pollution and

maintain environmental hygiene and the ecological balance of the

area. It is essential to prepare a composting manual and to use it to

train the local communities. An organization called the Institute for

Sustainable Development has already prepared such a manual. The

usefulness of compost would be more quickly and more widely

known in the country if composting were offered in farmer training

schools as a regular subject.

6.3.11 Alien Invasive Plants

Care should be taken to prevent useless, or even more so harmful,

alien invasive plants from being brought into the settlement areas

by the settlers and causing harm through invading grazing areas,

forage production areas, protected areas, water bodies, marshes

etc. If a plant species becomes perceived as invasive, its usefulness

and harm should be compared and, it found harmful, it should be

destroyed through concerted campaigns.

23


6.3.12 Forest Fires

Fires lit to rid grazing grounds of ticks as well as to remove silicified

grass so as to encourage palatable young growth should be carefully

controlled so that they do not get out of control and cause

unintended forest damage. If the grass is cut for hay before it is

silicified, the problem will be solved. Grass species that cannot be

made into hay can be uprooted when still small and deliberately

replaced by appropriate species.


6.4 Environmental Hygiene

Issues that require attention to spare settlers and receiving

communities from diseases and to protect the environment when

settlers go into a new areas are detailed as follows.

6.4.1 Solid Waste Recycling, Stowage, Management and Disposal

The solid waste that originates from the home and the compound

has to be recycled when possible, and otherwise be disposed

without affecting human health and without polluting ground or

surface water. Solid wastes originating from the home consists of

peels and bits of fruits and vegetables, fragments swept from the

floor, ash, leaves and roots and the like. Those originating from the

compound include leaves shed from trees, trampled feed remains,

larger domestic animal and chicken droppings and the like. These

wastes can be put into a compost pit or heap and be used as

fertilizer. A manual should be prepared and the communities

24


trained to do this. Plastic bags and other plastic wastes should be

separated and kept. They should not be burnt as they are a health

hazard. If composting is not possible, any solid waste should be

covered and stowed away until it is taken away to the prescribed

spot for being burnt. But solid wastes that can rot away can be

buried in a hole in the ground and covered with soil. Dry solid

wastes can be burnt carefully in a hole in the ground so that the fire

will not go out of control and cause damage.

If wheel barrows that can be pushed by hand or carts that can be

drawn by animals are available, the work can be made easier.

However, since the daily production of solid wasted from a

homstead is likely to be small, human porterage will probably

suffice. In order to keep a settlement area clean and to keep

monitoring its cleanliness, it would be good to train from within the

community individuals that can train the whole community on

environmental hygiene. When seen as necessary, the whole

community can also carry out cleanliness campaigns.

6.4.2 Liquid Waste Recycling, Management and Disposal

Liquid waste originates from bathing, laundry and washing up

household ware. The water that flows out of a compound during

rains is also liquid waste. When the quantity of liquid waste

increases, so does the risk of water body contamination. Water that

is thus contaminated becomes dangerous and unusable. When

liquid waste forms pools, it acts as a breeding medium for disease

25


vectors. Therefore, liquid waste from a settlement should be made

to flow away through a canal (or canals) into a seepage pit. The

construction of a seepage pit should be appropriate for the amount

of liquid waste and the type of soil. The pit is dug, and layers of

large stones, pebbles and sand put into it successively.

The liquid waste that comes out of a latrine and an animal pen is

best used as raw material for biogas or compost making.

6.4.3 Site Choice and Latrine Construction

If human waste produced in settlements is not appropriately

disposed, it is washed off by rain and pollutes water bodies. The

users of the water will then risk illness. Latrines should thus be

constructed and there should be no one without access to a latrine.

If possible, the latrines should be connected to digesters to produce

both biogas and slurry as organic fertilizer. As a minimum, they

should be connected to a compost pit and the human waste should

be used to produce compost. This will render the human waste

harmless and will produce organic fertilizer.

When a latrine site is chosen, care should be taken to prevent water

contamination. The spot should be one into which water does not

flow. It should not risk flooding. It should be 20-30 meters away

from any building. A latrine should be dug at least 30 meters away

from, and be positioned below, any well, spring, stream, pond or

other water body. The wind direction should be noted and the spot

26


should be far enough from any house so that the surrounding is

free from smell for at least 20-30 meters. The depth will depend on

the soil type, but it should not be deeper than 3-5 meters.

A latrine should be fitted with a ventilation tube to remove the

smell. The tube should be covered by a mesh. This will release the

oderous gases above human height while preventing flies from

coming down into the latrine.

6.4.4 Animal Pens and Feeding Places

The animal pen where they stay the night should be different from

their feeding place. Animal droppings, urine and trodden feed

remains should be collected daily and put into the compost pit or

pile. If biogas is being made the cattle droppings should be put into

the digestor.

6.4.5 The Handling and Use of Pesticides and Chemical Fertilizers

Even though it is desirable that farmers use pesticides to protect

crops and chemical fertilizers to increase production, inappropriate

handling and use can result in soil and water pollution. Human

health and life can also be endangered. To avoid these possibilities,

it is essential that regular expert advise be made available on the

handling and use of agrochemicals. Parallel with this, farmers

should be taught harm-free traditional technologies so that they

may be able to stop using dangerous chemicals.

27


6.4.6 Protection of Water Bodies

It is a fact that all organisms need water to go on living. Care should

be taken to ensure that the water required for drinking, food

preparation and sanitation is in sufficient amount and clean.

Otherwise, damage to health from unclean water can be serious.

Water for various uses is obtained from wells, springs, streams,

ponds, or rain. When settlement sites are being selected, the

quantity and the quality of water that can be found should be an

important consideration.

6.4.7 The Siting of Water Wells

The following basic issues have to be considered when digging a

well. The surrounding area has to be clean. The well has to be far

from any solid or liquid waste. It has to be at least 30 meters away,

and uphill and never downhill from the nearest latrine. This is to

avoid the pollution of the well water.

6.4.8 Protecting a Spring

No latrine should be built, no waste should be disposed and no

animals should wander near a spring, and especially above it. The

spring should be protected all round by a wall so that no dirty

runoff may contaminate it directly or by percolating into the soil.

Trees and shrubs, especially Eucalyptus, should not be allowed to

grow near the spring. This is to protect it from drying up through

transpiration.

28


6.4.9 The Management and Use of Stream Water

Stream water can easily be polluted by both solid and liquid wastes

as well as by the inappropriate use of pesticides and fertilizers. The

ecological balance of the stream will then be disturbed and it will

become harmful to humans and animals. But these problems can

be mitigated. The part of the stream from which household water

will be drawn can be protected. Bathing and laundry can be

restricted to parts downstream from it. Animals can drink far

enough further downstream from the laundry and bathing section

so that the steam can purify the water sufficiently. The use of

pesticides and chemical fertilizers in the vicinity of the stream have

to be supervised by experts. This will prevent pollution and will

reduce expenditure since the agrochemicals will be used

economically.

6.4.10 Protecting Pond Water

Since water comes into the pond from a relatively large catchment

area, the likelihood is high that pond water will be polluted.

Therefore, it becomes safer for human use if the water is percolated

through a bed of sand overlaying pebbles and made to flow into a

well for storage awaiting use. If the climate allows, it would help

purify the water if Moringa trees were planted and the seeds

pounded and mixed into the water and kept for a while before use.

6.4.11 Using Rain Water

29


Rain water can be harvested from roofs and be directly used

provided that it is kept clean. The roof gutters and drain pipes may

have had dust and bird droppings and other kinds of dirt.

Therefore, it is essential to allow the rain water to wash them off

before starting to collect it.

6.4.12 Water Purification

When possible, the quality of water should be attested by experts

before using it starts. If its cleanliness is not certain, it should be

treated by experts with antibacterial agents. Such purification is

needed also after any repair work that might have contaminated the

water supply.

6.4.13 Primary Health Service

There should be a primary health care system to protect the

population, especially the settlers who are new to the area, from

new health problems and communicable diseases. It may be

necessary to spray against disease vectors and to use medicated

nets to make beds insect-proof before people sleep in them. It may

also be necessary to clean or drain areas where disease vectors

breed. All the members of the local community should be taught so

that they clearly appreciate the ways that HIV is transmitted and the

use and disposal of condoms to counter its spread.

7. Environmental Management Plan

30


This section summarizes in broad terms the issue to consider in

monitoring the effects of any action aimed at eliminating or reducing

the negative environmental impact of any settlement plan.

7.1 Impact Summary

An impact summary contains the main negative environmental and

social impacts anticipated to result from the implementation of a

planned activity.

7.2 Itemization of Steps of Mitigation

The steps to be taken to mitigate each negative impact anticipated

from the implementation of a planned activity have to be itemized.

7.3 Implementation Action Plan

An implementation Action Plan is prepared for the planned activity

and for the mitigation steps of each negative impact anticipated

from the activity. The action plan has to show in tables each step to

be taken, the responsible person for it, and the time it will take to

be accomplished.

7.4 Organization of Information and Presentation of

Reports

The Implementation Action Plan has to specify how information is

to be organized, managed and distributed. It has also to show the

conditions that make it necessary to submit reports in writing.

31


7.5 Monitoring and Evaluation

It is best if the monitoring and evaluation of activities in a

settlement area is carried out by a committee whose members are

drawn from stakeholders. The main stakeholders that should be

represented in this committee are the settler community, the

receiving community, governmental institutions, farmers’

associations and district (kebele) offices. It would be appropriate if

this committee were to develop the monitoring system it will use

and to evaluate the effectiveness of the development and

environmental management activities every quarter or half year.

8. Relevant Legal and Policy Provisions

For ease of reference, the main relevant provisions of the Constitution

and the Environmental Policy of the Federal Democratic Republic of

Ethiopia are being reproduced here.

8.1 The Constitution

The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

has many provisions that can be used to contribute to the success of

the resettlement programme.

8.1.1 The Right to Property

8.1.1.1 Article 40 (1) Every Ethiopian citizen has the right to the

ownership of private property. Unless prescribed otherwise

by law on account of public interest, this right shall include

32


the right to acquire, to use and, in a manner compatible

with the rights of other citizens, to dispose of such property

by sale or bequest or to transfer it otherwise.

8.1.1.2 Article 40 (2) “Private property”, for the purpose of this

Article, shall mean any tangible or intangible product which

has value and is produced by the labour, creativity,

enterprise or capital of an individual citizen, associations

which enjoy juridical personality under the law, or in

appropriate circumstances, by communities specifically

empowered by law to own property in common.

8.1.1.3 Article 40 (3) The right to ownership of rural and urban

land, as well as of all natural resources, is exclusively vested

in the State and in the peoples of Ethiopia. Land is a

common property of the Nations, Nationalities and Peoples

of Ethiopia and shall not be subject to sale or to other means

of exchange.

8.1.1.4 Article 40 (4) Ethiopian peasants have right to obtain land

without payment and the protection against eviction from

their possession. The implementation of this provision shall

be specified by law.

8.1.1.5 Article 40 (5) Ethiopian pastoralists have the right to free

land for grazing and cultivation as well as the right not to be

displaced from their own lands. The implementation shall

be specified by law.

33


8.1.2 Rights to life, the Security of Person and Liberty (Article 14)

Every person has the inviolable and inalienable right to life, the

security of person and liberty.

8.1.3 Right to Life (Article 15)

Every person has the right to life. No person may be deprived of his

life except as a punishment for a serious criminal offence

determined by law.

8.1.4 Freedom of Religion, Belief and Opinion

8.1.4.1 Article 27 (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of thought,

conscience and religion. This right shall include the

freedom to hold or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice,

and the freedom, either individually or in community with

others, and in public or private, to manifest his religion or

belief in worship, observance, practice and teaching.

8.1.4.2 Article 27 (2) Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-

Article 2 of Article 90, [of the Constitution] believers may

establish institutions of religious education and

administration in order to propagate and organize their

religion.

8.1.4.3 Article 27 (3) No one shall be subject to coercion or other

means which would restrict or prevent his freedom to hold

a belief of his choice.

34


8.1.4.4 Article 27 (4) Parents and legal guardians have the right to

bring up their children ensuring their religious and moral

education in conformity with their own convictions.

8.1.4.5 Article 27 (5) Freedom to express or manifest one’s religion or

belief may be subject only to such limitations as are

prescribed by law and are necessary to protect public

safety, peace, health, education, public morality or the

fundamental rights and freedoms of others, and to ensure

the independence of the state from religion.

8.1.5 Right of Thought, Opinion and Expression

8.1.5.1 Article 29 (1) Everyone has the right to hold opinions

without interference.

8.1.5.2 Article 29 (2) Everyone has the right to freedom of

expression without any interference. This right shall

include freedom to seek, receive and impart information

and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally,

in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any

media of his choice.

8.1.6 Freedom of Association (Article 31)

Every person has the right to freedom of association for any cause

or purpose. Organizations formed, in violation of appropriate laws,

or to illegally subvert the constitutional order, or which promote

such activities are prohibited.

35


8.1.7 Freedom of Movement

8.1.7.1 Article 32 (1) Any Ethiopian or foreign national lawfully in

Ethiopia has, within the national territory, the right to

liberty of movement and freedom to choose his residence,

as well as the freedom to leave the country at any time he

wishes to.

8.1.7.2 Article 32 (2) Any Ethiopian national has the right to return to

his country.

8.1.8 Rights of Women

8.1.8.1 Article 35 (1) Women shall, in the enjoyment of rights and

protections provided for by this Constitution, have equal

right[s] with men.

8.1.8.2 Article 35 (2) Women have equal rights with men in

marriage as prescribed by this Constitution.

8.1.8.3 Article 35 (3) The historical legacy of inequality and

discrimination suffered by women in Ethiopia taken into

account, women, in order to remedy this legacy, are entitled

to affirmative measures. The purpose of such measures

shall be to provide special attention to women so as to

enable them [to] compete and participate on the basis of

equality with men in political, social and economic life as

well as in public and private institutions.

8.1.8.4 Article 35 (4) The State shall enforce the right of women to

eliminate the influences of harmful customs. Laws, customs

36


and practices that oppress or cause bodily or mental harm

to women are prohibited.

8.1.8.5 Article 35 (5) (a) Women have the right to maternity leave

with full pay. The duration of maternity leave shall be

determined by law taking into account the nature of the

work, the health of the mother and the well-being of the

child and family.

(b) Maternity leave may, in Accordance with the provisions

of law, include prenatal leave with full pay.

8.1.8.6 Article 35 (6) Women have the right to full consultation in

the formulation of national development policies, the

designing and execution of projects, and particularly in the

case of projects affecting the interests of women.

8.1.8.7 Article 35 (7) Women have the right to acquire, administer,

control, use and transfer property. In particular, they have

equal rights with me with respect to use, transfer,

administration and control of land. They shall also enjoy

equal treatment in the inheritance of property.

8.1.8.8 Article 35 (8) Women shall have a right to equality in

employment, promotion, pay, and the transfer of pension

entitlements.

8.1.8.9 Article 35 (9) To prevent harm arising from pregnancy and

childbirth and in order to safeguard their health, women

have the right of access to family planning education,

information and capacity.

37


8.1.9 Right of Access to Justice

8.1.9.1 Article 37 (1) Everyone has the right to bring a justiciable

matter to, and to obtain a decision or judgement by, a court

of law or any other competent body with judicial power.

8.1.9.2 Article 37 (2) The decision of judgement referred to under

sub-Article 1 of this Article [8.1.9.1] may also be sought by:

(a) Any association representing the Collective or

individual interest of its members; or

(b) Any group or person who is a member of, or represents

a group with similar interests.

8.1.10 Rights of Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples

8.1.10.1 Article 39 (2) Every Nation, Nationality and People in

Ethiopia has the right to speak, to write and to develop its

own language; to express, to develop and to promote its

culture; and to preserve its history.

8.1.10.2 Article 39 (3) Every Nation, Nationality and People in

Ethiopia has the right to a full measure of self-government

which includes the right to establish institutions of

government in the territory that it inhabits and to equitable

representation in state and Federal governments.

8.1.11 Economic, Social and Cultural Rights


38


8.1.11.1 Article 41 (1) Every Ethiopian has the right to engage freely

in economic activity and to pursue a livelihood of his choice

anywhere within the national territory.

8.1.11.2 Article 41 (2) Every Ethiopian has the right to choose his or

her means of livelihood, occupation and profession.

8.1.11.3 Article 41 (3) Every Ethiopian national has the right to equal

access to publicly funded social services.

8.1.11.4 Article 41 (4) The State has the obligation to allocate ever

increasing resources to provide to the public health,

education and other social services.

8.1.11.5 Article 41 (5) The State shall, within available means,

allocate resources to provide rehabilitation and assistance

to the physically and mentally disabled, the aged, and to

children who are left without parent or guardian.

8.1.11.6 Article 41 (6) The State shall pursue policies which aim to

expand job opportunities for the unemployed and the poor

and shall accordingly undertake programmes and public

works projects.

8.1.11.7 Article 41 (7) The State shall undertake all measures

necessary to increase opportunities for citizens to find

gainful employment.

8.1.11.8 Article 41 (8) Ethiopian farmers and pastoralists have the

right to receive fair prices for their precuts, that would lead

to improvement in their conditions of life and to enable

them to obtain an equitable share of the national wealth

39


commensurate with their contribution. This objective shall

guide the State in the formulation of economic, social and

development policies.

8.1.11.9 Article 41 (9) The State has the responsibility to protect and

preserve historical and cultural legacies, and to contribute

to the promotion of the arts and sport.

8.1.12 The Right to Development

8.1.12.1 Article 43 (1) The Peoples of Ethiopia as a whole, and each

Nation, Nationality and People in Ethiopia in particular

have the right to improved living standards and to

sustainable development.

8.1.12.2 Article 43 (2) Nationals have the right to participate in

national development and, in particular, to be consulted

with respect to polices and projects affecting their

community.

8.1.12.3 Article 43 (3) All international agreements and relations

concluded, established or conducted by the State shall

protect and ensure Ethiopia’s right to sustainable

development.

8.1.12.4 Article 43 (4) The basic aim of development activities shall

be to enhance the capacity of citizens for development and

to meet their basic needs.

8.1.13 Environmental Rights

40


8.1.13.1 Article 44 (1) All persons have the right to a clean and healthy

environment.

8.1.13.2 Article 44 (2) All persons who have been displaced or whose

livelihoods have been adversely affected as a result of State

programmes have the right to commensurate monetary or

alternative means of compensation, including relocation

with adequate State assistance.

8.2 Environmental Policy

The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia contains sections on soil

husbandry and sustainable agriculture; on forest, woodland and

tree resources; on genetic, species and ecosystem biodiversity; on

water resources; on cultural and natural heritage; as well as on

community participation. Following are the policy provisos given

under these main headings.

8.2.1 Soil Husbandry and Sustainable Agriculture

8.2.1.1 Article 3.1.a.To foster a feeling of assured, uninterrupted and

continuing access to the same land and natural resources on

the part of farmers and pastoralists so as to remove the

existing artificial constraints to the widespread adoption of,

and investment in, sustainable land management

technologies;

8.2.1.2 Article 3.1.c. To promote the use of appropriate organic

matter and nutrient management for improving soil

41


structure, nutrient status and microbiology in improving soil

conservation and land husbandry;

8.2.1.3 Article 3.1.d. To safeguard the integrity of the soil and to

protect its physical and biological properties, through

management practices for the production of crops and

livestock which pay particular attention to the proper balance

in amounts of chemical and organic fertilizers, including

green manures, farm yard manures and compost;

8.2.1.4 Article 3.1.e. To promote effective ground cover as one of the

most important factors in soil erosion control, taking

advantage of the wide range of sustainable agronomic,

pastoral and silvicultural approaches used in various areas of

Ethiopia as potentially flexible alternatives to mechanical soil

conservation systems;

8.2.1.5 Article 3.1.l. To institute the stall feeding of domesticated

animals through a combination of providing agricultural

residues, on-farm produced forage and fodder as well as the

cutting and carrying of grass and browse from meadows and

hillsides in order to encourage revegetation of grazing lands

and the reduction of soil erosion;

8.2.1.6 Article 3.1.m. To develop forestry on the farm, around the

homestead and on eroding and/or eroded hillsides in order to

increase the stock of trees for fuelwood, construction

material, implements and crafts, for forage and for other tree

products;

42


8.2.2 Forest, Woodland and Tree Resources

8.2.2.1 Article 3.2.a. To recognize the complementary roles of

communities, private entrepreneurs and the state in forestry

development;

8.2.2.2 Article 3.2.c. To ensure that forestry development strategies

integrate the development, management and conservation of

forest resources with those of land and water resources,

energy resources, ecosystems and genetic resources, as well

as with crop and livestock production;

8.2.2.3 Article 3.2.e. To assist the natural process of afforestation of

uncultivable areas by controlling felling and grazing and by

planting judiciously selected local species, as well as by other

affordable interventions.

8.2.2.4 Article 3.2.f. To adhere to the principle that "sustainable

forest management" is achieved when social acceptability and

economic viability have been achieved and the volume of

wood harvested in a given period is about equal to the net

growth that the forest is capable of generating;

8.2.2.5 Article 3.2.g. To pursue agricultural and other policies and

programmes that will reduce pressure on fragile woodland

resources and ecosystems;

8.2.2.6 Article 3.2.h. To promote changes in agricultural and natural

resource management systems which will limit the need for

free grazing of animals in protected forest areas.

43


8.2.2.7 Article 3.2.i. To find substitutes for construction and fuel

wood whenever capabilities and other conditions allow, in

order to reduce pressure on forests.

8.2.3 Genetic, Species and Ecosystem Biodiversity

8.2.3.1 Article 3.3.a. To promote in situ systems (i.e. conservation in

a nature reserve, farmer's fields, etc.) as the primary target

for conserving both wild and domesticated biological

diversity; but also promote ex situ systems (i.e. conservation

outside the original or natural habitat) in gene banks, farms,

botanical gardens, ranches and zoos as supplementary to in

situ conservation;

8.2.3.2 Article 3.3.b. To promote in situ conservation of crop and

domestic animal biological diversity as well as other human

made and managed ecosystems through the conscious

conservation of samples of such ecosystems, even when

change as a whole is taking place;

8.2.3.3 Article 3.3.f. To promote the involvement of local

communities inside and outside protected areas in the

planning and management of such areas;

8.2.3.4 Article 3.3.j. To ensure that park, forest and wildlife

conservation and management programmes which conserve

biological diversity on behalf of the country allow for a major

part of any economic benefits deriving therefrom to be

44


channelled to local communities affected by such

programmes;

8.2.3.5 Article 3.3.k. To recognize that certain animal and plant

species are vermin or pests or may be a reservoir of disease to

humans, crops and livestock, and to control them.

8.2.4 Water Resources

8.2.4.1 Article 3.4.b. To recognize that natural ecosystems,

particularly wetlands and upstream forests, are fundamental

in regulating water quality and quantity and to integrate their

rehabilitation and protection into the conservation,

development and management of water resources;

8.2.4.2 Article 3.4.c. To ensure that any proposed introduction of

exotic species into water ecosystems be subject to detailed

ecological studies and environmental impact assessment;

8.2.4.3 Article 3.4.d. To promote the protection of the interface

between water bodies and land (e.g. lake shores, river banks

and wetlands);

8.2.4.4 Article 3.4.f. To involve water resource users, particularly

women and animal herders, in the planning, design,

implementation and follow up in their localities of water

policies, programmes and projects so as to carry them out

without affecting the ecological balance;

8.2.4.5 Article 3.4.i. To promote, to the extent possible, viable

measures to artificially recharge ground and surface water

resources;

45


8.2.4.6 Article 3.4.j. To recycle waste water when it has been found to

be safe for health and the environment or when it has been

made safe without entailing high cost.


8.2.5 Cultural and Natural Heritage

8.2.5.1 Article 3.10.a. To promote the perception of heritage

conservation as part of, and integrated with, Ethiopia's

general social and economic development;

8.2.5.2 Article 3.10.b. To recognize that the country's heritage

conservation should not be seen as the responsibility of

government alone and to encourage communities to play a

leading role in assessing and nominating places or items of

heritage significance and in conserving them;

8.2.5.3 Article 3.10.d. To ensure that the environment of heritage

sites is so managed as to protect the landscape, the

monuments, and the artifacts or the fossils as the case may

be.

8.2.6 Community Participation and the Environment

8.2.6.1 Article 4.2.a. To ensure that all phases of environmental and

resource development and management, from project

conception to planning and implementation to monitoring

and evaluation are undertaken based on the decisions of the

resource users and managers;

8.2.6.2 Article 4.2.b. To reorient management professionals

employed in natural resource and environmental extension

46


programmes to embrace participatory development, and to

strengthen their communication skills so as to more

effectively disseminate both the results of scientific research

and the practical experience of local farmers;

8.2.6.3 Article 4.2.c. To develop effective methods of popular

participation in the planning and implementation of

environmental and resource use and management projects

and programmes;

8.2.6.4 Article 4.2.e. To authorize all levels of organization to raise

funds locally from the use of natural resources to fund the

development, management and sustainable use of those

resources;

8.2.6.5 Article 4.2.g. To ensure information flow among all levels of

organization including the Federal and Regional States and

the people at the grassroots level by developing a two way

mechanism for data collection and dissemination.

47


Page 1
Page 2
Page 3
Page 4
Page 5
Page 6
Page 7
Page 8
Page 9
Page 10
Page 11
Page 12
Page 13
Page 14
Page 15
Page 16
Page 17
Page 18
Page 19
Page 20
Page 21
Page 22
Page 23
Page 24
Page 25
Page 26
Page 27
Page 28
Page 29
Page 30
Page 31
Page 32
Page 33
Page 34
Page 35
Page 36
Page 37
Page 38
Page 39
Page 40
Page 41
Page 42
Page 43
Page 44
Page 45
Page 46
Page 47
Page 48
Page 49
Page 50
Page 51