2021-07-30T15:44:46Z
Republic of Ethiopia (2011) Environmental standards for industrial pollution control in Ethiopia.pdf
Republic of Ethiopia (2011) Environmental standards for industrial pollution control in Ethiopia
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Environmental Standards for Industrial Environmental Standards for Industrial Environmental Standards for Industrial Environmental Standards for Industrial
Pollution Control in EthiopiaPollution Control in EthiopiaPollution Control in EthiopiaPollution Control in Ethiopia
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1. INTRODUCTION
Industrial development can be made compatible with environmental conservation. Hence,
industrial pollution and resource degradation need not arise if a framework of sustainable
development is appropriately formulated and implemented. Failure to halt further deterioration of
environmental quality arising from industrial pollution may jeopardize the health of a large
segment of the population with serious political and socio-economic consequences.
The government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has placed a high premium on the
environment. It has established the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) by the proclamation
no 9/1995 with statutory responsibility for overall protection of the environment. The
Environmental Policy of Ethiopia was formulated and approved by the government in April 1997.
Implementation of the Policy is the next task that needs to be undertaken. Introducing these
standards is part of the implementation of the Policy and the environmental pollution abatement
strategy contained therein.
Environmental protection measures are only meaningful if the environment to be protected is
adequately understood. Neither overprotection nor underprotection of the environment is desirable.
Ideally, standards are set based on country specific baseline data and information, which are scanty
in the present circumstances. An alternative approach is to adapt the standards of developing
countries having similar socio-economic, technological, and climatic conditions.
In the preparation of this document, standards from the following developing countries have been
consulted; Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Jamaica, China, Thailand, Uganda, Nigeria, Zambia, and
Kenya. Information was also obtained from development agencies such as The World Bank,
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), United Nations Industrial Development
Organization (UNIDO), and from other information sources such as the European Union and the
United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Where the standards were deemed relevant and appropriate for Ethiopian conditions they have been
adopted, where deemed inappropriate they have been modified on the basis of practical experience.
The fact that the majority of people in Ethiopia use the receiving water bodies for drinking,
washing and bathing were also considered.
These standards are being introduced to be used throughout the country subject to amendment as
more information on the state of pollution is made available. The regional states can establish
more stringent standards taking into consideration particular ecological conditions in their localities
provided that these present standards are used as the minimum.
The purpose of introducing the standards is to prevent significant industrial pollution by indicating
standards which must be observed and by indicating pollution limits beyond which the
environment would not tolerate.
The Standards are presented in four parts as follows.
Part 1: Guidance on Interpretation of this Document on Standards
Part 2: Standards for Specified Industrial Sectors
Part 3: General Standards for all other Industrial Effluents
Part 4: Standards for all other Industrial Gaseous Emissions
Part 5: Standards for Noise Limits.
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PART 1
GUIDANCE ON INTERPRETATION OF THIS
DOCUMENT ON STANDARDS
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1. TYPES OF EMISSION
The limit values specified in this document are to apply to the following three types: emission to
the atmosphere, emission to water and noise.
2. EMISSIONS TO THE ATMOSPHERE
During Continuous Monitoring:
a) No 24 hour mean value shall exceed the emission limit value.
b) 97% of all 30 minute mean values taken continuously over an annual period shall not exceed
1.2 times the emission limit value.
c) No 30 minute mean value shall exceed twice the emission limit value.
d) For Total Organic Carbon (as C) concentration limits, no hourly average value shall exceed
1.5 times the emission limit value.
During Non-Continuous Monitoring:
e) For flow, no hourly or daily mean value, calculated on the basis of appropriate spot readings,
shall exceed the relevant limit value.
f) Mass flow threshold refers to a rate of discharge expressed in units of kg/h, above which
concentration the emission limit value applies. Mass flow threshold rates shall be determined
on the basis of a single 30 minute measurement (ie. the concentration determined as a 30
minute average shall be multiplied by an appropriate measurement of flow and the result shall
be expressed in units of kg/h).
g) Mass flow limits shall be calculated on the basis of the concentration, determined as an average
over the specified period, multiplied by an appropriate measurement of flow. No value, so
determined, shall exceed the mass flow limit value.
h) For all Total Organic Carbon (as C) concentration limits, the average of all readings in one
monitoring exercise shall not exceed the emission limit value and no hourly average value shall
exceed 1.5 times the emission limit. At least three readings shall be obtained in each
monitoring exercise.
i) For all other parameters, no 30 minute mean value shall exceed the emission limit value.
The concentration and volume flow limits for emissions to the atmosphere shall be achieved
without the introduction of dilution air and shall be based on gas volumes under standard
conditions of :-
j) In the case of non-combustion gases, a temperature of 2730K, and a pressure of 101.3 KPa
without any correction for oxygen or water content.
k) In the case of combustion gases, a temperature 2730K, and a pressure 101.3 KPa of dry gas
with 3% oxygen for liquid and gas fuels, 6% oxygen for solid fuels, and 10% oxygen for
thermal oxidisers.
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3. EMISSIONS TO WATER:
Limit values for emissions to water shall be interpreted in the following way:-
During continuous monitoring:
a) No flow value shall exceed the specified limit.
b) No pH value shall deviate from the specified range.
c) No temperature value shall exceed the limit value.
During Non-Continuous Monitoring:
d) No pH value shall deviate from the specified range.
e) No temperature value shall exceed the limit value.
f) For parameters other than pH, temperature and discharge, eight out of ten consecutive results,
calculated as daily mean concentration or mass emission values on the basis of flow
proportional composite sampling, shall not exceed the emission limit value. No individual
result similarly calculated shall exceed 1.2 times the emission limit value.
g) For parameters other than pH, temperature, and flow, no grab sample value shall exceed 1.2
times the emission limit value.
The daily raw waste load is defined as the average daily mass arising for treatment over any three-
month period. Calculations of the removal rates should be based on the differences between the
waste loads entering the treatment plant and those discharged following treatment to the receiving
water. The amounts removed by treatment (chemical, physical, biological) may be included in the
calculation.
4. NOISE
Noise from the source activity, measured at the specified noise sensitive location, shall not give rise
to sound pressure levels (Leq, 15 minutes), which exceed the limit value by more than 2 dB(A)
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PART 2
STANDARDS FOR SPECIFIED
INDUSTRIAL SECTORS
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1. INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL SECTORS
The last issue of the directory of industries in Ethiopia published by the Ministry of Trade and
Industry indicates that over three thousand industrial establishments exist in the country. The
industries operating in the country vary considerably in terms of process technology, size, nature of
product, characteristics of the wastes discharged and the receiving environment.
Presently there are eight major sectors in which most of industrial activity within Ethiopia falls.
These sectors are the following:
a) Tanning and the production of leather goods;
b) The manufacture of textiles;
c) Extraction of mineral ores, the production of metals and metal products;
d) The processing of food products including beverages, meat and meat products;
e) The manufacture of cement and cement products.
f) Preservation of wood and the manufacture of wood products including furniture;
g) The production of pulp, paper and paper products;
h) The manufacture and formulation of chemical products including pesticides.
The following section details emission limit values for discharges to the receiving water in the case
of effluents and to the atmosphere for gaseous emissions from manufacturing plants.
2. TANNING AND LEATHER FINISHING
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
BOD5 at 20°C 90% removal or 200 mg/l, whichever is less
COD 500 mg/l
Suspended solids 50 mg/l
Total ammonia (as N) 30 mg/l
Total nitrogen (as N) 80% removal or 60 mg/l, whichever is less
Total phosphorus (as P) 80% removal or 10 mg/l, whichever is less
Oils, fats, and grease 15 mg/l
Mineral oils at oil trap or interceptors 20 mg/l
Chromium (as total Cr) 2 mg/l
Chromium (as Cr VI) 0.1 mg/l
Chlorides (as Cl) 1000 mg/l
Sulphides (as S) 1 mg/l
Phenols 1 mg/l
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Parameter Limit value
Total particulates 50 mg/Nm3
Volatile organic carbons 75 g/m2 product produced
Total hydrogen sulphide, sulphides and mercaptans (as S) 5 ppm v/v
Ammonia 40 ppm v/v
Acid vapours (as HCl) 30 mg/Nm3
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3. THE MANUFACTURE AND FINISHING OF TEXTILES
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Values
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
BOD5 at 20°C 90% removal or 50 mg/l, whichever is less
Total nitrogen (as N) 80% removal or 40 mg/l, whichever is less
COD (mg O2 /l) 80% removal or 150 mg/l, whichever is less
Total phosphorus (as P) 80% removal or 10 mg/l, whichever is less
Suspended solids 30
Total ammonia (as N) 20
Oils, fats & grease 20
Phenols 1
Mercury (as Hg) 0.001
Nickel (as Ni) 2
Cobalt (as Co) 1
Lead (as Pb) 0.5
Antimony (as Sb) 2
Tin (as Sn) 5
Chromium (as Cr VI)
Chromium (as total Cr)
0.1
1
Arsenic (as As) 0.25
Cadmium (as Cd) 1
Zinc (as Zn) 5
Copper (as Cu) 2
Mineral oils (Interceptors) 20
Benzene, toluene & xylene (combined) 1
Mineral oils (Biological Treatment) 5
Organochlorine pesticides (as Cl) 0.03
Mothproofing agents (as Cl) 0.003
Organophosphorus pesticides (as P) 0.003
Adsorbable organic halogen compounds (AOX) 5
Sulphide (as S) 2
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Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Parameter Limit value (mg/Nm3)
Particulate matter 50
Volatile organic carbons (as C)
(excluding formaldehyde)
50
Formaldehyde 20
Isocyanates (as NCO) 0.1
4. PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING OF IRON AND STEEL
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
Suspended solids 20 mg/l
Mineral oils 20 mg/l
Cadmium (as Cd) 1 mg/l
Mercury (as Hg) 0.01 mg/l
Lead (as Pb) 0.5 mg/l
Zinc (as Zn) 5 mg/l
Chromium ( as Cr VI) 0.1 mg/l
Chromium (as total Cr) 1 mg/l
Nickel (as Ni) 2 mg/l
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Parameter Limit value
Particulate matter 50 mg/Nm3
Hydrogen fluoride (as HF) 5 mg/Nm3
Mercury (as Hg) 0.05 mg/Nm3
Lead (as Pb) 0.5 mg/Nm3
Zinc (as Zn) 10 mg/Nm3
Chromium (as total Cr) 0.5 mg/Nm3
Nickel (as Ni) 0.5 mg/Nm3
Cadmium (as Cd) 0.05 mg/Nm3
NOx (as NO2) 1000 mg/Nm
3
SOx (as SO2) 800 mg/Nm
3
Dioxins as International Toxicity Equivalent(I-TEQ) 1 ng/Nm3
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5. METAL WORKING, PLATING AND FINISHING
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 5.5 – 9.5
Suspended Solids 25 mg/l
Mineral Oil 20 mg/l
Fluoride (as F) 50 mg/l
Phosphorus (as P) 10 mg/l
Arsenic (as As) 0.2 mg/l
Cadmium (as Cd) 0.5 mg/l
Cyanide (as free CN) 0.5 mg/l
Chromium ( as Cr VI) 0.1 mg/l
Chromium (as total Cr) 1 mg/l
Copper (as Cu) 2 mg/l
Lead (as Pb) 0.5 mg/l
Mercury (as Hg) 0.01 mg/l
Nickel (as Ni) 1 mg/l
Silver (as Ag) 1 mg/l
Zinc (as Zn) 1 mg/l
Total Metals 15 mg/l
Trichloroethane 0.1 mg/l
Trichloroethylene 0.1 mg/l
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Substance Limit values
Particulate matter 10 mg/Nm3
Hydrogen fluoride (as HF) 5 mg/Nm3
Mercury (as Hg) 0.05 mg/Nm3
Lead (as Pb) 0.5 mg/Nm3
Zinc (as Zn) 10 mg/Nm3
Chromium (as total Cr) 0.5 mg/Nm3
Nickel (as Ni) 0.5 mg/Nm3
Cadmium (as Cd) 0.05 mg/Nm3
NOx (as NO2) 300 mg/Nm
3
SOx (as SO2) 300 mg/Nm
3
Dioxins as International Toxicity Equivalent (I-TEQ) 1 ng/Nm3
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6. BASE METAL AND IRON ORE MINING
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
BOD5 at 20°C 25 mg/l
COD 150 mg/l
Suspended solids 50 mg/l
Mineral oils 20 mg/l
Cadmium (as Cd) 0.5 mg/l
Mercury (as Hg) 0.01 mg/l
Arsenic (as As) 0.25 mg/l
Cyanide (as CN) 1 mg/l
Iron (as Fe) 5 mg/l
Lead (ad Pb) 0.5 mg/l
Zinc (as Zn) 3 mg/l
Copper (as Cu) 2 mg/l
Nickel (as Ni) 2 mg/l
Chromium (as Cr VI) 0.1 mg/l
Chromium (as total Cr) 1 mg/l
Total metals 15 mg/l
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Parameter Limit value
Particulate matter 50 mg/l
Silica 15 mg/l
SO2 (mg/Nm
3) 1000 mg/l
Nickel (as Ni) 5 mg/l
Iron (as Fe) 10 mg/l
Copper (as Cu) 20 mg/l
Sulphuric acid (as H2SO4) 50 mg/l
Nitric acid (as HNO3) 50 mg/l
Ammonia (as NH3) 300 mg/l
Arsine 5 mg/l
Dioxins as International Toxicity Equivalent (I-TEQ) 1 ng/Nm3
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7. MALTING, BREWING, DISTILING, PRODUCTION OF WINES AND
OTHER ALCOHOLIC LIQUOURS
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
BOD5 at 20°C 90% removal or 60 mg/l, whichever is less
COD 90% removal or 250 mg/l, whichever is less
Suspended solids 50 mg/l
Total ammonia (as N) 20 mg/l
Total nitrogen (as N) 80% removal or 40 mg/l, whichever is less
Total phosphorus (as P) 80% removal or 5 mg/l, whichever is less
Oils, fats, and grease 15 mg/l
Mineral oils at the oil trap or interceptor 20mg/l
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Parameter Limit value (mg/Nm3)
Total Particulates (at a mass flow of 0.5 kg/h or
above)
100
Hydrogen chloride (as HCl) (at a mass flow of 0.3
kg/h or more)
30
8. MANUFACTURE OF DAIRY PRODUCTS
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
BOD5 at 20°C 90% removal or 60 mg/l, whichever is less
COD 90% removal or 250 mg/l, whichever is less
Suspended solids 50 mg/l
Total ammonia (as N) 15 mg/l
Total nitrogen (as N) 80% removal or 40 mg/l, whichever is less
Total phosphorus (as P) 80% removal or 5 mg/l, whichever is less
Oils, fats, and grease 15 mg/l
Mineral oils at the oil trap or interceptor 20 mg/l
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Parameter Limit value (mg/Nm3)
Total particulates (at a mass flow of 0.5 kg/h or above) 100
Hydrogen chloride (as HCl), at a mass flow of 0.3
kg/h or more
30
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9. FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PROCESSING
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
BOD5 at 20°C 90% removal or 60 mg/l, whichever is less
COD 90% removal or 250 mg/l, whichever is less
Suspended solids 50 mg/l
Total ammonia (as N) 20 mg/l
Total nitrogen (as N) 80% removal or 40 mg/l, whichever is less
Total phosphorus (as P) 80% removal or 5 mg/l, whichever is less
Oils, fats, and grease 15 mg/l
Mineral oils at the oil trap or interceptor 20mg/l
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Parameter Limit value
(mg/Nm3 )
Total Particulates (at a mass flow of 0.5 kg/h or
above)
100
Hydrogen chloride (as HCl) (at a mass flow of 0.3
kg/h or more)
30
10. MANFACTURE OF SUGAR
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
BOD5 at 20°C 90% removal or 60 mg/l, whichever is less
COD 90% removal or 250 mg/l, whichever is less
Suspended solids 50 mg/l
Total ammonia (as N) 15 mg/l
Total nitrogen (as N) 80% removal or 40 mg/l, whichever is less
Total phosphorus (as P) 80% removal or 5 mg/l , whichever is less
Oils, fats, and grease 15 mg/l
Mineral oils at the oil trap or interceptor 20 mg/l
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Substance Limit value
Total particulates (at a mass flow of 0.5 kg/h or above) 100 mg/Nm3
Hydrogen chloride (as HCl) (at a mass flow of 0.3
kg/h or more)
30 mg/Nm3
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11. SLAUGHTERING MEAT PROCESSING AND RENDERING
Limit Values for Discharges to Water from Slaughtering and Meat Processing Plants
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
BOD5 at 20°C 90% removal or 80 mg/l, whichever is less
COD 90% removal or 250 mg/l, whichever is less
Suspended Solids 80 mg/l
Total ammonia (as N) 20 mg/l
Total nitrogen (as N) 80% removal or 40 mg/l, whichever is less
Total phosphorus (as P) 80% removal or 5 mg/l, whichever is less
Oils, fats, and grease 15 mg/l
Mineral oils at the oil trap or interceptor 20 mg/l
Total coliform bacteria (number per
100ml)
400 mg/l
Limit Values for Emissions to Air from Slaughtering and Meat Processing Plants
Parameters Limit value
(mg/Nm3 )
Total particulates (at a mass flow of 0.5 kg/h or above) 100
Hydrogen chloride (as HCl) (at a mass flow of 0.3 kg/h or
more)
30
Limit Values for Emissions to Air from Rendering Plants
Substance Limit value
Total particulates 100 mg/Nm3
Ammonia 50 ppm v/v
Amines 5 ppm v/v
Hydrogen sulphide, and mercaptans 5 ppm v/v
12. TIMBER PRESERVATION
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Constituent Group or Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
COD 80% removal or 150 mg/l, whichever is less
Suspended solids 100 mg/l
Oils, fats, and grease 10 mg/l
Chromium (as total Cr) 1 mg/l
Chromium (as Cr VI) 0.1 mg/l
Phenols 1 mg/l
Arsenic (as As) 0.5 mg/l
Copper (as Cu) 3 mg/l
Organohalogens 0.1 mg/l
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH’s) 0.05 mg/l
Fluorides 50 mg/l
Pesticides (each) 0.1 mg/l
Pentachlorophenol 0.1 mg/l
Mineral oils at the oil trap or interceptor 20 mg/l
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13. MANUFACTURE OF FERTILIZERS
13.1 PHOSPHATE FERTILIZER PLANTS
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
Suspended solids 50 mg/l
Phosphorous (as P) 5 mg/l
Fluorides (as F) 50 mg/l
Cadmium (as Cd) 1 mg/l
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Parameter Limit value
Fertilizer Plant
Total Particulates 100 mg/Nm3
Fluorides (as HF) 10 mg/Nm3
Sulphuric Acid Plant
Sulphur Dioxide (as SO2) 2 kg/t acid
Sulphur Trioxide (as SO3) 0.15 kg/t acid
Phosphoric acid plant
Total Particulates 100 mg/Nm3
Fluorides (as HF) 10 mg/Nm3
13.2. NITROGENOUS FERTILIZERS
Ammonium Sulphate Plant
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
Total nitrogen (as N) 150 mg/l
BOD5 at 20°C 50 mg/l
Suspended solids 50 mg/l
Phosphorous (as P) 10 mg/l
Phenols 1 mg/l
Total heavy metals 1 mg/l
Ammonia Production
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Parameter per tonne of NH3 produced
Nitrous oxides (as NO2) 1.3 kg
Sulphur oxides (as SO2) 0.1 kg
Carbon dioxide (as CO2) 500 kg
Carbon monoxide (as CO) ` 0.03 kg
Fertilizer Plant
Limit Values for Emission to air
Parameter Concentration mg/Nm
3
Total particulates 100
Ammonia 50
Amines 5
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14. PULP AND PAPER
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
BOD5 at 20°C 90% removal or 50 mg/l, whichever is less
COD 75% removal or 300 mg/l, whichever is less
Total phosphorus (as P) 90% removal or 5 mg/l, whichever is less
Total nitrogen (as N) 90% removal or 30 mg/l, whichever is less
Suspended solids 50 mg/l
Adsorbable organic halogen compounds(AOX) 7.5 mg/l
Oils, fats, and greases 15 mg/l
Mineral oil at the oil trap or interceptors 20 mg/l
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Parameter Limit value
Total particulates 150 mg/Nm3
Hydrogen sulphide (as H2S) 15 mg/Nm
3
Sulphur dioxide (as SO2) 800 mg/Nm
3
Total sulphur
Sulphite mills 2 kg/ton ADP*
Kraft and other mills 1.5 kg/ton ADP*
Chlorine 20 mg/Nm3
Nitrous oxide (as NO2)
Natural gas 100 mg/Nm3
Liquid fuels 150 mg/Nm3
Solid fuels 300 mg/Nm3
Volatile organic carbon compounds 20 mg/Nm3
Smoke 2 units of Ringlemann shade
15. CEMENT MANUFACTURING
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
pH 6 – 9
BOD5 at 20°C 25 mg/l
COD 150 mg/l
Total phosphorus (as P) 5 mg/l
Suspended solids 50 mg/l
Mineral oils at the oil trap or interceptor 20 mg/l
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Parameter Limit value
Total particulates 150 mg/Nm3
Sulphur dioxide (as SO2) 1000 mg/Nm
3
Nitrous oxide (as NO2) 2000 mg/Nm
3
PAGE 17
16. PERTOCHEMICAL MANUFACTURING
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
BOD5 at 20°C 90% removal or 50 mg/l, whichever is less
COD 75% removal or 200 mg/l, whichever is less
Total phosphorus (as P) 90% removal or 5 mg/l, whichever is less
Total nitrogen (as N) 90% removal or 30 mg/l, whichever is less
Suspended solids 50 mg/l
Oils, Fats, and Greases 15 mg/l
Chromium (as total Cr) 1 mg/l
Chromium (as Cr VI) 0.1 mg/l
Phenols 1 mg/l
Copper (as Cu) 1 mg/l
Benzene 0.1 mg/l
Vinyl chloride 0.1 mg/l
Sulphide 1 mg/l
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Parameter Limit value
Total particulates 50 mg/Nm3
Nitrous oxides (as NO2) 500 mg/Nm
3
Sulphur dioxide (as SO2) 800 mg/Nm
3
Hydrogen chloride (as HCl) 20 mg/Nm3
Benzene 5 mg/Nm3
0.1 ppb at plant fence
1,2-Dichloroethane 5 mg/Nm3
1 ppb at plant fence
Vinyl chloride 5 mg/Nm3
0.4 ppb at plant fence
Chlorine 20 mg/Nm3
Ammonia (as NH3)
15 mg/Nm3
PAGE 18
17. PESTICIDE MANUFACTURING
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
BOD5 at 20°C 90% removal or 50 mg/l, whichever is less
COD 75% removal or 200 mg/l, whichever is less
Total phosphorus (as P) 90% removal or 5 mg/l, whichever is less
Total nitrogen (as N) 90% removal or 30 mg/l, whichever is less
Suspended solids 20 mg/l
Oils, fats, and greases 15 mg/l
Chromium (as total Cr) 1 mg/l
Chromium (as Cr VI) 0.1 mg/l
Phenols 1 mg/l
Copper (as Cu) 1 mg/l
Mercury (as Hg) 0.01 mg/l
Active ingredient (each) 0.05 mg/l
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Parameter Limit value (mg/Nm3)
Total particulates 10
Volatile organic carbon compounds 50
Hydrogen chloride (as HCl) 20
Chlorine (or chloride) 5
18. PESTICIDE FORMULATION
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
COD 75% removal or 250 mg/l, whichever is less
Total phosphorus (as P) 90% removal or 5 mg/l, whichever is less
Total nitrogen (as N) 90% removal or 30 mg/l, whichever is less
Suspended solids 30 mg/l
Oils, fats, and greases 15 mg/l
AOX 2 mg/l
Organochlorines 0.1 mg/l
Nitroorganics 0.1 mg/l
Pyrethroids 0.1 mg/l
Phenoxy compounds 0.1 mg/l
Active ingredient 0.05 mg/l
Arsenic (as As) 0.2 mg/l
Chromium (as total Cr) 1 mg/l
Chromium (as Cr VI) 0.1 mg/l
Phenols 1mg/l
Copper (as Cu) 2 mg/l
Mercury (as Hg) 0.01 mg/l
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Parameter Limit value (mg/Nm3)
Total Particulates 10
Volatile organic carbon compounds 50
Hydrogen chloride (as HCl) 20
Chlorine (or chloride) 5
PAGE 19
19. PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURING
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
BOD5 at 20°C 90% removal or 50 mg/l, whichever is less
COD 75% removal or 250 mg/l, whichever is less
Total phosphorus (as P) 90% removal or 5 mg/l, whichever is less
Total nitrogen (as N) 90% removal or 30 mg/l, whichever is less
Suspended solids 30 mg/l
Oils, fats, and greases 15 mg/l
Absorbable organic halogen compounds (AOX) 2 mg/l
Organochlorines 0.1 mg/l
Active ingredient (each) 0.05 mg/l
Arsenic (as As) 0.2 mg/l
Chromium (as total Cr) 1 mg/l
Chromium (as Cr VI) 0.1 mg/l
Phenols 1 mg/l
Copper (as Cu) 2 mg/l
Mercury (as Hg) 0.01 mg/l
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Parameter Limit value (mg/Nm3)
Total particulates 50
Active ingredients 0.2
Organic compounds (Listed in Annex 1, p.36)
Class I 20
Class II 100
Class III 300
20. PRINTING AND SURFACE COATING
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6.5 – 10
BOD5 at 20°C 90% removal or 50 mg/l, whichever is less
COD 75% removal or 250 mg/l, whichever is less
Total Phosphorus (as P) 90% removal or 5 mg/l, whichever is less
Total Nitrogen (as N) 90% removal or 30 mg/l, whichever is less
Suspended Solids 50 mg/l
Oils, Fats, and Greases 15 mg/l
Cadmium (as Cd) 0.2 mg/l
Chromium (as total Cr) 1 mg/l
Chromium (as Cr VI) 0.1 mg/l
Copper (as Cu) 1 mg/l
Silver (as Ag) 1 mg/l
Zinc (as Zn) 5 mg/l
PAGE 20
Limit Values for Emissions to Air from Surface Coating
The emissions to air from surface coating operations come from the evaporation of organic solvents
in the coatings. These consist primarily of Volatile Organic Components listed in annex I.
Solvent use or consumption Concentration (mg/Nm3)
Less than 15 tonnes per annum Class I 50
Class II 200
Class III 300
Greater than 15 tonnes per annum Class I 20
Class II 100
Class III 300
PAGE 21
PART 3
GENERAL STANDARDS FOR ALL
OTHER INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS
.
PAGE 22
1. EFFLUENT DISCHARGES TO INLAND WATERS
This section details the standards which shall be applied to all effluents discharged to inland waters,
other than those from specific sectors previously dealt with under Part 2 of this document.
Parameter Emission Limit Value
(mg/l)
pH 6 – 9
Temperature 40°C
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) at 20°C 80
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) 250
Suspended solids (SS) 100
Total dissolved solids (TDS) 3000
Total kjeldahl nitrogen (as N) 80
Total ammonia (as N) 30
Ammonia (as free ammonia) 5
Nitrate (as N) 20
Dissolved phosphorus (as P) 5
Total phosphate (as P) 10
Fats, oils and grease 20
Aluminium (as Al) 0.2
Arsenic (as As) 0.25
Barium (as Ba) 10
Boron (as B) 5
Cadmium (as CD) 1
Chromium (as total Cr) 2
Chromium (as Cr Vi) 0.5
Cobalt (as Co) 1
Copper (as Cu) 2
Cyanide (as CN) 0.5
Iron (as Fe) 10
Lead (as Pb) 0.5
Magnesium (as Mg) 100
Manganese (as Mn) 5
Mercury (as Hg) 0.001
Nickel (as Ni) 3
Selenium (as Se) 1
Silver (as Ag) 1
Tin (as Sn) 5
Zinc (as Zn) 5
Total heavy metals (combined) 15
PAGE 23
Parameter Emission Limit Value
(mg/l)
Calcium (as Ca) 100
Chloride (as Cl) 1000
Chlorine (total residual, as Cl) 1.5
Fluoride (as F) 20
Sulphide (as S) 2
Sulphate (SO4) 1000
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 0.5
1,1,2-Dichloroethyelene 0.2
1,1,2-Trichloroethane 0.06
1,2-Dichloroethane 0.04
1,3-Dichloropropene 0.2
Dichloromethane 0.2
Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene 0.4
Tetrachloroethylene 0.1
Tetrachloromethane 0.02
Tricholoroethylene 0.3
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB’s) 0.003
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (as benzene) 0.1
Absorbable Organic Halogen Compounds (AOX) 2
Dioxins 0.002
Benzene 0.2
An-ionic detergents (as MBAS) 15
Pesticides, herbicides, fungicides and insecticides 0.1
Phenolic Compounds (as C6H5OH) 1
Formaldehyde 1
Total coliform bacteria (numbers per 100 ml) 400
Alpha emitters 10
-7 µc/ml
Beta emitters 10-6 µc/ml
PAGE 24
2. CONTROLLED APPLICATION OF EFFLUENTS TO LAND
Parameter Emission Limit Value
(mg/l)
PH 5.5 – 9 pH units
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) at 20°C 500
Total dissolved solids (TDS) 2100
Fats, oils and grease 30
Arsenic (as As) 0.25
Barium (as Ba) 10
Boron (as B) 5
Cadmium (as CD) 1
Chromium (as total Cr) 2
Chromium (as hexavalent Cr) 0.5
Cobalt (as Co) 1
Copper (as Cu) 2
Cyanide (as Cn) 0.5
Lead (as Pb) 0.5
Manganese (as Mn) 5
Mercury (as Hg) 0.001
Nickel (as Ni) 3
Selenium (as Se) 1
Silver (as Ag) 1
Tin (as Sn) 5
Zinc (as Zn) 5
Total Heavy Metals (Combined) 15
Chloride (as Cl) 1000
Fluoride (as F) 20
Sulphate (SO4) 1000
PAGE 25
PART 4
GENERAL STANDARDS FOR ALL
OTHER GASEOUS EMISSION
PAGE 26
1. APPLICABILITY
These standards for emission limits from stationary sources represent maximum allowable levels of
pollutant from a site, process, stack, vent, etc. with the objective of achieving a desired air quality.
.
2. PARTICULATE MATTER
2 .1. TOTAL DUST
The dust emissions contained in waste gas may not exceed a mass flow of 2 kg/h and a mass
concentration of 100 mg/Nm3.
2 .2. INORGANIC PARTICULATE MATTER
The concentration of neither of the following chemicals in Class I shall exceed 0.5 mg/Nm 3, the
concentration of the total of the chemicals in Class II shall not exceed 10mg/Nm3, and the
concentration of the total of chemicals in Class III shall not exceed 20 mg/Nm3.
Class Substance
I Mercury and its compounds, as Hg
Thallium and its compounds, as Tl
II Lead and its compounds, as Pb
Cobalt and its compounds, as Co
Nickel and its compounds, as Ni
Selenium and its compounds, as Se
Tellurium and its compounds, as Te
III Antimony and its compounds, as Sb
Chromium and its compounds, as Cr
Easily soluble cyanides (e.g. NaCN), as CN
Easily soluble fluorides (e.g. NaF), as F
Copper and its compounds, as Cu
Manganese and its compounds, as Mn
Vanadium and its compounds, as V
Tin and its compounds, as Sn
PAGE 27
3. EMISSION LIMIT VALUES FOR INORGANIC GASEOUS SUBSTANCES
The concentration of the total of the following inorganic gaseous chemicals in Class I shall not
exceed 5 mg/Nm3, that of those in Class II shall not exceed 30 mg/Nm 3 and that of those in Class
IV shall not exceed 3500 mg/Nm3.
Class Parameter Mass concentration
per
substance
I Arsine
Cyanogen chloride
Phosgene
Phosphine
II Bromine and its gaseous compounds, as HBr
Chlorine
Hydrocyanic acid
Fluorine and its gaseous compounds, as HF
Hydrogen sulphide
III Ammonia
Gaseous inorganic compounds of chlorine, unless
included in class I or class II, as HCl
IV Sulphur oxides (sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide),
as SO2
Nitrogen oxides (nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen
dioxide), as NO2
4. EMISSION LIMIT VALUES FOR ORGANIC GASEOUS SUBSTANCES
Organic substances, which are categorized into classes I, class II and class III in Annex 1, shall not
exceed the following mass concentrations:
Class Mass concentration
I 50 mg/Nm3
II 200 mg/Nm3
II 300 mg/Nm3
PAGE 28
5. CARCINOGENIC SUBSTANCES
The concentration of the total of the following chemicals in Class I shall not exceed 0.5 mg/Nm 3,
that of those in Class II shall not exceed 5 mg/Nm 3, and that of those in Class III shall not exceed
10 mg/Nm3.
5.1. Carcinogenic Chemicals
Class Parameter
I Arsenic and its compounds, as As
Benzo(a)pyrene
Cadmium and its compounds, as Cd
Water-soluble compounds of cobalt, as Co
Chromium(VI) compounds, as Cr
II Acrylamide
Acrylonitrile
Dinitrotoluenes
Ethylene oxide
Nickel and its compounds, as Ni
4-vinyl-1,2-cyclohexene-diepoxy
III Benzene
Bromoethane
1,3-Butadiene
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,2-Propylene oxide (1,2-epoxy propane)
Styrene oxide
o-Toluidine
Trichloroethene
Vinyl chloride
5 .2. CARCINOGENIC FIBRES
The following concentrations of carcinogenic fiber dust listed hereunder may not be exceeded in
waste gas emissions.
Fibre type Number/m3
Asbestos fibres (e.g. chrysotile, crocidolite, amosite), 1x104 fibres/m³
Biopersistent ceramic fibres (e.g. consisting of aluminium silicate, aluminium
oxide, silicon carbide, potassium titanate)
1.5x104 fibres/m³
Biopersistent mineral fibres 5x104 fibres/m³
PAGE 29
6. MUTAGENIC SUBSTANCES
For mutagenic substances or preparations, a mass concentration below 0.5 mg/Nm³ shall not be
exceeded.
7. EMISSION LIMITS FROM COMBUSTION SOURCES
Parameter Limit value
Total particulates
Coal 500 mg/Nm3
Fuel oil 250 mg/Nm3
Gas 50 mg/Nm3
Nitrogen oxides (as NO2)
Coal 700 mg/Nm3
Fuel oil 1000 mg/Nm3
Gas 400 mg/Nm3
Sulphur oxides (as SO2)
Coal 4300 mg/Nm3
Fuel oil 5100 mg/Nm3
Gas 100 mg/Nm3
Carbon monoxide 150 mg/Nm3
Smoke 2 units on the Ringleman scale
8. STANDARDS FOR MOTOR VEHICLE EXHAUST
Parameter Maximum permissible limit Measuring method
Smoke 2 units on the Ringlemann Scale
during engine acceleration mode.
To be compared with
Ringlemann Chart at a
distance of 6 meters or more.
Carbon Monoxide New Vehicles. Used Vehicles. Under idling conditions: Non
4.5 % of the
exhaust volume
6 % of the
exhaust volume
dispersive infrared detection
through gas analyzer.
9. HIGHLY ODOUROUS SUBSTANCES
Where an installation is likely to emit highly odourous substances during normal operation or
operational malfunctions, appropriate emission control measures shall be applied, e.g. enclosure of
all or part of the installation, operation under negative pressure with off gasses directed to
appropriate odour abatement technologies. Adequate provision shall be made for raw materials and
products to ensure minimization of odorous emissions.
Highly odourous waste gasses shall be fed to waste gas purification installations, which are
appropriate for abatement of the odorous substance.
When defining the abatement requirements for individual cases, particular consideration shall be
given to waste gas volume and mass flow of highly odourous substances, local propagation
conditions, the duration of emission, and the distance of the installations from the nearest existing
or planed residential area.
If it is not possible to identify or quantify the odorous properties of an emission based upon the
amount or properties of substances contained in the emission, e.g. total quantity of amines or
hydrogen sulphide, the odour characteristics of the off gas shall be established through
olfactometry. For odour figures above 100,000 OU/Nm3 it is possible to reach odour reduction
values of more than 99% through utilizing waste purification facilities such as biological or
chemical scrubbers or biofilters.
PAGE 30
PART 5
STANDARDS FOR NOISE LIMITS
PAGE 31
1. NOISE STANDARDS TO BE APPLIED WHERE PEOPLE LIVE OR WORK
The generation of excessive noise in the community can have undesirable effects on the population.
It can cause annoyance and disturbance to people at work or during leisure activities, disturbance to
sleep and possibly a deleterious effect on general physical and mental well-being. All people are
not equally sensitive to the disturbing aspects of noise. There is a small but significant minority
which is more sensitive than others.
The objective of these standards is to minimize the amount of noise to which people, living or
working, are exposed.
The sensitivity to noise is usually greater at night-time than it is during the day, by about 10dB(A).
The upper limits of noise permitted are the following:
Limits in dB (A) Leq
Area Code Category of area Day time1 Night time2
A Industrial area 75 70
B Commercial area 65 55
C Residential area 55 45
1: Day time reckoned to be between 6.00 am to 9.00p.m
2: Night time reckoned to be between 9.00p.m. to 6.00am
2. VIBRATION AND AIR OVERPRESSURE IN MINING AND QUARRYING
In the case of quarrying and mining operations, the peak particle vibration level of 12 mm/sec,
measured in any three mutually orthogonal directions at a receiving location when blasting occurs
at a frequency of once per week or less. For more frequent blasting, the peak particle vibration
level should not be exceeded 8 mm/sec. These levels are for low frequency vibrations, i.e., less
than 40 Hertz.
Blasting should not give rise to air overpressure values at sensitive locations which are in excess of
125 dB (Lin) max peak.
3. NOISE STANDARDS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES
Every motor vehicle needs to conform to the following noise standards.
Vehicle Type Maximum Permissible
Noise Levels, dB(A) at 7.5
metres from the source
Two wheelers (petrol-driven) 80
Three wheelers, all petrol-driven passenger cars and two wheeler
diesel driven cars.
82
Passenger or light commercial vehicles fitted with diesel engine
with gross vehicle weight up to 4000 Kg.
85
Passenger or commercial vehicles with gross vehicle weight above
4000 Kg and up to 12000 Kg.
89
Passenger or commercial vehicles with gross vehicle weight above
12000 Kg.
91
PAGE 32
PART 6
ANNEXES
PAGE 33
Annex 1
Classification of Organic chemicals
An organic chemical is categorized as follows into one of 3 classes depending on the
dosage in mg/kg of body weight that kills 50% of human individuals that have taken it :
Oral lethal dose (LD50)
0 - 50 mg/kg - Class I
50 -500 mg/kg - Calss II
500 - 5000 mg/kg - Class III
Substance Empirical Formula Class
Acetaldehyde C2H4O I
Acetone C3H6O III
Acrylic acid C3H4O2 I
Alkyl alcohols III
Alkyl lead compounds I
Formic Acid CH2O2 I
Aniline C6H7N I
Biphenyl C12H10 I
2-Butanon C4H8O III
2-Butoxyethanol C6H14O2 II
Butyl acetate C6H12O2 III
Butyric aldehyde C4H8O II
Chloracetaldehyde C2H3ClO I
Chlorbenzene C6H5Cl II
2-Chlor-1,3-Butadiene C4H5C1 II
Chloroacetic acid C2H3C1O2 I
Chlorethane C2H5Cl III
Chlormethane CH3Cl I
2-Chlorpropane C3H7Cl II
α -Chlortoluene C7H7Cl I
Cyclohexanon C6H10O II
Dibutylether C8H18O III
1,2-Dichlorbenzene C6H4Cl2 I
1,4-Dichlorbenzne C6H4Cl2 II
Dichlordifluormethane CCl2F2 III
1,1-Dichlorethane C2H4Cl2 II
1,1-Dichlorethylene C2H2Cl2 I
1,2-Dichlorethylene C2H2Cl2 III
Dichlormethane CH2Cl2 III
Dichlorphenol C6H4Cl2O I
Diethylamine C4H11N I
Diethylether C4H10O III
PAGE 34
Substance Empirical Formula Class
Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate C24H38O4 II
Diisopropyl ether C6H14O III
Dimethylamine C2H7N I
Dimethyl ether C2H6O III
N,N-Dimethylformamide C3H7NO II
2,6-Dimethylheptan-4-on C7H14O II
1,4-Dioxan C4H8O2 I
Acetic Acid C2H4O2 II
2-Ethoxyethanol C4H10O2 II
Ethyl acetate C4H8O2 III
Ethylacrylate C5H8O2 I
Ethylamine C2H7N I
Ethylbenene C8H10 II
Ethylen glycol C2H6O2 III
Formaldehyde CH2O I
2-Furaldehyde C5H4O2 I
Furfuryl alcohol C5H6O6 II
4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone C6H12O2 III
2,2-Iminodiethanol C4H11NO2 II
Isopropenylbenzene C9H10 II
Isoprophylbenzene C9H12 II
Carbon disulphide CS2 II
Cresols C7H8O I
Maleic anhydride C4H2O3 I
2-Methoxyethanol C3H8O2 II
Methyl acetate C3H6O2 II
Methyl acrylate C4H6O2 I
Methylamine CH5N I
Methyl benzoate C8H8O2 III
Methylcyclohexanons C7H12O II
Methyl formate C2H4O2 II
Methyl methacrylate C5H8O2 II
4-Methyl-2-pentanone C6H12O III
4-Methyl-m-phenylendiisocyanate C9H6N2O2 I
N-Methylpyrrolidone C5H9NO III
Naphthaline C10H8 II
Nitrobenzene C6H5NO2 I
Nitrocresols C7H7NO3 I
Nitrophenols C6H5NO3 I
Nitrotoluene C7H7NO2 I
Olefin hydrocarbons III
Paraffin hydrocarbons III
Phenol C6H6O I
PAGE 35
Substance Empirical Formula Class
Pinenes C10H16 III
2-Propenal C3H4O I
Propionaldehyde C3H6O II
Propionic acid C3H6O2 II
Pyridine C5H5N I
Styrene C8H8 II
1,1,2,2-Tetrachlorethane C2H2Cl4 I
Tetrachlorethylene C2Cl4 II
Tetrachlormethane CCl4 I
Tetrahydrofuran C4H8O II
Thioalcohols I
Thioether I
Toluene C7H8 II
1,1,1-Trichlorethane C2H3Cl3 II
1,1,2-Trichlorethane C2H3Cl3 I
Trichlorethylene C2HCl3 II
Trichlormethane CHCl3 I
Trichlorphenols C6H3OCl3 I
Triethylamine C6H15N I
Trichlorfluormethane CCl3F III
Trimethylbenzenes C9H12 II
Vinyl acetate C4H6O2 II
Xylenols (except 2,4-Xylenol) C8H10O I
2,4-Xylenol C8H10O II
Xylenes C8H10 II
PAGE 36
Annex 2
Toxicity Equivalent Factor for Dioxins and Furans
There are a total of thirty PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs that are currently considered to
exhibit dioxin-like toxicity. This raises a problem for toxicity assessments where
measurements detect various levels of the different PCDD/PCDF/PCB congeners, each of
which has a different potential to elicit dioxin-like effects. Rather than perform thirty
individual assessments, scientists have developed the concept of toxicity equivalence to
sum the effects of dioxin-like chemicals. Each congener is given a toxicity equivalence
factor (TEF) based on its specific ability to elicit dioxin-like effects. The congener
2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin is the most toxic of these and is given a toxicity
equivalence factor (TEF) of one. Other congeners are given TEFs that are fractions of
one. The total toxic equivalence quantity (TEQ) is the sum of all the individual
PCDD/PCDF/PCB concentrations multiplied by their specific TEFs.
Substance Equivalence Factors
2,3,7,8 – Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) 1
1,2,3,7,8 – Pentachlorodibenzodioxin (PeCDD) 0.5
1,2,3,4,7,8 – Hexachlorodibenzodioxin (HxCDD) 0.1
1,2,3,7,8,9 – Hexachlorodibenzodioxin (HxCDD) 0.1
1,2,3,6,7,8 – Hexachlorodibenzodioxin (HxCDD) 0.1
1,2,3,4,6,7,8 – Heptachlorodibenzodioxin (HpCDD) 0.01
Octachlorodibenzodioxin (OCDD) 0.001
2,3,7,8 – Tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) 0.1
2,3,4,7,8 – Pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) 0.5
1,2,3,7,8 – Pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) 0.05
1,2,3,4,7,8 – Hexachlorodibenzofuran (HxCDF) 0.1
1,2,3,7,8,9 – Hexachlorodibenzofuran (HxCDF) 0.1
1,2,3,6,7,8 – Hexachlorodibenzofuran (HxCDF) 0.1
2,3,4,6,7,8 – Hexachlorodibenzofuran (HxCDF) 0.1
1,2,3,4,6,7,8 – Heptachlorodibenzofuran (HpCDF) 0.01
1,2,3,4,7,8,9 – Heptachlorodibenzofuran (HpCDF) 0.01
Octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF) 0.001
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PAGE 1
Environmental Standards for Industrial Environmental Standards for Industrial Environmental Standards for Industrial Environmental Standards for Industrial
Pollution Control in EthiopiaPollution Control in EthiopiaPollution Control in EthiopiaPollution Control in Ethiopia
PAGE 2
1. INTRODUCTION
Industrial development can be made compatible with environmental conservation. Hence,
industrial pollution and resource degradation need not arise if a framework of sustainable
development is appropriately formulated and implemented. Failure to halt further deterioration of
environmental quality arising from industrial pollution may jeopardize the health of a large
segment of the population with serious political and socio-economic consequences.
The government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has placed a high premium on the
environment. It has established the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) by the proclamation
no 9/1995 with statutory responsibility for overall protection of the environment. The
Environmental Policy of Ethiopia was formulated and approved by the government in April 1997.
Implementation of the Policy is the next task that needs to be undertaken. Introducing these
standards is part of the implementation of the Policy and the environmental pollution abatement
strategy contained therein.
Environmental protection measures are only meaningful if the environment to be protected is
adequately understood. Neither overprotection nor underprotection of the environment is desirable.
Ideally, standards are set based on country specific baseline data and information, which are scanty
in the present circumstances. An alternative approach is to adapt the standards of developing
countries having similar socio-economic, technological, and climatic conditions.
In the preparation of this document, standards from the following developing countries have been
consulted; Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Jamaica, China, Thailand, Uganda, Nigeria, Zambia, and
Kenya. Information was also obtained from development agencies such as The World Bank,
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), United Nations Industrial Development
Organization (UNIDO), and from other information sources such as the European Union and the
United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Where the standards were deemed relevant and appropriate for Ethiopian conditions they have been
adopted, where deemed inappropriate they have been modified on the basis of practical experience.
The fact that the majority of people in Ethiopia use the receiving water bodies for drinking,
washing and bathing were also considered.
These standards are being introduced to be used throughout the country subject to amendment as
more information on the state of pollution is made available. The regional states can establish
more stringent standards taking into consideration particular ecological conditions in their localities
provided that these present standards are used as the minimum.
The purpose of introducing the standards is to prevent significant industrial pollution by indicating
standards which must be observed and by indicating pollution limits beyond which the
environment would not tolerate.
The Standards are presented in four parts as follows.
Part 1: Guidance on Interpretation of this Document on Standards
Part 2: Standards for Specified Industrial Sectors
Part 3: General Standards for all other Industrial Effluents
Part 4: Standards for all other Industrial Gaseous Emissions
Part 5: Standards for Noise Limits.
PAGE 3
PART 1
GUIDANCE ON INTERPRETATION OF THIS
DOCUMENT ON STANDARDS
PAGE 4
1. TYPES OF EMISSION
The limit values specified in this document are to apply to the following three types: emission to
the atmosphere, emission to water and noise.
2. EMISSIONS TO THE ATMOSPHERE
During Continuous Monitoring:
a) No 24 hour mean value shall exceed the emission limit value.
b) 97% of all 30 minute mean values taken continuously over an annual period shall not exceed
1.2 times the emission limit value.
c) No 30 minute mean value shall exceed twice the emission limit value.
d) For Total Organic Carbon (as C) concentration limits, no hourly average value shall exceed
1.5 times the emission limit value.
During Non-Continuous Monitoring:
e) For flow, no hourly or daily mean value, calculated on the basis of appropriate spot readings,
shall exceed the relevant limit value.
f) Mass flow threshold refers to a rate of discharge expressed in units of kg/h, above which
concentration the emission limit value applies. Mass flow threshold rates shall be determined
on the basis of a single 30 minute measurement (ie. the concentration determined as a 30
minute average shall be multiplied by an appropriate measurement of flow and the result shall
be expressed in units of kg/h).
g) Mass flow limits shall be calculated on the basis of the concentration, determined as an average
over the specified period, multiplied by an appropriate measurement of flow. No value, so
determined, shall exceed the mass flow limit value.
h) For all Total Organic Carbon (as C) concentration limits, the average of all readings in one
monitoring exercise shall not exceed the emission limit value and no hourly average value shall
exceed 1.5 times the emission limit. At least three readings shall be obtained in each
monitoring exercise.
i) For all other parameters, no 30 minute mean value shall exceed the emission limit value.
The concentration and volume flow limits for emissions to the atmosphere shall be achieved
without the introduction of dilution air and shall be based on gas volumes under standard
conditions of :-
j) In the case of non-combustion gases, a temperature of 2730K, and a pressure of 101.3 KPa
without any correction for oxygen or water content.
k) In the case of combustion gases, a temperature 2730K, and a pressure 101.3 KPa of dry gas
with 3% oxygen for liquid and gas fuels, 6% oxygen for solid fuels, and 10% oxygen for
thermal oxidisers.
PAGE 5
3. EMISSIONS TO WATER:
Limit values for emissions to water shall be interpreted in the following way:-
During continuous monitoring:
a) No flow value shall exceed the specified limit.
b) No pH value shall deviate from the specified range.
c) No temperature value shall exceed the limit value.
During Non-Continuous Monitoring:
d) No pH value shall deviate from the specified range.
e) No temperature value shall exceed the limit value.
f) For parameters other than pH, temperature and discharge, eight out of ten consecutive results,
calculated as daily mean concentration or mass emission values on the basis of flow
proportional composite sampling, shall not exceed the emission limit value. No individual
result similarly calculated shall exceed 1.2 times the emission limit value.
g) For parameters other than pH, temperature, and flow, no grab sample value shall exceed 1.2
times the emission limit value.
The daily raw waste load is defined as the average daily mass arising for treatment over any three-
month period. Calculations of the removal rates should be based on the differences between the
waste loads entering the treatment plant and those discharged following treatment to the receiving
water. The amounts removed by treatment (chemical, physical, biological) may be included in the
calculation.
4. NOISE
Noise from the source activity, measured at the specified noise sensitive location, shall not give rise
to sound pressure levels (Leq, 15 minutes), which exceed the limit value by more than 2 dB(A)
PAGE 6
PART 2
STANDARDS FOR SPECIFIED
INDUSTRIAL SECTORS
PAGE 7
1. INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL SECTORS
The last issue of the directory of industries in Ethiopia published by the Ministry of Trade and
Industry indicates that over three thousand industrial establishments exist in the country. The
industries operating in the country vary considerably in terms of process technology, size, nature of
product, characteristics of the wastes discharged and the receiving environment.
Presently there are eight major sectors in which most of industrial activity within Ethiopia falls.
These sectors are the following:
a) Tanning and the production of leather goods;
b) The manufacture of textiles;
c) Extraction of mineral ores, the production of metals and metal products;
d) The processing of food products including beverages, meat and meat products;
e) The manufacture of cement and cement products.
f) Preservation of wood and the manufacture of wood products including furniture;
g) The production of pulp, paper and paper products;
h) The manufacture and formulation of chemical products including pesticides.
The following section details emission limit values for discharges to the receiving water in the case
of effluents and to the atmosphere for gaseous emissions from manufacturing plants.
2. TANNING AND LEATHER FINISHING
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
BOD5 at 20°C 90% removal or 200 mg/l, whichever is less
COD 500 mg/l
Suspended solids 50 mg/l
Total ammonia (as N) 30 mg/l
Total nitrogen (as N) 80% removal or 60 mg/l, whichever is less
Total phosphorus (as P) 80% removal or 10 mg/l, whichever is less
Oils, fats, and grease 15 mg/l
Mineral oils at oil trap or interceptors 20 mg/l
Chromium (as total Cr) 2 mg/l
Chromium (as Cr VI) 0.1 mg/l
Chlorides (as Cl) 1000 mg/l
Sulphides (as S) 1 mg/l
Phenols 1 mg/l
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Parameter Limit value
Total particulates 50 mg/Nm3
Volatile organic carbons 75 g/m2 product produced
Total hydrogen sulphide, sulphides and mercaptans (as S) 5 ppm v/v
Ammonia 40 ppm v/v
Acid vapours (as HCl) 30 mg/Nm3
PAGE 8
3. THE MANUFACTURE AND FINISHING OF TEXTILES
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Values
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
BOD5 at 20°C 90% removal or 50 mg/l, whichever is less
Total nitrogen (as N) 80% removal or 40 mg/l, whichever is less
COD (mg O2 /l) 80% removal or 150 mg/l, whichever is less
Total phosphorus (as P) 80% removal or 10 mg/l, whichever is less
Suspended solids 30
Total ammonia (as N) 20
Oils, fats & grease 20
Phenols 1
Mercury (as Hg) 0.001
Nickel (as Ni) 2
Cobalt (as Co) 1
Lead (as Pb) 0.5
Antimony (as Sb) 2
Tin (as Sn) 5
Chromium (as Cr VI)
Chromium (as total Cr)
0.1
1
Arsenic (as As) 0.25
Cadmium (as Cd) 1
Zinc (as Zn) 5
Copper (as Cu) 2
Mineral oils (Interceptors) 20
Benzene, toluene & xylene (combined) 1
Mineral oils (Biological Treatment) 5
Organochlorine pesticides (as Cl) 0.03
Mothproofing agents (as Cl) 0.003
Organophosphorus pesticides (as P) 0.003
Adsorbable organic halogen compounds (AOX) 5
Sulphide (as S) 2
PAGE 9
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Parameter Limit value (mg/Nm3)
Particulate matter 50
Volatile organic carbons (as C)
(excluding formaldehyde)
50
Formaldehyde 20
Isocyanates (as NCO) 0.1
4. PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING OF IRON AND STEEL
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
Suspended solids 20 mg/l
Mineral oils 20 mg/l
Cadmium (as Cd) 1 mg/l
Mercury (as Hg) 0.01 mg/l
Lead (as Pb) 0.5 mg/l
Zinc (as Zn) 5 mg/l
Chromium ( as Cr VI) 0.1 mg/l
Chromium (as total Cr) 1 mg/l
Nickel (as Ni) 2 mg/l
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Parameter Limit value
Particulate matter 50 mg/Nm3
Hydrogen fluoride (as HF) 5 mg/Nm3
Mercury (as Hg) 0.05 mg/Nm3
Lead (as Pb) 0.5 mg/Nm3
Zinc (as Zn) 10 mg/Nm3
Chromium (as total Cr) 0.5 mg/Nm3
Nickel (as Ni) 0.5 mg/Nm3
Cadmium (as Cd) 0.05 mg/Nm3
NOx (as NO2) 1000 mg/Nm
3
SOx (as SO2) 800 mg/Nm
3
Dioxins as International Toxicity Equivalent(I-TEQ) 1 ng/Nm3
PAGE 10
5. METAL WORKING, PLATING AND FINISHING
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 5.5 – 9.5
Suspended Solids 25 mg/l
Mineral Oil 20 mg/l
Fluoride (as F) 50 mg/l
Phosphorus (as P) 10 mg/l
Arsenic (as As) 0.2 mg/l
Cadmium (as Cd) 0.5 mg/l
Cyanide (as free CN) 0.5 mg/l
Chromium ( as Cr VI) 0.1 mg/l
Chromium (as total Cr) 1 mg/l
Copper (as Cu) 2 mg/l
Lead (as Pb) 0.5 mg/l
Mercury (as Hg) 0.01 mg/l
Nickel (as Ni) 1 mg/l
Silver (as Ag) 1 mg/l
Zinc (as Zn) 1 mg/l
Total Metals 15 mg/l
Trichloroethane 0.1 mg/l
Trichloroethylene 0.1 mg/l
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Substance Limit values
Particulate matter 10 mg/Nm3
Hydrogen fluoride (as HF) 5 mg/Nm3
Mercury (as Hg) 0.05 mg/Nm3
Lead (as Pb) 0.5 mg/Nm3
Zinc (as Zn) 10 mg/Nm3
Chromium (as total Cr) 0.5 mg/Nm3
Nickel (as Ni) 0.5 mg/Nm3
Cadmium (as Cd) 0.05 mg/Nm3
NOx (as NO2) 300 mg/Nm
3
SOx (as SO2) 300 mg/Nm
3
Dioxins as International Toxicity Equivalent (I-TEQ) 1 ng/Nm3
PAGE 11
6. BASE METAL AND IRON ORE MINING
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
BOD5 at 20°C 25 mg/l
COD 150 mg/l
Suspended solids 50 mg/l
Mineral oils 20 mg/l
Cadmium (as Cd) 0.5 mg/l
Mercury (as Hg) 0.01 mg/l
Arsenic (as As) 0.25 mg/l
Cyanide (as CN) 1 mg/l
Iron (as Fe) 5 mg/l
Lead (ad Pb) 0.5 mg/l
Zinc (as Zn) 3 mg/l
Copper (as Cu) 2 mg/l
Nickel (as Ni) 2 mg/l
Chromium (as Cr VI) 0.1 mg/l
Chromium (as total Cr) 1 mg/l
Total metals 15 mg/l
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Parameter Limit value
Particulate matter 50 mg/l
Silica 15 mg/l
SO2 (mg/Nm
3) 1000 mg/l
Nickel (as Ni) 5 mg/l
Iron (as Fe) 10 mg/l
Copper (as Cu) 20 mg/l
Sulphuric acid (as H2SO4) 50 mg/l
Nitric acid (as HNO3) 50 mg/l
Ammonia (as NH3) 300 mg/l
Arsine 5 mg/l
Dioxins as International Toxicity Equivalent (I-TEQ) 1 ng/Nm3
PAGE 12
7. MALTING, BREWING, DISTILING, PRODUCTION OF WINES AND
OTHER ALCOHOLIC LIQUOURS
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
BOD5 at 20°C 90% removal or 60 mg/l, whichever is less
COD 90% removal or 250 mg/l, whichever is less
Suspended solids 50 mg/l
Total ammonia (as N) 20 mg/l
Total nitrogen (as N) 80% removal or 40 mg/l, whichever is less
Total phosphorus (as P) 80% removal or 5 mg/l, whichever is less
Oils, fats, and grease 15 mg/l
Mineral oils at the oil trap or interceptor 20mg/l
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Parameter Limit value (mg/Nm3)
Total Particulates (at a mass flow of 0.5 kg/h or
above)
100
Hydrogen chloride (as HCl) (at a mass flow of 0.3
kg/h or more)
30
8. MANUFACTURE OF DAIRY PRODUCTS
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
BOD5 at 20°C 90% removal or 60 mg/l, whichever is less
COD 90% removal or 250 mg/l, whichever is less
Suspended solids 50 mg/l
Total ammonia (as N) 15 mg/l
Total nitrogen (as N) 80% removal or 40 mg/l, whichever is less
Total phosphorus (as P) 80% removal or 5 mg/l, whichever is less
Oils, fats, and grease 15 mg/l
Mineral oils at the oil trap or interceptor 20 mg/l
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Parameter Limit value (mg/Nm3)
Total particulates (at a mass flow of 0.5 kg/h or above) 100
Hydrogen chloride (as HCl), at a mass flow of 0.3
kg/h or more
30
PAGE 13
9. FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PROCESSING
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
BOD5 at 20°C 90% removal or 60 mg/l, whichever is less
COD 90% removal or 250 mg/l, whichever is less
Suspended solids 50 mg/l
Total ammonia (as N) 20 mg/l
Total nitrogen (as N) 80% removal or 40 mg/l, whichever is less
Total phosphorus (as P) 80% removal or 5 mg/l, whichever is less
Oils, fats, and grease 15 mg/l
Mineral oils at the oil trap or interceptor 20mg/l
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Parameter Limit value
(mg/Nm3 )
Total Particulates (at a mass flow of 0.5 kg/h or
above)
100
Hydrogen chloride (as HCl) (at a mass flow of 0.3
kg/h or more)
30
10. MANFACTURE OF SUGAR
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
BOD5 at 20°C 90% removal or 60 mg/l, whichever is less
COD 90% removal or 250 mg/l, whichever is less
Suspended solids 50 mg/l
Total ammonia (as N) 15 mg/l
Total nitrogen (as N) 80% removal or 40 mg/l, whichever is less
Total phosphorus (as P) 80% removal or 5 mg/l , whichever is less
Oils, fats, and grease 15 mg/l
Mineral oils at the oil trap or interceptor 20 mg/l
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Substance Limit value
Total particulates (at a mass flow of 0.5 kg/h or above) 100 mg/Nm3
Hydrogen chloride (as HCl) (at a mass flow of 0.3
kg/h or more)
30 mg/Nm3
PAGE 14
11. SLAUGHTERING MEAT PROCESSING AND RENDERING
Limit Values for Discharges to Water from Slaughtering and Meat Processing Plants
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
BOD5 at 20°C 90% removal or 80 mg/l, whichever is less
COD 90% removal or 250 mg/l, whichever is less
Suspended Solids 80 mg/l
Total ammonia (as N) 20 mg/l
Total nitrogen (as N) 80% removal or 40 mg/l, whichever is less
Total phosphorus (as P) 80% removal or 5 mg/l, whichever is less
Oils, fats, and grease 15 mg/l
Mineral oils at the oil trap or interceptor 20 mg/l
Total coliform bacteria (number per
100ml)
400 mg/l
Limit Values for Emissions to Air from Slaughtering and Meat Processing Plants
Parameters Limit value
(mg/Nm3 )
Total particulates (at a mass flow of 0.5 kg/h or above) 100
Hydrogen chloride (as HCl) (at a mass flow of 0.3 kg/h or
more)
30
Limit Values for Emissions to Air from Rendering Plants
Substance Limit value
Total particulates 100 mg/Nm3
Ammonia 50 ppm v/v
Amines 5 ppm v/v
Hydrogen sulphide, and mercaptans 5 ppm v/v
12. TIMBER PRESERVATION
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Constituent Group or Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
COD 80% removal or 150 mg/l, whichever is less
Suspended solids 100 mg/l
Oils, fats, and grease 10 mg/l
Chromium (as total Cr) 1 mg/l
Chromium (as Cr VI) 0.1 mg/l
Phenols 1 mg/l
Arsenic (as As) 0.5 mg/l
Copper (as Cu) 3 mg/l
Organohalogens 0.1 mg/l
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH’s) 0.05 mg/l
Fluorides 50 mg/l
Pesticides (each) 0.1 mg/l
Pentachlorophenol 0.1 mg/l
Mineral oils at the oil trap or interceptor 20 mg/l
PAGE 15
13. MANUFACTURE OF FERTILIZERS
13.1 PHOSPHATE FERTILIZER PLANTS
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
Suspended solids 50 mg/l
Phosphorous (as P) 5 mg/l
Fluorides (as F) 50 mg/l
Cadmium (as Cd) 1 mg/l
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Parameter Limit value
Fertilizer Plant
Total Particulates 100 mg/Nm3
Fluorides (as HF) 10 mg/Nm3
Sulphuric Acid Plant
Sulphur Dioxide (as SO2) 2 kg/t acid
Sulphur Trioxide (as SO3) 0.15 kg/t acid
Phosphoric acid plant
Total Particulates 100 mg/Nm3
Fluorides (as HF) 10 mg/Nm3
13.2. NITROGENOUS FERTILIZERS
Ammonium Sulphate Plant
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
Total nitrogen (as N) 150 mg/l
BOD5 at 20°C 50 mg/l
Suspended solids 50 mg/l
Phosphorous (as P) 10 mg/l
Phenols 1 mg/l
Total heavy metals 1 mg/l
Ammonia Production
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Parameter per tonne of NH3 produced
Nitrous oxides (as NO2) 1.3 kg
Sulphur oxides (as SO2) 0.1 kg
Carbon dioxide (as CO2) 500 kg
Carbon monoxide (as CO) ` 0.03 kg
Fertilizer Plant
Limit Values for Emission to air
Parameter Concentration mg/Nm
3
Total particulates 100
Ammonia 50
Amines 5
PAGE 16
14. PULP AND PAPER
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
BOD5 at 20°C 90% removal or 50 mg/l, whichever is less
COD 75% removal or 300 mg/l, whichever is less
Total phosphorus (as P) 90% removal or 5 mg/l, whichever is less
Total nitrogen (as N) 90% removal or 30 mg/l, whichever is less
Suspended solids 50 mg/l
Adsorbable organic halogen compounds(AOX) 7.5 mg/l
Oils, fats, and greases 15 mg/l
Mineral oil at the oil trap or interceptors 20 mg/l
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Parameter Limit value
Total particulates 150 mg/Nm3
Hydrogen sulphide (as H2S) 15 mg/Nm
3
Sulphur dioxide (as SO2) 800 mg/Nm
3
Total sulphur
Sulphite mills 2 kg/ton ADP*
Kraft and other mills 1.5 kg/ton ADP*
Chlorine 20 mg/Nm3
Nitrous oxide (as NO2)
Natural gas 100 mg/Nm3
Liquid fuels 150 mg/Nm3
Solid fuels 300 mg/Nm3
Volatile organic carbon compounds 20 mg/Nm3
Smoke 2 units of Ringlemann shade
15. CEMENT MANUFACTURING
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
pH 6 – 9
BOD5 at 20°C 25 mg/l
COD 150 mg/l
Total phosphorus (as P) 5 mg/l
Suspended solids 50 mg/l
Mineral oils at the oil trap or interceptor 20 mg/l
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Parameter Limit value
Total particulates 150 mg/Nm3
Sulphur dioxide (as SO2) 1000 mg/Nm
3
Nitrous oxide (as NO2) 2000 mg/Nm
3
PAGE 17
16. PERTOCHEMICAL MANUFACTURING
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
BOD5 at 20°C 90% removal or 50 mg/l, whichever is less
COD 75% removal or 200 mg/l, whichever is less
Total phosphorus (as P) 90% removal or 5 mg/l, whichever is less
Total nitrogen (as N) 90% removal or 30 mg/l, whichever is less
Suspended solids 50 mg/l
Oils, Fats, and Greases 15 mg/l
Chromium (as total Cr) 1 mg/l
Chromium (as Cr VI) 0.1 mg/l
Phenols 1 mg/l
Copper (as Cu) 1 mg/l
Benzene 0.1 mg/l
Vinyl chloride 0.1 mg/l
Sulphide 1 mg/l
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Parameter Limit value
Total particulates 50 mg/Nm3
Nitrous oxides (as NO2) 500 mg/Nm
3
Sulphur dioxide (as SO2) 800 mg/Nm
3
Hydrogen chloride (as HCl) 20 mg/Nm3
Benzene 5 mg/Nm3
0.1 ppb at plant fence
1,2-Dichloroethane 5 mg/Nm3
1 ppb at plant fence
Vinyl chloride 5 mg/Nm3
0.4 ppb at plant fence
Chlorine 20 mg/Nm3
Ammonia (as NH3)
15 mg/Nm3
PAGE 18
17. PESTICIDE MANUFACTURING
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
BOD5 at 20°C 90% removal or 50 mg/l, whichever is less
COD 75% removal or 200 mg/l, whichever is less
Total phosphorus (as P) 90% removal or 5 mg/l, whichever is less
Total nitrogen (as N) 90% removal or 30 mg/l, whichever is less
Suspended solids 20 mg/l
Oils, fats, and greases 15 mg/l
Chromium (as total Cr) 1 mg/l
Chromium (as Cr VI) 0.1 mg/l
Phenols 1 mg/l
Copper (as Cu) 1 mg/l
Mercury (as Hg) 0.01 mg/l
Active ingredient (each) 0.05 mg/l
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Parameter Limit value (mg/Nm3)
Total particulates 10
Volatile organic carbon compounds 50
Hydrogen chloride (as HCl) 20
Chlorine (or chloride) 5
18. PESTICIDE FORMULATION
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
COD 75% removal or 250 mg/l, whichever is less
Total phosphorus (as P) 90% removal or 5 mg/l, whichever is less
Total nitrogen (as N) 90% removal or 30 mg/l, whichever is less
Suspended solids 30 mg/l
Oils, fats, and greases 15 mg/l
AOX 2 mg/l
Organochlorines 0.1 mg/l
Nitroorganics 0.1 mg/l
Pyrethroids 0.1 mg/l
Phenoxy compounds 0.1 mg/l
Active ingredient 0.05 mg/l
Arsenic (as As) 0.2 mg/l
Chromium (as total Cr) 1 mg/l
Chromium (as Cr VI) 0.1 mg/l
Phenols 1mg/l
Copper (as Cu) 2 mg/l
Mercury (as Hg) 0.01 mg/l
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Parameter Limit value (mg/Nm3)
Total Particulates 10
Volatile organic carbon compounds 50
Hydrogen chloride (as HCl) 20
Chlorine (or chloride) 5
PAGE 19
19. PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURING
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6 – 9
BOD5 at 20°C 90% removal or 50 mg/l, whichever is less
COD 75% removal or 250 mg/l, whichever is less
Total phosphorus (as P) 90% removal or 5 mg/l, whichever is less
Total nitrogen (as N) 90% removal or 30 mg/l, whichever is less
Suspended solids 30 mg/l
Oils, fats, and greases 15 mg/l
Absorbable organic halogen compounds (AOX) 2 mg/l
Organochlorines 0.1 mg/l
Active ingredient (each) 0.05 mg/l
Arsenic (as As) 0.2 mg/l
Chromium (as total Cr) 1 mg/l
Chromium (as Cr VI) 0.1 mg/l
Phenols 1 mg/l
Copper (as Cu) 2 mg/l
Mercury (as Hg) 0.01 mg/l
Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Parameter Limit value (mg/Nm3)
Total particulates 50
Active ingredients 0.2
Organic compounds (Listed in Annex 1, p.36)
Class I 20
Class II 100
Class III 300
20. PRINTING AND SURFACE COATING
Limit Values for Discharges to Water
Parameter Limit Value
Temperature 40 °C
pH 6.5 – 10
BOD5 at 20°C 90% removal or 50 mg/l, whichever is less
COD 75% removal or 250 mg/l, whichever is less
Total Phosphorus (as P) 90% removal or 5 mg/l, whichever is less
Total Nitrogen (as N) 90% removal or 30 mg/l, whichever is less
Suspended Solids 50 mg/l
Oils, Fats, and Greases 15 mg/l
Cadmium (as Cd) 0.2 mg/l
Chromium (as total Cr) 1 mg/l
Chromium (as Cr VI) 0.1 mg/l
Copper (as Cu) 1 mg/l
Silver (as Ag) 1 mg/l
Zinc (as Zn) 5 mg/l
PAGE 20
Limit Values for Emissions to Air from Surface Coating
The emissions to air from surface coating operations come from the evaporation of organic solvents
in the coatings. These consist primarily of Volatile Organic Components listed in annex I.
Solvent use or consumption Concentration (mg/Nm3)
Less than 15 tonnes per annum Class I 50
Class II 200
Class III 300
Greater than 15 tonnes per annum Class I 20
Class II 100
Class III 300
PAGE 21
PART 3
GENERAL STANDARDS FOR ALL
OTHER INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS
.
PAGE 22
1. EFFLUENT DISCHARGES TO INLAND WATERS
This section details the standards which shall be applied to all effluents discharged to inland waters,
other than those from specific sectors previously dealt with under Part 2 of this document.
Parameter Emission Limit Value
(mg/l)
pH 6 – 9
Temperature 40°C
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) at 20°C 80
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) 250
Suspended solids (SS) 100
Total dissolved solids (TDS) 3000
Total kjeldahl nitrogen (as N) 80
Total ammonia (as N) 30
Ammonia (as free ammonia) 5
Nitrate (as N) 20
Dissolved phosphorus (as P) 5
Total phosphate (as P) 10
Fats, oils and grease 20
Aluminium (as Al) 0.2
Arsenic (as As) 0.25
Barium (as Ba) 10
Boron (as B) 5
Cadmium (as CD) 1
Chromium (as total Cr) 2
Chromium (as Cr Vi) 0.5
Cobalt (as Co) 1
Copper (as Cu) 2
Cyanide (as CN) 0.5
Iron (as Fe) 10
Lead (as Pb) 0.5
Magnesium (as Mg) 100
Manganese (as Mn) 5
Mercury (as Hg) 0.001
Nickel (as Ni) 3
Selenium (as Se) 1
Silver (as Ag) 1
Tin (as Sn) 5
Zinc (as Zn) 5
Total heavy metals (combined) 15
PAGE 23
Parameter Emission Limit Value
(mg/l)
Calcium (as Ca) 100
Chloride (as Cl) 1000
Chlorine (total residual, as Cl) 1.5
Fluoride (as F) 20
Sulphide (as S) 2
Sulphate (SO4) 1000
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 0.5
1,1,2-Dichloroethyelene 0.2
1,1,2-Trichloroethane 0.06
1,2-Dichloroethane 0.04
1,3-Dichloropropene 0.2
Dichloromethane 0.2
Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene 0.4
Tetrachloroethylene 0.1
Tetrachloromethane 0.02
Tricholoroethylene 0.3
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB’s) 0.003
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (as benzene) 0.1
Absorbable Organic Halogen Compounds (AOX) 2
Dioxins 0.002
Benzene 0.2
An-ionic detergents (as MBAS) 15
Pesticides, herbicides, fungicides and insecticides 0.1
Phenolic Compounds (as C6H5OH) 1
Formaldehyde 1
Total coliform bacteria (numbers per 100 ml) 400
Alpha emitters 10
-7 µc/ml
Beta emitters 10-6 µc/ml
PAGE 24
2. CONTROLLED APPLICATION OF EFFLUENTS TO LAND
Parameter Emission Limit Value
(mg/l)
PH 5.5 – 9 pH units
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) at 20°C 500
Total dissolved solids (TDS) 2100
Fats, oils and grease 30
Arsenic (as As) 0.25
Barium (as Ba) 10
Boron (as B) 5
Cadmium (as CD) 1
Chromium (as total Cr) 2
Chromium (as hexavalent Cr) 0.5
Cobalt (as Co) 1
Copper (as Cu) 2
Cyanide (as Cn) 0.5
Lead (as Pb) 0.5
Manganese (as Mn) 5
Mercury (as Hg) 0.001
Nickel (as Ni) 3
Selenium (as Se) 1
Silver (as Ag) 1
Tin (as Sn) 5
Zinc (as Zn) 5
Total Heavy Metals (Combined) 15
Chloride (as Cl) 1000
Fluoride (as F) 20
Sulphate (SO4) 1000
PAGE 25
PART 4
GENERAL STANDARDS FOR ALL
OTHER GASEOUS EMISSION
PAGE 26
1. APPLICABILITY
These standards for emission limits from stationary sources represent maximum allowable levels of
pollutant from a site, process, stack, vent, etc. with the objective of achieving a desired air quality.
.
2. PARTICULATE MATTER
2 .1. TOTAL DUST
The dust emissions contained in waste gas may not exceed a mass flow of 2 kg/h and a mass
concentration of 100 mg/Nm3.
2 .2. INORGANIC PARTICULATE MATTER
The concentration of neither of the following chemicals in Class I shall exceed 0.5 mg/Nm 3, the
concentration of the total of the chemicals in Class II shall not exceed 10mg/Nm3, and the
concentration of the total of chemicals in Class III shall not exceed 20 mg/Nm3.
Class Substance
I Mercury and its compounds, as Hg
Thallium and its compounds, as Tl
II Lead and its compounds, as Pb
Cobalt and its compounds, as Co
Nickel and its compounds, as Ni
Selenium and its compounds, as Se
Tellurium and its compounds, as Te
III Antimony and its compounds, as Sb
Chromium and its compounds, as Cr
Easily soluble cyanides (e.g. NaCN), as CN
Easily soluble fluorides (e.g. NaF), as F
Copper and its compounds, as Cu
Manganese and its compounds, as Mn
Vanadium and its compounds, as V
Tin and its compounds, as Sn
PAGE 27
3. EMISSION LIMIT VALUES FOR INORGANIC GASEOUS SUBSTANCES
The concentration of the total of the following inorganic gaseous chemicals in Class I shall not
exceed 5 mg/Nm3, that of those in Class II shall not exceed 30 mg/Nm 3 and that of those in Class
IV shall not exceed 3500 mg/Nm3.
Class Parameter Mass concentration
per
substance
I Arsine
Cyanogen chloride
Phosgene
Phosphine
II Bromine and its gaseous compounds, as HBr
Chlorine
Hydrocyanic acid
Fluorine and its gaseous compounds, as HF
Hydrogen sulphide
III Ammonia
Gaseous inorganic compounds of chlorine, unless
included in class I or class II, as HCl
IV Sulphur oxides (sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide),
as SO2
Nitrogen oxides (nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen
dioxide), as NO2
4. EMISSION LIMIT VALUES FOR ORGANIC GASEOUS SUBSTANCES
Organic substances, which are categorized into classes I, class II and class III in Annex 1, shall not
exceed the following mass concentrations:
Class Mass concentration
I 50 mg/Nm3
II 200 mg/Nm3
II 300 mg/Nm3
PAGE 28
5. CARCINOGENIC SUBSTANCES
The concentration of the total of the following chemicals in Class I shall not exceed 0.5 mg/Nm 3,
that of those in Class II shall not exceed 5 mg/Nm 3, and that of those in Class III shall not exceed
10 mg/Nm3.
5.1. Carcinogenic Chemicals
Class Parameter
I Arsenic and its compounds, as As
Benzo(a)pyrene
Cadmium and its compounds, as Cd
Water-soluble compounds of cobalt, as Co
Chromium(VI) compounds, as Cr
II Acrylamide
Acrylonitrile
Dinitrotoluenes
Ethylene oxide
Nickel and its compounds, as Ni
4-vinyl-1,2-cyclohexene-diepoxy
III Benzene
Bromoethane
1,3-Butadiene
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,2-Propylene oxide (1,2-epoxy propane)
Styrene oxide
o-Toluidine
Trichloroethene
Vinyl chloride
5 .2. CARCINOGENIC FIBRES
The following concentrations of carcinogenic fiber dust listed hereunder may not be exceeded in
waste gas emissions.
Fibre type Number/m3
Asbestos fibres (e.g. chrysotile, crocidolite, amosite), 1x104 fibres/m³
Biopersistent ceramic fibres (e.g. consisting of aluminium silicate, aluminium
oxide, silicon carbide, potassium titanate)
1.5x104 fibres/m³
Biopersistent mineral fibres 5x104 fibres/m³
PAGE 29
6. MUTAGENIC SUBSTANCES
For mutagenic substances or preparations, a mass concentration below 0.5 mg/Nm³ shall not be
exceeded.
7. EMISSION LIMITS FROM COMBUSTION SOURCES
Parameter Limit value
Total particulates
Coal 500 mg/Nm3
Fuel oil 250 mg/Nm3
Gas 50 mg/Nm3
Nitrogen oxides (as NO2)
Coal 700 mg/Nm3
Fuel oil 1000 mg/Nm3
Gas 400 mg/Nm3
Sulphur oxides (as SO2)
Coal 4300 mg/Nm3
Fuel oil 5100 mg/Nm3
Gas 100 mg/Nm3
Carbon monoxide 150 mg/Nm3
Smoke 2 units on the Ringleman scale
8. STANDARDS FOR MOTOR VEHICLE EXHAUST
Parameter Maximum permissible limit Measuring method
Smoke 2 units on the Ringlemann Scale
during engine acceleration mode.
To be compared with
Ringlemann Chart at a
distance of 6 meters or more.
Carbon Monoxide New Vehicles. Used Vehicles. Under idling conditions: Non
4.5 % of the
exhaust volume
6 % of the
exhaust volume
dispersive infrared detection
through gas analyzer.
9. HIGHLY ODOUROUS SUBSTANCES
Where an installation is likely to emit highly odourous substances during normal operation or
operational malfunctions, appropriate emission control measures shall be applied, e.g. enclosure of
all or part of the installation, operation under negative pressure with off gasses directed to
appropriate odour abatement technologies. Adequate provision shall be made for raw materials and
products to ensure minimization of odorous emissions.
Highly odourous waste gasses shall be fed to waste gas purification installations, which are
appropriate for abatement of the odorous substance.
When defining the abatement requirements for individual cases, particular consideration shall be
given to waste gas volume and mass flow of highly odourous substances, local propagation
conditions, the duration of emission, and the distance of the installations from the nearest existing
or planed residential area.
If it is not possible to identify or quantify the odorous properties of an emission based upon the
amount or properties of substances contained in the emission, e.g. total quantity of amines or
hydrogen sulphide, the odour characteristics of the off gas shall be established through
olfactometry. For odour figures above 100,000 OU/Nm3 it is possible to reach odour reduction
values of more than 99% through utilizing waste purification facilities such as biological or
chemical scrubbers or biofilters.
PAGE 30
PART 5
STANDARDS FOR NOISE LIMITS
PAGE 31
1. NOISE STANDARDS TO BE APPLIED WHERE PEOPLE LIVE OR WORK
The generation of excessive noise in the community can have undesirable effects on the population.
It can cause annoyance and disturbance to people at work or during leisure activities, disturbance to
sleep and possibly a deleterious effect on general physical and mental well-being. All people are
not equally sensitive to the disturbing aspects of noise. There is a small but significant minority
which is more sensitive than others.
The objective of these standards is to minimize the amount of noise to which people, living or
working, are exposed.
The sensitivity to noise is usually greater at night-time than it is during the day, by about 10dB(A).
The upper limits of noise permitted are the following:
Limits in dB (A) Leq
Area Code Category of area Day time1 Night time2
A Industrial area 75 70
B Commercial area 65 55
C Residential area 55 45
1: Day time reckoned to be between 6.00 am to 9.00p.m
2: Night time reckoned to be between 9.00p.m. to 6.00am
2. VIBRATION AND AIR OVERPRESSURE IN MINING AND QUARRYING
In the case of quarrying and mining operations, the peak particle vibration level of 12 mm/sec,
measured in any three mutually orthogonal directions at a receiving location when blasting occurs
at a frequency of once per week or less. For more frequent blasting, the peak particle vibration
level should not be exceeded 8 mm/sec. These levels are for low frequency vibrations, i.e., less
than 40 Hertz.
Blasting should not give rise to air overpressure values at sensitive locations which are in excess of
125 dB (Lin) max peak.
3. NOISE STANDARDS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES
Every motor vehicle needs to conform to the following noise standards.
Vehicle Type Maximum Permissible
Noise Levels, dB(A) at 7.5
metres from the source
Two wheelers (petrol-driven) 80
Three wheelers, all petrol-driven passenger cars and two wheeler
diesel driven cars.
82
Passenger or light commercial vehicles fitted with diesel engine
with gross vehicle weight up to 4000 Kg.
85
Passenger or commercial vehicles with gross vehicle weight above
4000 Kg and up to 12000 Kg.
89
Passenger or commercial vehicles with gross vehicle weight above
12000 Kg.
91
PAGE 32
PART 6
ANNEXES
PAGE 33
Annex 1
Classification of Organic chemicals
An organic chemical is categorized as follows into one of 3 classes depending on the
dosage in mg/kg of body weight that kills 50% of human individuals that have taken it :
Oral lethal dose (LD50)
0 - 50 mg/kg - Class I
50 -500 mg/kg - Calss II
500 - 5000 mg/kg - Class III
Substance Empirical Formula Class
Acetaldehyde C2H4O I
Acetone C3H6O III
Acrylic acid C3H4O2 I
Alkyl alcohols III
Alkyl lead compounds I
Formic Acid CH2O2 I
Aniline C6H7N I
Biphenyl C12H10 I
2-Butanon C4H8O III
2-Butoxyethanol C6H14O2 II
Butyl acetate C6H12O2 III
Butyric aldehyde C4H8O II
Chloracetaldehyde C2H3ClO I
Chlorbenzene C6H5Cl II
2-Chlor-1,3-Butadiene C4H5C1 II
Chloroacetic acid C2H3C1O2 I
Chlorethane C2H5Cl III
Chlormethane CH3Cl I
2-Chlorpropane C3H7Cl II
α -Chlortoluene C7H7Cl I
Cyclohexanon C6H10O II
Dibutylether C8H18O III
1,2-Dichlorbenzene C6H4Cl2 I
1,4-Dichlorbenzne C6H4Cl2 II
Dichlordifluormethane CCl2F2 III
1,1-Dichlorethane C2H4Cl2 II
1,1-Dichlorethylene C2H2Cl2 I
1,2-Dichlorethylene C2H2Cl2 III
Dichlormethane CH2Cl2 III
Dichlorphenol C6H4Cl2O I
Diethylamine C4H11N I
Diethylether C4H10O III
PAGE 34
Substance Empirical Formula Class
Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate C24H38O4 II
Diisopropyl ether C6H14O III
Dimethylamine C2H7N I
Dimethyl ether C2H6O III
N,N-Dimethylformamide C3H7NO II
2,6-Dimethylheptan-4-on C7H14O II
1,4-Dioxan C4H8O2 I
Acetic Acid C2H4O2 II
2-Ethoxyethanol C4H10O2 II
Ethyl acetate C4H8O2 III
Ethylacrylate C5H8O2 I
Ethylamine C2H7N I
Ethylbenene C8H10 II
Ethylen glycol C2H6O2 III
Formaldehyde CH2O I
2-Furaldehyde C5H4O2 I
Furfuryl alcohol C5H6O6 II
4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone C6H12O2 III
2,2-Iminodiethanol C4H11NO2 II
Isopropenylbenzene C9H10 II
Isoprophylbenzene C9H12 II
Carbon disulphide CS2 II
Cresols C7H8O I
Maleic anhydride C4H2O3 I
2-Methoxyethanol C3H8O2 II
Methyl acetate C3H6O2 II
Methyl acrylate C4H6O2 I
Methylamine CH5N I
Methyl benzoate C8H8O2 III
Methylcyclohexanons C7H12O II
Methyl formate C2H4O2 II
Methyl methacrylate C5H8O2 II
4-Methyl-2-pentanone C6H12O III
4-Methyl-m-phenylendiisocyanate C9H6N2O2 I
N-Methylpyrrolidone C5H9NO III
Naphthaline C10H8 II
Nitrobenzene C6H5NO2 I
Nitrocresols C7H7NO3 I
Nitrophenols C6H5NO3 I
Nitrotoluene C7H7NO2 I
Olefin hydrocarbons III
Paraffin hydrocarbons III
Phenol C6H6O I
PAGE 35
Substance Empirical Formula Class
Pinenes C10H16 III
2-Propenal C3H4O I
Propionaldehyde C3H6O II
Propionic acid C3H6O2 II
Pyridine C5H5N I
Styrene C8H8 II
1,1,2,2-Tetrachlorethane C2H2Cl4 I
Tetrachlorethylene C2Cl4 II
Tetrachlormethane CCl4 I
Tetrahydrofuran C4H8O II
Thioalcohols I
Thioether I
Toluene C7H8 II
1,1,1-Trichlorethane C2H3Cl3 II
1,1,2-Trichlorethane C2H3Cl3 I
Trichlorethylene C2HCl3 II
Trichlormethane CHCl3 I
Trichlorphenols C6H3OCl3 I
Triethylamine C6H15N I
Trichlorfluormethane CCl3F III
Trimethylbenzenes C9H12 II
Vinyl acetate C4H6O2 II
Xylenols (except 2,4-Xylenol) C8H10O I
2,4-Xylenol C8H10O II
Xylenes C8H10 II
PAGE 36
Annex 2
Toxicity Equivalent Factor for Dioxins and Furans
There are a total of thirty PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs that are currently considered to
exhibit dioxin-like toxicity. This raises a problem for toxicity assessments where
measurements detect various levels of the different PCDD/PCDF/PCB congeners, each of
which has a different potential to elicit dioxin-like effects. Rather than perform thirty
individual assessments, scientists have developed the concept of toxicity equivalence to
sum the effects of dioxin-like chemicals. Each congener is given a toxicity equivalence
factor (TEF) based on its specific ability to elicit dioxin-like effects. The congener
2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin is the most toxic of these and is given a toxicity
equivalence factor (TEF) of one. Other congeners are given TEFs that are fractions of
one. The total toxic equivalence quantity (TEQ) is the sum of all the individual
PCDD/PCDF/PCB concentrations multiplied by their specific TEFs.
Substance Equivalence Factors
2,3,7,8 – Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) 1
1,2,3,7,8 – Pentachlorodibenzodioxin (PeCDD) 0.5
1,2,3,4,7,8 – Hexachlorodibenzodioxin (HxCDD) 0.1
1,2,3,7,8,9 – Hexachlorodibenzodioxin (HxCDD) 0.1
1,2,3,6,7,8 – Hexachlorodibenzodioxin (HxCDD) 0.1
1,2,3,4,6,7,8 – Heptachlorodibenzodioxin (HpCDD) 0.01
Octachlorodibenzodioxin (OCDD) 0.001
2,3,7,8 – Tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) 0.1
2,3,4,7,8 – Pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) 0.5
1,2,3,7,8 – Pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) 0.05
1,2,3,4,7,8 – Hexachlorodibenzofuran (HxCDF) 0.1
1,2,3,7,8,9 – Hexachlorodibenzofuran (HxCDF) 0.1
1,2,3,6,7,8 – Hexachlorodibenzofuran (HxCDF) 0.1
2,3,4,6,7,8 – Hexachlorodibenzofuran (HxCDF) 0.1
1,2,3,4,6,7,8 – Heptachlorodibenzofuran (HpCDF) 0.01
1,2,3,4,7,8,9 – Heptachlorodibenzofuran (HpCDF) 0.01
Octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF) 0.001
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Phone numbers
5005000Phone numbers
500 - 5000Law clause
- ART 3
- art 3
- ART 5
- ART 4
- art 5
- ART 6
- ART 2
- ART 1
- art 2
- art 4
- art 1
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