Republic of Ethiopia (2008) EPA Standards for Industrial Pollution Control

Republic of Ethiopia (2008) EPA Standards for Industrial Pollution Control


Contents

STANDARDS FOR SPECIFIED INDUSTRIAL SECTORS

1 TANNING AND LEATHER FINISHING............................................................................................4
2 THE MANUFACTURE AND FINISHING OF TEXTILES....................................................................4
3 PROCESSING OF IRON AND STEEL...............................................................................................5
4 METAL WORKING, PLATING AND FINISHING ..............................................................................6
5 MALTING, BREWING, DISTILLING, THE PRODUCTION OF WINES AND OTHER ALCOHOLIC

LIQUOURS....................................................................................................................................7
6 MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR..........................................................................................................7
7 SLAUGHTERING, MEAT PROCESSING AND RENDERING .............................................................8
8 CEMENT MANUFACTURING.........................................................................................................8
9 PESTICIDE MANUFACTURING.......................................................................................................9
10 PESTICIDE FORMULATION..........................................................................................................9
11 PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURING.....................................................................................10
12 PRINTING AND SURFACE COATING...........................................................................................10


Annexes 11

NOT FOR CITATION

This guidelines is still under development and shall be binding
after consensus is reached between the Environmental
Protection Authority and the Environmental Units of
Competent Sectoral Agencies

Page 1


Acronyms

AOX Absorbable organic halogen compounds

BOD Biological oxygen demand

COD Chemical oxygen demand

I-TEQ International toxicity equivalent

Kg/t kilograms per tonne

Kg/h kilograms per hour

mg/l milligrams per litre

mg/Nm3 milligrams per meter cubed under normal pressure and temperature

ng/Nm3 nanograms per meter cubed under normal pressure and temperature

OU Odour unit

PAH's polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

PCB's Polychlorinated biphenyls

PCDD Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin

PCDF Polychlorinated dibenzofuran

ppm parts per million

ppb parts per billion

TDS Total dissolved solids

v/v Volume per volume

VOCs Volatile organic carbon

μc/ml micro cymene per milliliter

Page 2


Glossary

BOD5 at 200C The amount of oxygen used in biological oxidation at the end of the

fifth day following the incubation of a sample in the dark at 200 C.

COD A measure of the amount of oxygen required to oxidize the organic

and inorganic matter in waste water using a chemical oxidizing

agent.

Heavy metals Any metallic chemical element that has a high density and is toxic or

poisonous at low concentrations

Kjeldahl method The determination of organic nitrogen for the purpose of calculating

the protein contents in both human food and animal food.

mg/Nm3 milligrams per meter cubed under normal pressure and temperature

i.e. under a pressure of 760mm of Hg and a temperature of 200C.

Odour Organoleptic attributes perceptible by the olfactory organs on

shifting certain volatile substances.

Odour unit (OU) amount of odorant present in one cubic meter of odorous gas under a

normal atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 200C.

Rendering plant A plant which receives segregated animal wastes for processing

them into useful products.

Page 3


1. TANNING AND LEATHER FINISHING


Limit Values for Discharges to Water

Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 C
pH 6 – 9
BOD5 at 20C 200 mg/l
COD 500 mg/l
Suspended solids 50 mg/l
Total ammonia (as N) 30 mg/l
Total nitrogen (as N) 60 mg/l
Total phosphorus (as P) 10 mg/l
Oils, fats, and grease 15 mg/l
Mineral oils at oil trap or interceptors 20 mg/l
Chromium (as total Cr) 2 mg/l
Chromium (as Cr VI) 0.1 mg/l
Chlorides (as Cl) 1000 mg/l
Sulphides (as S) 1 mg/l
Phenols 1 mg/l


Limit Values for Emissions to Air

Parameter Limit value
Total particulates 50 mg/Nm3

Volatile organic carbons 75 g/m2 product produced
Total hydrogen sulphide, sulphides and mercaptans (as S) 5 ppm v/v
Ammonia 40 ppm v/v
Acid vapours (as HCl) 30 mg/Nm3

2. THE MANUFACTURE AND FINISHING OF TEXTILES

Limit Values for Discharges to Water

Parameter Limit Values

Temperature 40 C

pH 6 – 9

BOD5 at 20C 50 mg/l

Total nitrogen (as N) 40 mg/l

COD (mg O2 /l) 150 mg/l

Total phosphorus (as P) 10 mg/l

Suspended solids 30 mg/l

Total ammonia (as N) 20 mg/l

Oils, fats & grease 20 mg/l

Phenols 1 mg/l

Mercury (as Hg) 0.001 mg/l

Nickel (as Ni) 2 mg/l

Cobalt (as Co) 1 mg/l

Lead (as Pb) 0.5 mg/l

Antimony (as Sb) 2 mg/l

Tin (as Sn) 5 mg/l

Page 4


Chromium (as Cr VI)

Chromium (as total Cr)

0.1 mg/l

1 mg/l

Arsenic (as As) 0.25 mg/l

Cadmium (as Cd) 1 mg/l

Zinc (as Zn) 5 mg/l

Copper (as Cu) 2 mg/l

Mineral oils (Interceptors) 20 mg/l

Benzene, toluene & xylene (combined) 1 mg/l

Mineral oils (Biological Treatment) 5 mg/l

Organochlorine pesticides (as Cl) 0.03 mg/l

Mothproofing agents (as Cl) 0.003 mg/l

Organophosphorus pesticides (as P) 0.003 mg/l

Adsorbable organic halogen compounds (AOX) 5 mg/l

Sulphide (as S) 2 mg/l

Limit Values for Emissions to Air

Parameter Limit value (mg/Nm3)

Particulate matter 50

Volatile organic carbons (as C)

(excluding formaldehyde)

50

Formaldehyde 20

Isocyanates (as NCO) 0.1

3. PROCESSING OF IRON AND STEEL

Limit Values for Discharges to Water

Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 C
pH 6 – 9
Suspended solids 20 mg/l
Mineral oils 20 mg/l
Cadmium (as Cd) 1 mg/l
Mercury (as Hg) 0.01 mg/l
Lead (as Pb) 0.5 mg/l
Zinc (as Zn) 5 mg/l
Chromium ( as Cr VI) 0.1 mg/l
Chromium (as total Cr) 1 mg/l
Nickel (as Ni) 2 mg/l

Limit Values for Emissions to Air

Parameter Limit value
Particulate matter 50 mg/Nm3

Hydrogen fluoride (as HF) 5 mg/Nm3

Mercury (as Hg) 0.05 mg/Nm3

Lead (as Pb) 0.5 mg/Nm3

Page 5


Zinc (as Zn) 10 mg/Nm3

Chromium (as total Cr) 0.5 mg/Nm3

Nickel (as Ni) 0.5 mg/Nm3

Cadmium (as Cd) 0.05 mg/Nm3

NOx (as NO2) 1000 mg/Nm3

SOx (as SO2) 800 mg/Nm3

Dioxins as International Toxicity Equivalent(I-TEQ) 1 ng/Nm3

4. METAL WORKING, PLATING AND FINISHING

Limit Values for Discharges to Water

Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 C
pH 5.5 – 9.5
Suspended Solids 25 mg/l
Mineral Oil 20 mg/l
Fluoride (as F) 50 mg/l
Phosphorus (as P) 10 mg/l
Arsenic (as As) 0.2 mg/l
Cadmium (as Cd) 0.5 mg/l
Cyanide (as free CN) 0.5 mg/l
Chromium ( as Cr VI) 0.1 mg/l
Chromium (as total Cr) 1 mg/l
Copper (as Cu) 2 mg/l
Lead (as Pb) 0.5 mg/l
Mercury (as Hg) 0.01 mg/l
Nickel (as Ni) 1 mg/l
Silver (as Ag) 1 mg/l
Zinc (as Zn) 1 mg/l
Total Metals 15 mg/l
Trichloroethane 0.1 mg/l
Trichloroethylene 0.1 mg/l

Limit Values for Emissions to Air

Substance Limit values
Particulate matter 10 mg/Nm3

Hydrogen fluoride (as HF) 5 mg/Nm3

Mercury (as Hg) 0.05 mg/Nm3

Lead (as Pb) 0.5 mg/Nm3

Zinc (as Zn) 10 mg/Nm3

Chromium (as total Cr) 0.5 mg/Nm3

Nickel (as Ni) 0.5 mg/Nm3

Cadmium (as Cd) 0.05 mg/Nm3

NOx (as NO2) 300 mg/Nm3

SOx (as SO2) 300 mg/Nm3

Dioxins as International Toxicity Equivalent (I-TEQ) 1 ng/Nm3

Page 6


5. MALTING, BREWING, DISTILING, PRODUCTION OF WINES AND OTHER
ALCOHOLIC LIQUOURS

Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 C
pH 6 – 9
BOD5 at 20C 60 mg/l
COD 250 mg/l
Suspended solids 50 mg/l
Total ammonia (as N) 20 mg/l
Total nitrogen (as N) 40 mg/l
Total phosphorus (as P) 5 mg/l
Oils, fats, and grease 15 mg/l
Mineral oils at the oil trap or interceptor 20mg/l

LIMIT VALUES FOR EMISSIONS TO AIR

Parameter Limit value (mg/Nm3)
Total Particulates (at a mass flow of 0.5 kg/h or
above)

100

Hydrogen chloride (as HCl) (at a mass flow of 0.3 kg/
h or more)

30

6. MANFACTURE OF SUGAR

Limit Values for Discharges to Water

Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 C
pH 6 – 9
BOD5 at 20C 60 mg/l
COD 250 mg/l
Suspended solids 50 mg/l
Total ammonia (as N) 15 mg/l
Total nitrogen (as N) 40 mg/l
Total phosphorus (as P) 5 mg/l
Oils, fats, and grease 15 mg/l
Mineral oils at the oil trap or interceptor 20 mg/l

LIMIT VALUES FOR EMISSIONS TO AIR

Substance Limit value
Total particulates (at a mass flow of 0.5 kg/h or above) 100 mg/Nm3

Hydrogen chloride (as HCl) (at a mass flow of 0.3 kg/
h or more)

30 mg/Nm3

Page 7


7. SLAUGHTERING MEAT PROCESSING AND RENDERING

Limit Values for Discharges to Water from Slaughtering and Meat Processing Plants

Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 C
pH 6 – 9
BOD5 at 20C 80 mg/l
COD 250 mg/l
Suspended Solids 80 mg/l
Total ammonia (as N) 20 mg/l
Total nitrogen (as N) 40 mg/l
Total phosphorus (as P) 5 mg/l
Oils, fats, and grease 15 mg/l
Mineral oils at the oil trap or interceptor 20 mg/l
Total coliform bacteria (number per
100ml)

400 mg/l


LIMIT VALUES FOR EMISSIONS TO AIR FROM SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT PROCESSING
PLANTS
Parameters Limit value

(mg/Nm3 )
Total particulates (at a mass flow of 0.5 kg/h or above) 100
Hydrogen chloride (as HCl) (at a mass flow of 0.3 kg/h or
more)

30


Limit Values for Emissions to Air from Rendering Plants
Substance Limit value
Total particulates 100 mg/Nm3

Ammonia 50 ppm v/v
Amines 5 ppm v/v
Hydrogen sulphide, and mercaptans 5 ppm v/v

8. CEMENT MANUFACTURING

Limit Values for Discharges to Water

Parameter Limit Value
pH 6 – 9
BOD5 at 20C 25 mg/l
COD 150 mg/l
Total phosphorus (as P) 5 mg/l
Suspended solids 50 mg/l
Mineral oils at the oil trap or interceptor 20 mg/l


Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Parameter Limit value
Total particulates 150 mg/Nm3

Sulphur dioxide (as SO2) 1000 mg/Nm3

Nitrous oxide (as NO2) 2000 mg/Nm3

Page 8


9. PESTICIDE MANUFACTURING

Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 C
pH 6 – 9
BOD5 at 20C 50 mg/l
COD 200 mg/l
Total phosphorus (as P) 5 mg/l
Total nitrogen (as N) 30 mg/l
Suspended solids 20 mg/l
Oils, fats, and greases 15 mg/l
Chromium (as total Cr) 1 mg/l
Chromium (as Cr VI) 0.1 mg/l
Phenols 1 mg/l
Copper (as Cu) 1 mg/l
Mercury (as Hg) 0.01 mg/l
Active ingredient (each) 0.05 mg/l


Limit Values for Emissions to Air

Parameter Limit value (mg/Nm3)
Total particulates 10
Volatile organic carbon compounds 50
Hydrogen chloride (as HCl) 20
Chlorine (or chloride) 5

10.PESTICIDE FORMULATION

Limit Values for Discharges to Water

Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 C
pH 6 – 9
COD 250 mg/l
Total phosphorus (as P) 5 mg/l
Total nitrogen (as N) 30 mg/l
Suspended solids 30 mg/l
Oils, fats, and greases 15 mg/l
AOX 2 mg/l
Organochlorines 0.1 mg/l
Nitroorganics 0.1 mg/l
Pyrethroids 0.1 mg/l
Phenoxy compounds 0.1 mg/l
Active ingredient 0.05 mg/l
Arsenic (as As) 0.2 mg/l
Chromium (as total Cr) 1 mg/l
Chromium (as Cr VI) 0.1 mg/l
Phenols 1mg/l
Copper (as Cu) 2 mg/l
Mercury (as Hg) 0.01 mg/l

Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Parameter Limit value (mg/Nm3)
Total Particulates 10
Volatile organic carbon compounds 50
Hydrogen chloride (as HCl) 20

Page 9


Chlorine (or chloride) 5

Page 10


11. PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURING

Limit Values for Discharges to Water

Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 C
pH 6 – 9
BOD5 at 20C 50 mg/l
COD 250 mg/l
Total phosphorus (as P) 5 mg/l
Total nitrogen (as N) 30 mg/l
Suspended solids 30 mg/l
Oils, fats, and greases 15 mg/l

Absorbable organic halogen compounds (AOX) 2 mg/l
Organochlorines 0.1 mg/l
Active ingredient (each) 0.05 mg/l
Arsenic (as As) 0.2 mg/l
Chromium (as total Cr) 1 mg/l
Chromium (as Cr VI) 0.1 mg/l
Phenols 1 mg/l
Copper (as Cu) 2 mg/l
Mercury (as Hg) 0.01 mg/l


Limit Values for Emissions to Air

Parameter Limit value (mg/Nm3)
Total particulates 50
Active ingredients 0.2
Organic compounds (Listed in Annex 1)

Class I 20
Class II 100
Class III 300

12.PRINTING AND SURFACE COATING

Limit Values for Discharges to Water

Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 C
pH 6.5 – 10
BOD5 at 20C 50 mg/l
COD 250 mg/l
Total Phosphorus (as P) 5 mg/l
Total Nitrogen (as N) 30 mg/l
Suspended Solids 50 mg/l
Oils, Fats, and Greases 15 mg/l
Cadmium (as Cd) 0.2 mg/l
Chromium (as total Cr) 1 mg/l
Chromium (as Cr VI) 0.1 mg/l
Copper (as Cu) 1 mg/l
Silver (as Ag) 1 mg/l
Zinc (as Zn) 5 mg/l

Limit Values for Emissions to Air from Surface Coating

The emissions to air from surface coating operations come from the evaporation of organic solvents in the
coatings. These consist primarily of Volatile Organic Components listed in annex I.

Solvent use or consumption Concentration (mg/Nm3)
Less than 15 tonnes per annum Class I 50
Class II 200
Class III 300
Greater than 15 tonnes per annum Class I 20
Class II 100
Class III 300

Page 11


Annex 1

Classification of Organic chemicals

An organic chemical is categorized as follows into one of 3 classes depending on the

dosage in mg/kg of body weight that kills 50% of human individuals that have taken it :

Oral lethal dose (LD50)
0 - 50 mg/kg - Class I
50 -500 mg/kg - Calss II
500 - 5000 mg/kg - Class III

Substance Empirical Formula Class

Acetaldehyde C2H4O I

Acetone C3H6O III

Acrylic acid C3H4O2 I

Alkyl alcohols III

Alkyl lead compounds I

Formic Acid CH2O2 I

Aniline C6H7N I

Biphenyl C12H10 I

2-Butanon C4H8O III

2-Butoxyethanol C6H14O2 II

Butyl acetate C6H12O2 III

Butyric aldehyde C4H8O II

Chloracetaldehyde C2H3ClO I

Chlorbenzene C6H5Cl II

2-Chlor-1,3-Butadiene C4H5C1 II

Chloroacetic acid C2H3C1O2 I

Chlorethane C2H5Cl III

Chlormethane CH3Cl I

2-Chlorpropane C3H7Cl II

-Chlortoluene C7H7Cl I

Cyclohexanon C6H10O II

Dibutylether C8H18O III

1,2-Dichlorbenzene C6H4Cl2 I

1,4-Dichlorbenzne C6H4Cl2 II

Dichlordifluormethane CCl2F2 III

1,1-Dichlorethane C2H4Cl2 II

1,1-Dichlorethylene C2H2Cl2 I

1,2-Dichlorethylene C2H2Cl2 III

Dichlormethane CH2Cl2 III

Dichlorphenol C6H4Cl2O I

Diethylamine C4H11N I

Diethylether C4H10O III

Page 12


Substance Empirical Formula Class

Substance Empirical Formula Class

Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate C24H38O4 II

Diisopropyl ether C6H14O III

Dimethylamine C2H7N I

Dimethyl ether C2H6O III

N,N-Dimethylformamide C3H7NO II

2,6-Dimethylheptan-4-on C7H14O II

1,4-Dioxan C4H8O2 I

Acetic Acid C2H4O2 II

2-Ethoxyethanol C4H10O2 II

Ethyl acetate C4H8O2 III

Ethylacrylate C5H8O2 I

Ethylamine C2H7N I

Ethylbenene C8H10 II

Ethylen glycol C2H6O2 III

Formaldehyde CH2O I

2-Furaldehyde C5H4O2 I

Furfuryl alcohol C5H6O6 II

4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone C6H12O2 III

2,2-Iminodiethanol C4H11NO2 II

Isopropenylbenzene C9H10 II

Isoprophylbenzene C9H12 II

Carbon disulphide CS2 II

Cresols C7H8O I

Maleic anhydride C4H2O3 I

2-Methoxyethanol C3H8O2 II

Methyl acetate C3H6O2 II

Methyl acrylate C4H6O2 I

Methylamine CH5N I

Methyl benzoate C8H8O2 III

Methylcyclohexanons C7H12O II

Methyl formate C2H4O2 II

Methyl methacrylate C5H8O2 II

4-Methyl-2-pentanone C6H12O III

4-Methyl-m-phenylendiisocyanate C9H6N2O2 I

N-Methylpyrrolidone C5H9NO III

Naphthaline C10H8 II

Nitrobenzene C6H5NO2 I

Nitrocresols C7H7NO3 I

Nitrophenols C6H5NO3 I

Nitrotoluene C7H7NO2 I

Olefin hydrocarbons III

Paraffin hydrocarbons III

Phenol C6H6O I

Substance Empirical Formula Class

Pinenes C10H16 III

Page 13


Substance Empirical Formula Class

2-Propenal C3H4O I

Propionaldehyde C3H6O II

Propionic acid C3H6O2 II

Pyridine C5H5N I

Styrene C8H8 II

1,1,2,2-Tetrachlorethane C2H2Cl4 I

Tetrachlorethylene C2Cl4 II

Tetrachlormethane CCl4 I

Tetrahydrofuran C4H8O II

Thioalcohols I

Thioether I

Toluene C7H8 II

1,1,1-Trichlorethane C2H3Cl3 II

1,1,2-Trichlorethane C2H3Cl3 I

Trichlorethylene C2HCl3 II

Trichlormethane CHCl3 I

Trichlorphenols C6H3OCl3 I

Triethylamine C6H15N I

Trichlorfluormethane CCl3F III

Trimethylbenzenes C9H12 II

Vinyl acetate C4H6O2 II

Xylenols (except 2,4-Xylenol) C8H10O I

2,4-Xylenol C8H10O II

Xylenes C8H10 II

Page 14


Annex 2

Toxicity Equivalent Factor for Dioxins and Furans

There are a total of thirty PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs that are currently considered to
exhibit dioxin-like toxicity. This raises a problem for toxicity assessments where
measurements detect various levels of the different PCDD/PCDF/PCB congeners, each of
which has a different potential to elicit dioxin-like effects. Rather than perform thirty
individual assessments, scientists have developed the concept of toxicity equivalence to
sum the effects of dioxin-like chemicals. Each congener is given a toxicity equivalence
factor (TEF) based on its specific ability to elicit dioxin-like effects. The congener
2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin is the most toxic of these and is given a toxicity
equivalence factor (TEF) of one. Other congeners are given TEFs that are fractions of
one. The total toxic equivalence quantity (TEQ) is the sum of all the individual
PCDD/PCDF/PCB concentrations multiplied by their specific TEFs.

Substance Equivalence Factors

2,3,7,8 – Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) 1

1,2,3,7,8 – Pentachlorodibenzodioxin (PeCDD) 0.5

1,2,3,4,7,8 – Hexachlorodibenzodioxin (HxCDD) 0.1

1,2,3,7,8,9 – Hexachlorodibenzodioxin (HxCDD) 0.1

1,2,3,6,7,8 – Hexachlorodibenzodioxin (HxCDD) 0.1

1,2,3,4,6,7,8 – Heptachlorodibenzodioxin (HpCDD) 0.01

Octachlorodibenzodioxin (OCDD) 0.001

2,3,7,8 – Tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) 0.1

2,3,4,7,8 – Pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) 0.5

1,2,3,7,8 – Pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) 0.05

1,2,3,4,7,8 – Hexachlorodibenzofuran (HxCDF) 0.1

1,2,3,7,8,9 – Hexachlorodibenzofuran (HxCDF) 0.1

1,2,3,6,7,8 – Hexachlorodibenzofuran (HxCDF) 0.1

2,3,4,6,7,8 – Hexachlorodibenzofuran (HxCDF) 0.1

1,2,3,4,6,7,8 – Heptachlorodibenzofuran (HpCDF) 0.01

1,2,3,4,7,8,9 – Heptachlorodibenzofuran (HpCDF) 0.01

Octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF) 0.001

Page 15


Parameter
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Annex 2