Republic of Rwanda (2011) Rwanda Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy

Republic of Rwanda (2011) Rwanda Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy


Green Growth and Climate Resilience
National Strategy for Climate Change and Low Carbon
Development

Kigali

October 2011

Republic of Rwanda


The Rwanda National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development was developed over a
period of nine months, from November 2010 to July 2011, as a collaborative effort between the
Government of Rwanda, the Smith School of Enterprise and Environment (SSEE) at the University of
Oxford, and the donor institutes UK DFID-Rwanda and the Climate and Development Knowledge Network
(CDKN). The Principal Investigator was Professor Sir David King and the Programme Manager was Megan
Cole, from SSEE. The project was coordinated by the Ministry of Natural Resources (MINIRENA), and was
directed through a Steering Committee consisting of ten Cabinet Ministers from the following ministries:
Disaster Management (MIDIMAR), Agriculture and Animal Resources (MINAGRI), Trade and Industry
(MINICOM), Finance and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN), Education (MINEDUC), Infrastructure
(MININFRA), Natural Resources (MINIRENA), Local Government (MINALOC) and Health (MOH).

First Published: November 2011


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Executive Summary

National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Developmenti

Rwanda has seen significant economic development in recent years. Long-term vision, good
governance and economic growth have made it attractive to foreign investors and ecotourism has taken
off. Agricultural production has doubled since 2007, improving food security, mining has been privatised
and contributes 38% of export earnings, and industry and services are expanding, providing off-farm jobs
for the growing population. Development is supported by increasing access to electricity, now at 10.5%,
and 2,300km of fibre optic cables recently laid across the country. Parliament has the highest percentage
(60%) of women in the world and over 95% of children enrolled in primary school in 2009. Six years after
joining the East Africa Community, Rwanda is contributing to development in the region.

But Rwanda’s future socio-economic development is uncertain as its population grows and the
climate changes, causing pressure on land, water, food and energy resources. Rwanda has the highest
population density in Africa, and the population is growing at 2.8% per year. It is predicted that the
population will more than double from 11 million today to 26 million by 2050, with a population density of
987 people per square kilometre[1]. Urbanisation is increasing, at 4.4% per year, with over 1 million people
living in the capital city, Kigali. As pressure on the land increases, urbanisation will increase and urban
centres will expand. If this urbanisation is properly managed and coupled with industry and services, it can
be an instrument for wealth creation. Alternatively, there is a risk of urban slums developing and creating
associated health and social problems. Job creation, education, health care and social protection are all
needed to address population growth, while urban areas must be high density and resource efficient to
support a growing skilled workforce.

Rwanda is currently highly vulnerable to climate change as it is strongly reliant on rain-fed agriculture
both for rural livelihoods and exports of tea and coffee. It also depends on hydropower for half of its
electricity generation, a driver of economic growth. Rwanda has experienced a temperature increase of
1.4°C since 1970, higher than the global average, and can expect an increase in temperature of up to
2.5°C by the 2050s from 1970. Rainfall is highly variable in Rwanda but average annual rainfall may
increase by up to 20% by the 2050s from 1970. Projections for East Africa over Rwanda and Burundi show
an increasing trend in rainfall intensity for both rainy seasons [2] which is likely to cause floods and storms
which can result in landslides, crop losses, health risks and damage to infrastructure. Temperature rise may
increase the spread of vector-borne diseases, air-borne and water-borne diseases, impacting on animal
and human health, and could negatively affect crop yields, impacting food security and export earnings.
Higher temperatures result in higher altitudes at which tea and coffee can be grown, which may significantly
impact the land available for tea and coffee, and may result in land use conflict. Extreme weather already
negatively impacts the economy and climate change could result in annual economic costs of just under
1% GDP by 2030 [3].

Executive Summary


Rwanda imports all of its oil-based products, which fuels 39% of Rwanda’s electricity generation
capacity, and its entire transport sector. As a landlocked country in equatorial Africa, transport is limited to
road and air, and import and export costs are very high. Any increase in oil price has a significant negative
effect on GDP and economic growth. Rwanda is fortunate in that it has large untapped clean energy
resources in geothermal, hydro and solar, as well as a >300MW methane gas resource in Lake Kivu and
multiple peat deposits. Together these have the potential to exceed Rwanda’s electricity needs by 2020 and
replace oil-fuelled power plants. This would provide domestic energy security, reduce greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions and be a major economic stimulus as payments abroad for oil are replaced by local
expenditure for energy production and other development needs. Replacing chemical fertiliser imports with
local alternatives has similar benefits. The challenge Rwanda faces lies in financing the exploitation of these
energy resources.

Rwanda has one of the lowest emissions per capita in the world, estimated at 0.4 tCO2e/person,
compared to a global average of 6.7 tCO2e/person, including land use change, in 2005 [4]. The baseline
GHG emissions from 2005 used in the preparation of the Second National Communication to the UNFCCC
set aggregate emissions or total CO2 equivalent, amounting to 5,010Gg, dominated by agriculture and
energy. Four key sources contributed 91% of aggregate emissions: N2O from agricultural soils (57%), CH4
from enteric fermentation in domestic livestock (19%), CH4 from residential energy from fuel combustion
(8%) and CO2 from road vehicles (5%). CO2 emissions are mostly from transport and industrial processes
though forest sequestration made Rwanda a net carbon sink in 2005. There are uncertainties in the GHG
inventory however, due to inadequate representation, lack of basic data and application of emissions
factors for different conditions.

Vision 2020 aims to transform Rwanda from a subsistence agriculture economy to a knowledge-
based society earning 900 USD per capita, making Rwanda a middle income country by 2020. The
Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS) is the framework for achieving Vision
2020 and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In order for Rwanda to tackle climate change, it
needs to be mainstreamed into Vision 2020, EDPRS and Sector strategies. This Strategy aims to guide the
process of mainstreaming climate resilience and low carbon development into key sectors of the economy.
It provides a strategic framework (Figure 1) which includes a vision for 2050, guiding principles, strategic
objectives, programmes of action, enabling pillars and a roadmap for implementation. Each Programme of
Action has three to five focussed actions with a number of sub-actions. These are summarised at the end
of the Strategy and detailed in the Sector Working Papers in Appendix B.

A vision for 2050 envisages Rwanda as a developed country, with a strong services sector, low
unemployment and low levels of poverty. It is a country where agriculture and industry have a minimal
negative impact on the environment, operating in a sustainable way, and enabling Rwanda to be self-
sufficient regarding basic necessities. By 2050, development will be achieved with low carbon domestic
energy resources and practices, reducing Rwanda’s contribution to climate change while allowing it to be
independent of imported oil for power generation. Finally, Rwanda will have the robust local and regional
knowledge to be able to respond and adapt to changes in the climate and the resulting impacts, supporting
other African countries as a regional services hub to do the same.

Government of Rwandaii

Executive Summary


Vision 2050: For Rwanda to be a developed climate-resilient, low-carbon economy by 2050.

Guiding Principles

Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction Good Regional and Global Citizenship
Sustainability of the Environment and Natural resources Gender Equality and Equity

Welfare and Wellness of all citizens in a growing population

Strategic Objectives

To achieve Energy Security and a Low Carbon Energy Supply that supports the development of Green Industry and Services
To achieve Sustainable Land Use and Water Resource Management that results in Food Security, appropriate Urban

Development and preservation of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
To achieve Social Protection, Improved Health and Disaster Risk Reduction that reduces vulnerability to climate change

Programmes of Action

Sustainable

intensification
of small-

scale farming

Agricultural

diversity of
markets

Sustainable

land use
management

Integrated

Water
Resource

Management

Low carbon

energy grid

Small-scale

energy
access in

rural areas

Disaster

management
and Disease

prevention

Green

industry and
private sector

development

Climate

compatible
mining

Resilient

transport
systems

Low carbon

urban
systems

Ecotourism,

conservation
and PES

Sustainable

forestry,
agroforestry

and biomass

Climate data

and
projections

Enabling Pillars

Capacity

Building and
Knowledge

Management

Integrated

Planning and
Data

Management

Technology,

Innovation
and

Infrastructure

Finance
Institutional

Arrangements

Roadmap for Implementation

Big Wins, Quick Wins and Further Work
Integrating the Strategy into Vision 2020, EDPRS 2013-2017, sector strategies

Figure 1: Strategic Framework for Rwanda’s National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon
Development

Big Wins

Amongst all the planned actions in this Strategy, there are a few ‘big wins’ that if implemented, will
make a significant impact on adaptation, mitigation and economic development. These are likely to produce
the greatest return on investment for Rwanda as they impact the whole economy in the long term. More
details regarding each ‘big win’ are found in the Sector Working Papers in Appendix B. They have been
split into low carbon development/mitigation and climate resilience/adaptation though there are synergies
between them.

National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Developmentiii

Executive Summary
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As the three largest sources of GHG emissions, agriculture, energy and transport are all addressed in
the mitigation ‘big wins’, which will enable low carbon development, increasing food and energy security,
reducing vulnerability to oil price spikes and reducing payments abroad.

Low Carbon Development / Mitigation

1. Geothermal power generation: Geothermal power is a clean, renewable, reliable and large-scale
energy resource. There is an estimated potential of up to 700MW of geothermal power in Rwanda
and this would exceed domestic electricity demand by 2020 if implemented. It uses known
technology and could produce electricity at four times less the cost of diesel generated electricity
currently in use in Rwanda. It could replace oil-fuelled power plants which currently supply 38MW
of electricity and result in high GHG emissions and are vulnerable to oil price spikes. Geothermal
power has near zero emissions, making it eligible for carbon credits. It is a domestic resource, not
shared with neighbouring countries like methane in Lake Kivu and hydropower on the Rusizi and
Akagera Rivers, and has relatively small land use impact, unlike peat. Geothermal energy,
together with other renewable energy sources, will provide energy security, reduce energy costs
and vulnerability to external economic shocks and ultimately promote economic development.

2. Integrated soil fertility management: The crop intensification programme in Rwanda currently
uses inorganic fertiliser to increase crop yields. These imported fertilisers produce a significant
proportion of Rwanda’s GHG emissions through soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions but also
through the fertiliser manufacturing process and transportation. Demand for inorganic fertilisers
can be reduced by applying an integrated approach to soil fertility and nutrient management,
which employs agroecology, resource recovery and reuse, and fertiliser enriched composts. An
integrated approach will significantly lower inorganic fertiliser demand, reduce dependence on oil,
reduce GHG emissions and increase farm profitability due to reduced input costs for farmers. This
will contribute to reducing vulnerability to external shocks. Such approaches also improve soil
structure and the water retention capacity of soils leading to climate resilient agricultural
ecosystems and sustainable food security.

3. High density walkable cities: The growing population and increasing urbanisation will result in an
increase in urban area in Rwanda. If this is not achieved in a high density manner, Rwanda will
face unprecedented levels of urban sprawl, partly due to hilly terrain. This forces people to travel
greater distances than necessary, with motorised transport resulting in GHG emissions and air
pollution. Designing high density cities with corridors for pedestrians and cyclists and green public
spaces, would reduce the need for energy intensive transport, improve quality of life and reduce
the risk of flooding. Not only will this reduce GHG emissions and oil dependency, but also reduce
the burden of transport costs to citizens. It also has adaptation benefits, as reduced urban sprawl
limits the development of housing on steep slopes which are vulnerable to flooding and
landslides.

Climate Resilience / Adaptation

1. Irrigation infrastructure: Rwanda has high annual rainfall which it has traditionally been able to
exploit for seasonal agriculture. However, seasonal agriculture is vulnerable to climate change and
population pressure, as even slight changes in rainfall patterns can have significant impacts on
crop and livestock production. The uncertainty in the timing of wet seasons makes it difficult for
farmers to know when to plant and to harvest to produce a good crop. Irrigation infrastructure
gives farmers more control of the water resource and reduces the vulnerability to changing rainfall

Government of Rwandaiv

Executive Summary


patterns. It also allows for diversification of crops, such as rice, contributes to efficient land and
water usage, and provides water to dry areas. Irrigation infrastructure forms a crucial component
of Integrated Water Resource Management as improved watershed management allows for
increased water supply and efficiency in other sectors, while also reducing disaster risks through
the mitigation of floods and landslides.

2. Robust road network: Rwanda, at 0.56km/km2, has one of the densest road networks in Africa.
As the dominant mode of transportation, all sectors – agriculture, mining, industry and services –
and therefore the economy relies on this road network. These roads vary in quality, from tarmac
highways to dirt tracks. The poor quality roads have a detrimental effect on the economy,
contributing to a large proportion of food produce being lost during transit to market. The majority
of the network is also unprepared for current weather events, let alone future variations due to
climate change. Thus the entire economy is vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Building
and maintaining the roads in a way that is not only suitable for the value of the route, but also
resilient to more extreme weather events, will reduce Rwanda’s vulnerability and promote
economic development, particularly in rural areas.

3. Centre for Climate Knowledge for Development: Rwanda is located in equatorial Africa, which
lacks sufficient data to produce robust climate projections. Although temperature will rise, the
level of increase is uncertain. Future rainfall patterns are even more uncertain, as annual rainfall
could increase or decrease and rainfall intensity may increase. This uncertainty makes it very
difficult to plan for future adaptation in Rwanda, which is particularly important for agriculture,
water resource management, disaster management and land use planning. A Centre for Climate
Knowledge for Development, working with the Rwanda Meteorological Service and research
institutions, will contribute significantly to improving climate data and projections and translating
them into policy options for decision makers to guide the country onto a climate resilient
development path. This is explained more fully in the report of the same name in Appendix F.

4. Agroforestry: Rwanda does not have the land available to expand its forests and plantations, yet
the majority of the population depends on wood for cooking and will continue to do so until
electricity is available and affordable for all. Agroforestry will provide wood for fuel and social
protection while avoiding deforestation. Different tree species will be used in agroforestry to
provide construction materials as well as livestock fodder and food (fruit and nuts) which improve
food security. Agroforestry has multiple additional benefits, namely reduced soil erosion and
increased resilience to heavy rains through improved slope stability; water management and
nutrient recycling which improve agricultural production; and carbon sequestration. Agroforestry
in Rwanda will be guided by latest best practices and research, such as those developed by the
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF).

Quick Wins

The big wins are large scale economy-wide programmes that will take years to be fully implemented.
There are a number of immediate ‘quick wins’ that can be implemented to begin addressing the Enabling
Pillars. They focus on mainstreaming climate resilience and low carbon development into initiatives that are
currently underway.

1. Institutional Framework: Use the Integrated Development Programme (IDP) to facilitate
implementation of climate resilient low carbon development in rural areas, incorporating the Vision
2020 Umurenge Programme. Sectors are already working together to improve development in

National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Developmentv

Executive Summary
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Government of Rwandavi

rural areas and the Rural Development Task Force can be used to incorporate climate resilience
into the IDP.

2. Finance: Operationalise the National Fund for Climate and Environment (FONERWA) to facilitate
access to international climate finance, especially Fast Start Finance for adaptation. Capacity and
finance will be required to make it operational and start channeling climate finance into
implementation planning.

3. Integrated Planning and Data Management: Implement regular measuring and reporting of
energy use across sectors to develop a GHG emissions profile and future energy requirements.
More accurate knowledge of energy demands will enable better short and long term planning of
energy resource management. This will also support applications for climate finance which require
that GHG emissions are Measurable, Reportable and Verifiable (MRV).

4. Capacity Building: Review and expand Technical and Vocational Educational and Training (TVET)
to develop skills needed for the Strategy implementation. The Workforce Development Agency
has proposed a TVET qualifications framework which will facilitate the development of new
qualifications in areas such as renewable energy, agroforestry and irrigation.

5. Knowledge Management: Set up an online Climate Portal to communicate the National Strategy
to the public and international community, thereby raising awareness and facilitating knowledge
sharing. This has been done successfully by India and South Korea and is particularly important
for adaptation as all Rwandans need to take steps to become climate resilient.

6. Technology: Use the Strategy to complete the UNEP Technology Needs Assessment already
underway to speed up technology transfer for key sectors of the economy, particularly energy,
water and agriculture.

7. Infrastructure: Implement resource efficient design in the Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in Kigali
which is in the first stage of construction. This will include energy efficiency lighting, energy and
water metering, wastewater recycling and recycling of other waste products. The SEZ guarantees
reliable electricity supply to businesses, and this should be generated from renewable energy
sources.

Financing the Strategy

The two biggest constraints to Rwanda achieving Vision 2050 are human capacity and access to
finance. There are many sources of finance that can be used to implement the Strategy. Rwanda has yet to
fully exploit climate finance opportunities that exist, and these opportunities will increase substantially over
the next decade. Fast start finance for adaptation and mitigation in LDCs and the new Green Climate Fund
may provide significant funds but cannot be relied upon. In Appendix H, a Climate Finance Toolkit is
provided to enable government ministries to source and access finance for climate resilience and low
carbon development activities from numerous funds. Though significant, the international climate funding
flowing into Rwanda will not be sufficient to finance the Strategy. Thus, it will be crucial for the government
to secure domestic sources of revenue and leverage private capital for low carbon and adaptation activities.
FONERWA will be the centrepiece of Rwanda’s climate financing plan, attracting and streamlining climate
finance with the Strategy, and leveraging private investment for low carbon initiatives. The Clean
Development Mechanism and voluntary carbon markets offer a potential source of revenue for public and
private mitigation initiatives. Estimates of potential carbon revenues for hydroelectric dams, geothermal
power plants, efficient cookstoves and organic waste management are detailed in the Finance Sector
Working Paper in Appendix B.

Executive Summary


Roadmap to Implementation

This Strategy is the first attempt at plotting a climate resilient and low carbon development pathway.
for Rwanda. It is the start of a continuous process which is described in the Enabling Pillars and it will be
implemented through the Programmes of Action. The next step is to set up and operationalise the
institutional arrangements, namely the Technical Coordinating Committee, the National Fund for Climate
and Environment (FONERWA), and the Centre for Climate Knowledge for Development (CCKD). These
institutions will utilise the Sector Wide Approach and work closely with development partners, civil society,
academia and the private sector. The Technical Coordinating Committee will facilitate the incorporation of
the Strategy into Vision 2020, EDPRS II and sector policies. Further work is then required to perform cost-
benefit analysis on the Programmes of Actions and apply for climate finance. This will inform the revision of
detailed sector strategies and annual budgets. In parallel, short term capacity building programmes will be
initiated and work done to develop a long term plan to provide the support required to implement the
Strategy. The Roadmap to Implementation is shown in figure 2 below.

National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Developmentvii

Executive Summary
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Through this Strategy, Rwanda has taken a big step towards achieving socio-economic development
that is resilient to economic, social and environmental shocks related to population growth, oil price and
climate change. Rwanda is choosing to leapfrog the detrimental development pathways of the past and
take the opportunities that technology transfer and climate finance offer. Adaptation to climate change is
crucial if Rwanda is to maintain its economic growth in the future. A greater understanding of how the
climate will change will facilitate adaptation planning in the coming years, however ‘no regret’ measures
such as natural resource management, expanding irrigation infrastructure and agroforestry can begin to
address adaptation in the short term. Reducing dependence on oil by investing in domestic energy
resources and using alternatives to chemical fertiliser will provide major stimulus for the economy and
create off-farm jobs, while also reducing the national carbon footprint. Rwanda has made much progress in
the past decade, but aspires to achieve even more.

Figure 2: Roadmap to implementation

Set up
institutional

arrangements

Perform cost-
benefit

analysis on
actions

Update
sector

strategies
and budgets

Initiate
programmes

of action

Update Vision
2020, EDPRS

and sector
policies

Capacity Building


Government of Rwandaviii

Executive Summary


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Contents

National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Developmentix

Executive Summary i

Acronyms and Abbreviations xi

Definition of Key Terms xiii

1. Introduction 1

2. Rwanda’s Development Pathway 5

3. Vision and Objectives 17

4. Programmes of Action 21

5. Enabling Pillars 27

6. Roadmap to Implementation 39

References 49

Acknowledgements 51

Detailed Programmes of Action 55

Appendices

A. Baseline Report
B. Sector Working Papers
C. Thinkpiece
D. Review of the Impact of Climate Change on Health in Rwanda
E. Rwanda Climate: Observations and Projections Report
F. Centre for Climate Knowledge for Development Proposal
G. Intern Reports
H. Rwanda Climate Finance Toolkit
I. Reference Documents

Contents


Government of Rwandax


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Acronyms and Abbreviations

ACMAD African Centre of Meteorological
Applications for Development

AMCEN African Ministerial Conference on the
Environment

AMSL Above Mean Sea Level

BAU Business as Usual

CBA Cost-Benefit Analysis

CCKD Centre for Climate Knowledge for
Development

CDC Community Development Committee

CDKN Climate and Development Knowledge
Network

CDM Clean Development Mechanism

CIC Climate Innovation Centre

CMIP3 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 3

COF Climate Outlook Forum

COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern
Africa

COP Conference of Parties

CPAF Common Performance Assessment
Framework

CTCN Climate Technology and Technical Network

DDP District Development Plans

DFID UK Department for International
Development

DRR Disaster Risk Reduction

DNA Designation National Authority

EAC East African Community

EDPRS Economic Development and Poverty
Reduction Strategy

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EID Enhanced Infectious Disease

National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Developmentxi

EWS Early Warning System

EWSA Energy, Water and Sanitation Authority

FONERWA National Fund for Climate and Environment
in Rwanda

FSF Fast Start Funding

GCM General Circulation Model

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GEF Global Environment Facility

GHG greenhouse gas

GIS Geographic Information System

GoR Government of Rwanda

ICPAC Prediction and Climate Applications Centre

ICRAF International Centre for Research in
Agroforestry

ICS Improved Cookstoves

ICT Information and Communications
Technology

IDP Integrated Development Programme

IEA International Energy Agency

IGAD Inter-governmental Authority on
Development

IGF Inter-governmental Forum for Mining,
Minerals, Metals and Sustainable
Development

IPCC Inter-governmental Panel on Climate
Change

IRDA Industrial Research and Development
Agency

IRST Institute of Scientific and Technological
Research

ISAR Rwanda Agricultural Research Institute

IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management

Acronyms and Abbreviations


JADF Joint Action Development Forum

KIST Kigali Institute for Science and Technology

kWh kilowatt hours

LAMA Locally Appropriate Mitigation Action

LAPA Locally Appropriate Plans of Action

LDC Least Developed Country

LGCF Local Government Consultative Forum

MDG Millennium Development Goals

MIDIMAR Ministry of Disaster Management and
Refugee Affairs

MIGEPROF Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion

MINAGRI Ministry of Agriculture and Animal
Resources

MINALOC Ministry of Local Government and Social
Affaires

MINEDUC Ministry of Education

MINECOFIN Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning

MINICOM Ministry of Trade and Industry

MININFRA Ministry of Infrastructure

MINIRENA Ministry of Natural Resources

MOH Ministry of Health

MRV Measurable, Reportable and Verifiable

MW megawatts

NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions

NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action

NIE National Implementing Entity

NISR National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda

NLUDMP National Land Use and Development
Master Plan

NUR National University of Rwanda

PEI Poverty Environment Initiative

PES Payment for Ecosystem Services

PSF Private Sector Federation

RDB Rwanda Development Board

REMA Rwanda Environmental Management
Authority

RHA Rwanda Housing Authority

Government of Rwandaxii

Acronyms and Abbreviations

RRA Rwanda Revenue Authority

RRECPC Rwanda Resource Efficient and Cleaner
Production Centre

RMS Rwanda Meteorological Service

RNRA Rwanda Natural Resources Authority

RTDA Rwandan Transport Development Agency

RURA Rwanda Utility Regulatory Agency

RWF Rwandan Franc

SEZ Special Economic Zone

SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises

SNC Second National Communication

SSEE Smith School of Enterprise and the
Environment

SWAp Sector Wide Approach

SWG Sector Working Group

SWP Sector Working Paper

TEC Technology Executive Committee

TVET Rwanda’s Technical and Vocational
Education and Training Policy

UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat
Desertification

UNEP United Nations Environment Program

UNFCCC United Nations Framework on Climate
Change Convention

UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development
Organisation

USD United States Dollar

V11 11 most climate change vulnerable
countries

VAT Value Added Tax

VUP Vision 2020 Umurenge Programme

WBCSD World Business Council on Sustainable
Development

WCRP World Climate Research Programme

WDA Rwandan Workforce Development
Authority


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Definition of Key Terms

Climate change is a change in climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters
the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed
over comparable time periods. (UNFCCC)

The following working definitions have been used in this Strategy and are taken directly from DFID
documentation.

“Climate change is a new and constantly evolving agenda. There is continuing discussion between
stakeholders, not least within the international negotiations, as to what is really meant by terms like
adaptation and mitigation.


Adaptation can be used to refer to additional activities needed to prepare for climate change. This
typically involves specific interventions (larger storm drains or new crop varieties) but can also involve
broader social or economic strategies (e.g. migration to urban centres could be an adaptation strategy in
some contexts).


Climate resilience can be used to describe a broader agenda than adaptation as defined above. It
captures activities which build the ability to deal with climate variability – both today and in the future.
Climate resilience building activities include many existing development investments including those in the
agriculture, food security, health, land management and infrastructure sectors.


Mitigation refers to efforts to limit or absorb gas emissions which contribute to climate change. Emissions
can be limited by moving away from dirty fossil fuels (i.e. wind power) or by being more efficient when
using energy (reducing consumption). Greenhouse gases can also be removed from the atmosphere by
plants (called carbon sequestration). One way of managing the deployment of mitigatory activities is
through an international carbon market.


Low carbon development is distinct from mitigation. Mitigation is about cutting emissions. Low carbon
development reframes this challenge and argues that in some cases, the low carbon option is also the
best development option for low income countries.”

National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Developmentxiii

Definition of Key Terms


Climate resilience and low carbon development can be combined into the term ‘climate compatible
development’ and illustrated with the figure below, courtesy of CDKN.

Green growth is an emerging concept that recognises that environmental protection is a driver of global
and national economic development. It refocuses society on achieving qualitative growth rather than simply
increasing GDP.


Government of Rwandaxiv

Definition of Key Terms

Figure 3: Climate compatible development


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National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development1

Rwanda is a country with great potential and opportunities. Its government is committed to
combating one of the greatest challenges of our time, climate change, a decision that will benefit the whole
of Rwandan society. This strategy is one of the initial steps on a pathway which leads to a sustainable,
secure future where Rwanda is prepared for the risks associated with climate change, population growth
and rising oil prices. The ‘National Strategy for Climate Change and Low Carbon Development’ aims to
build upon work that is already being done in Rwanda on climate change, focusing the various projects and
policies into a holistic national document which encompasses long-term direction and short-term actions.

Rwanda has been committed to addressing the challenge of climate change since 1998 when it
ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and later the Kyoto
Protocol in 2003. Rwanda submitted its Initial National Communication to the UNFCCC in 2005, National
Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPA) in 2006, and will soon submit its Second National
Communication, which includes a report ‘Evaluation of GHG Mitigation Options’. In 2009 a Climate Change
Unit was set up within the Rwanda Environmental Management Authority (REMA), overseeing the
Designated National Authority (DNA) to coordinate carbon market activities, and a study was done on the
Economics of Climate Change for Rwanda. In 2010 the application was submitted for a Rwanda National
Implementing Authority (NIE) to access international resources under the UNFCCC’s Adaptation Fund. As a
Partner State to the East African Community (EAC), Rwanda contributed to the EAC Climate Change Policy
in 2010 and EAC Climate Change Strategy in 2011.

As a Least Developed Country (LDC), Rwanda has priority status for adaptation and is not required
to take action to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, Rwanda has has emerged at the
forefront with like-minded countries to push for action in the international climate negotiations. It is a
member of the Climate Vulnerable Forum (V11) and the Cartagena Dialogue group.

The focus thus far has been on adaptation as Rwanda is highly vulnerable to climate change due to
its dependence on rain-fed agriculture. However the focus is shifting to climate resilience and low carbon
development which addresses both adaptation and mitigation, whilst focusing on sustainable economic
growth and poverty reduction. Rwanda has the opportunity to leapfrog old technologies and destructive
development pathways, and build a green economy, resilient to oil prices spikes and a changing climate.

‘Vision 2020’ describes Rwanda’s aspirations for achieving economic development and poverty
reduction and is supported by EDPRS, the framework for implementation from 2008 to 2012. This Strategy
however, looks beyond 2020 to 2050, and recommends actions that Rwanda can take in the short to
medium term to ensure its future stability and prosperity in a changing climate and uncertain energy future.

Introduction

Chapter 1


The purpose of the Strategy is threefold:

1. To guide national policy and planning in an integrated way,

2. To mainstream climate change into all sectors of the economy, and

3. To position Rwanda to access international funding to achieve climate resilience and low carbon
development.

The Strategy calls upon national planners to chart a new development pathway for integrated sector
planning that balances cross-cutting issues of resource management. The Strategy is the first step in a
continuous process, geared to set Rwanda on a course to identify, describe and monitor its current and
future vulnerabilities, and take self-determined actions towards building a robust economy.

1.1 Methodology

The Rwanda National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development was developed
over a period of nine months, from November 2010 to July 2011, as a collaborative effort between the
Government of Rwanda, the Smith School of Enterprise and Environment (SSEE) at the University of
Oxford, and the development partners, DFID-Rwanda and the Climate and Development Knowledge
Network (CDKN). The project was coordinated by the Ministry of Natural Resources (MINIRENA), and was
directed through a Steering Committee consisting of ten Cabinet Ministers from the following ministries:
Disaster Management (MIDIMAR), Agriculture and Animal Resources (MINAGRI), Trade and Industry
(MINICOM), Finance and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN), Education (MINEDUC), Infrastructure
(MININFRA), Natural Resources (MINIRENA), Local Government (MINALOC) and Health (MOH).

The Strategy development had five phases shown in Figure 4, though stakeholder engagement was
a core component throughout the project. Before the project commenced in November, a two-month
inception phase enabled the research team coordinator to engage with the relevant government Ministers in
Kigali to gain their support and guidance. In November, SSEE appointed eight researchers to cover ten key
sectors – agriculture, built environment, energy, finance, forestry, land, mining, industry, transport and water.
Researchers were allocated desk space in relevant ministries to facilitate stakeholder engagement, and
were supported by a team of 12 expert advisors based in or near Oxford. In each ministry, a counterpart
was appointed to work in direct collaboration with the respective SSEE researcher.

Further assistance was provided through the recruitment of four interns, who undertook web-based
learning, data collection, analysis, report writing, translation, site visits and interviews. Reports done by the
interns are included in Appendix G and address Private Sector Investment in Green Technologies, a
Proposed Energy Research Centre and Rural Impacts of Climate Change and Low Carbon Development in
Rwanda: Transforming Rural Livelihoods and Energy Use.

Government of Rwanda2

Figure 4: Project timeline and deliverables

Scoping
Phase

Dec/Jan

Research
Phase

Feb/Mar

Stakeholder
Engagement

Apr/May

Write-up
and Review

Jun/Jul

StrategySector Working
Papers

Baseline
Report

Project
Launch

Inception
Phase

Sept/Oct

Chapter 1


The project was launched on 25 November 2010 by the Steering Committee, followed by a
stakeholder workshop with 88 people representing government, academia, private sector, development
partners and civil society.

Baseline Scoping

The next phase consisted of baseline scoping and the production of a Baseline Report (Appendix A)
which consisted of a comprehensive review of the current status of each sector and all the ministry policies
and strategies. The Baseline Report also reviewed climate policy, adaptation and mitigation actions and
economics. Baseline scoping was conducted in country by the SSEE research team drawing on a range on
data collection tools including key stakeholder interviews, site visits and review of a range of secondary
data sources including government policies and reports, academic literature, and grey literature consisting
of media reports, technical briefs and project evaluations. Once finalised, the Baseline Report was used to
identify key areas for further investigation through the production of the Sector Working Papers, which
formed the main conduit for stakeholder engagement.

Sector Working Papers and Reports

Nine Sector Working Papers (SWPs) were produced for the identified key sectors (Appendix B). A
working paper was not proposed for Industry as UNEP were finalising their report ‘Mainstreaming resource
efficient and cleaner production into Rwanda’s policies and strategies’. Education was incorporated into
each SWP and an expert review instead of a SWP on Health was produced. A ‘thinkpiece’ was written in
parallel to provide the foundation for the Strategy. The SWPs reviewed vulnerabilities and opportunities for
climate compatible development; identified focus areas for further analysis; identified international best
practice and case studies applicable to Rwanda; and analysed and presented options for implementation.
Each working paper developed an action plan with suggested policies and actions, their timelines,
responsible Ministries, key indicators and sources of finance. They were then used to facilitate stakeholder
engagement in Rwanda with government, civil society, private sector, academia and development partners.
They contain the justification and the details for each of the programmes of action in the Strategy.

Stakeholder Engagement

Following the production of the Sector Working Papers, the research team entered a period of
focused stakeholder engagement. Before this consultation process started the SWPs were distributed to
the respective ministries, and subsequently to other key stakeholders for input and critical feedback. During
the period of stakeholder engagement, the contents of the working papers were presented in a sector-
based working committee meetings held at the ministry level, which allowed for further feedback from
participants, which included representations from non-governmental organisations, donor groups, private
sector and research institutes. Feedback for the working papers was also obtained from DIFD-Rwanda,
CDKN and the SSEE expert advisors. From the stakeholder engagement process a number of programmes
of action were developed which form a core component of the Strategy. These programmes underwent a
further review and approval process to be refined and ensure that they could be implemented.

Over the course of the project, over 450 stakeholders were interviewed, 15 workshops attended and
site visits to 20 locations in all provinces were conducted by the research team. This enabled them to
understand the Rwandan context and gain ownership from stakeholders.

National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development3

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Strategy Write Up and Review

A draft Strategy underwent a three week review by government counterparts, CDKN and DFID-
Rwanda as well as an international panel of eight global experts selected by SSEE. The final Strategy
underwent a two month long review by Ministers as well as an independent review to prepare for final
approval by Cabinet.

Government of Rwanda4

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Chapter 2

National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development5

2.1 Current Resources and Economic Base

Rwanda, known as the “land of a thousand hills”, is a small, fertile country covering some 26,338km2
of equatorial East Africa. With an altitude ranging from 900m to 4,500m above mean sea level (AMSL),
Rwanda has a temperate climate and average annual rainfall of 1,200mm. The Upper Nile Basin occupies
67% of Rwanda and drains 90% of its surface waters, with the remaining 10% draining into the Congo
Basin. With 8% natural forest cover, 10% marshlands cover (including cultivated land and peat bogs) and
101 lakes, Rwanda is a biodiversity hotspot, home to more endemic mammals, birds, reptiles and
amphibians than any other African country[4].

Rwanda has a young population of 11 million people, growing at 2.8% per year, and is the most
densely populated country in Africa. The majority of the population farm small hillside plots in the rural
areas, though urbanisation is increasing at 4.4% per year. Currently 20% of people live in urban areas,
nearly half of whom live in Kigali. Much effort has been made to improve education, health and family
planning over the past decade, and universal access to basic education (MDG2) is nearly a reality, with 2.3
million children attending primary school in 2010, 51% of them girls.

Rwanda is strongly reliant on rain-fed agriculture which contributes 35% of GDP (Figure 5a) and
employs 80% of the national workforce. Staple foods include bananas, plantains, cassava, beans, maize,
sweet potatoes, wheat, rice and irish potatoes. Tea and coffee exports earned USD 81 million in 2009, 44%
of export earnings (Figure 5b). Minor exports include horticulture, pyrethrum, hides and skins. Although
Rwanda has the potential to be food secure, variable rainfall patterns and limited irrigation infrastructure,
transport and post-harvest storage, often results in food insecurity.

Rwanda’s Development Pathway

Figure 5: a) GDP* and b) export revenue# of Rwanda
Data Source: Rwanda Development Board (RDB), data is *a mean of 2006-2009 and #from 2009


Rwanda hosts deposits of gold, tin, tungsten, coltan and gemstones, though resources and reserves
are unknown as minimal exploration drilling has been done. Even though the mining industry is small, it
contributed 38% of Rwanda’s export earnings in 2010 with USD96.4 million, and has the potential to triple
production by 2020. There is also significant potential for value addition and product diversification through
processing of domestic and imported ores and manufacturing of construction materials and jewellery, and
potential to develop a mining services industry for the country and the region.

Rwanda is landlocked and has limited transport infrastructure, with no rail link to the ocean and few
all-weather roads. It is entirely dependent on oil imports which accounted for 16% of total imports by cost
in 2010. This results in very high transport charges, accounting for some 40% of costs. Rwanda joined the
East African Community (EAC) in 2005 and has since more than doubled trade with EAC partner states to
USD600 million in 2010. Rwanda is a net importer in the EAC and is aligning its budget, trade, and
immigration policies with its regional partners. Rwanda was admitted to the Commonwealth in 2009.

Rwanda’s main energy source is biomass, sourced mainly from on-farm trees and plantations of fast
growing eucalyptus trees. Access to electricity is increasing, with 13% of the population currently
connected, though this is centred on the capital city, Kigali, and there remains limited access in rural areas.
Electricity generation capacity is low at 95MW, dominated by hydropower and oil-fuelled power plants, and
domestic electricity prices at USD 0.24/kWh are still high. Rwanda has over 1,000MW potential, from
geothermal power, methane gas, peat deposits, biogas, regional hydropower, small scale hydro and solar
PV. This would provide enough power to meet energy demand (maximum 400MW by 2020) and allow
Rwanda to export electricity.

Industry employs 4% of the national workforce and contributes 14% to GDP, half of which comes
from the construction sector, with a target of 26% of GDP by 2020. Manufacturing is dominated by food
processing, beverages and tobacco. Micro, small and medium enterprises, both formal and informal,
comprise 98% of businesses in Rwanda and 41% of all private sector employment. Services currently
contribute 45% to GDP and are dominated by wholesale and retail trade (14%), real estate and business
services (10%) and transport and communication (8%). Tourism is one of Rwanda’s largest foreign
exchange earners, grossing USD207 million in 2010, due largely to gorilla tracking in Volcanoes National
Park, and ecotourism in Nyungwe Forest and Akagera National Park.

Rwanda’s low tax revenue, narrow export base and limited infrastructure led the Government of
Rwanda (GoR) to embark on a programme of mobilising private investments in industry and services. The
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector is considered a flagship for the country’s economic
prosperity and a tool for transforming the Rwandan economy. 2,300km of fibre optic cables have recently
been laid across the country in an effort to provide broadband access and make Rwanda one of the most
connected countries in Africa.

Rwanda has seen impressive economic growth of 8.5% GDP per year for the past 5 years and
recent reforms in doing business have gained Rwanda international recognition and increased foreign
investment. GDP reached USD5.5 billion in 2010, translating into USD541 per capita, a large improvement
from USD200 in 2000. With political stability, well-functioning institutions, rule of law and zero tolerance for
corruption, Rwanda is an attractive place to invest. Foreign investment opportunities lie in agriculture (tea
and horticulture), power generation, tourism, infrastructure and mining. Rwanda has a trade in goods deficit
of over USD1 billion (20% of GDP) with imports five times larger than exports.

Government of Rwanda6

Chapter 2


2.2 Development Challenges

Rwanda is a unique country with many distinctive features that play a role in its development. Its
demography, natural resources, current economic base and governance will largely determine its
development in the coming decades. Current challenges for economic development in Rwanda include
access to finance, human capacity, land scarcity and high electricity and transport costs (due to reliance on
imported oil). Rwanda faces three major threats to its development that are set to worsen over the coming
years - climate change, oil prices and population growth.

Climate Change

Rwanda, located in the tropical belt, sits astride two key climatic regions, East Africa and Central
Africa, each with contrasting controls and drivers on climate. There is a lack of sufficient climate data in
equatorial Africa and these factors make Rwanda troublesome to simulate in climate models. Within the
region of East Africa one climate centre exists currently, the IGAD (Inter-Governmental Authority on
Development) Prediction and Climate Applications Centre (ICPAC) in Nairobi, Kenya. There is also a pan-
African centre, the African Centre of Meteorological Applications for Development (ACMAD) in Niamey,
Niger. Both centres provide meteorological and climate information that covers Rwanda, mainly in the form
of observational information and seasonal forecasts. Neither centre provides detailed spatial and sectoral
interpretation of the information, which remains the responsibility of individual countries. In Rwanda, this
function lies with the Rwanda Meteorological Service (RMS).

Records of annual mean temperature show a significant increasing trend between 1971 and 2010 of
0.35°C per decade for four stations across Rwanda (Figure 6a). This increase is slightly higher than the
observed global average of 0.27°C per decade from 1979 to 2005[6]. In contrast, no significant trend is
found for Rwanda rainfall over an earlier period of the 20th century (1931-1990) using 26 stations (Figure
6b) and inter-annual variability is high. However, there was a step-change to slightly higher annual rainfall
totals in the early 1960s, which reflects a climatic event seen across much of East Africa[7].

National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development7

Figure 6: Annual anomaly and trend for a) temperature* and b) precipitation# of Rwanda
Data Source: RMS, data is from *4 stations and #26 stations

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Climate projections for Rwanda reveal a warmer climate with a likely increase in rainfall, though some
models project a decrease (Figure 7). Projections were taken from the 19 General Circulation Models
(GCMs) from the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 3
(CMIP3)[8]. Those shown here can be described as a ‘medium’ emissions scenario (A1B), yet still project a


Rwanda is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change as its economy is largely dependent on rain-
fed agriculture. Rwanda already experiences floods and droughts due to the El Nino and La Nina
phenomenon, with the most recent flooding occurring in April and May 2011 in Musanze, Nyabihu and
Rubavu districts. The financial implications are significant and the flood in 2007, the most severe of recent
events, is estimated to have cost a minimum of USD4-22 million in two districts alone [3]. Increases in
temperature and changes to rainfall patterns, resulting in floods and droughts, can significantly reduce crop
yields, negatively impacting livelihoods, food security and export earnings. The steep, hilly topography
makes Rwanda particularly susceptible to landslides. Flooding and storms are a safety risk and cause
damage to houses, mines, industrial sites, and major infrastructure including pipelines, power lines, roads,
and dams. Damages not only have a direct cost in repairs and reconstruction, but also a knock-on effect
on the economy as a whole, particularly in critical services such as power and transport. The FUND national
model for Rwanda estimates annual economic costs from climate change to just under 1% of GDP [3].

In the tropics it takes only 1°C of average temperature change to begin to alter the suitability of some
key crops. Liu et al.[9] predict that Rwanda will be a hotspot of food insecurity due to climate change, along
with many of its neighbouring countries. Maize, the staple food for more than a quarter of a billion East
Africans, is particularly vulnerable to heat changes and to water stress. The suitability of maize as a crop is
forecast to drop by 15% or more by 2020 in much of sub-Saharan Africa [10]. Rice yields are known to
rapidly decline due to temperature change: showing a 10% decline in yield for every 1ºC rise in growing
season minimum temperature[11]. Crops may be further negatively affected by new parasites and pests
which thrive in the new climate. Climate change may cause food insecurity not only in Rwanda but in the
whole region and may result in increased migration and urbanisation.

Government of Rwanda8

Figure 7: Predicted* annual change in temperature (˚C) and precipitation for Rwanda for the 2020s, 2050s
and 2080s.
*Projections are taken from the A1B scenario of 19 GCMs from CMIP3

Chapter 2

temperature increase of up to 2.5°C by the 2050s and up to 4°C by the 2080s. Climate model projections
for rainfall are more uncertain, which is reflected in the spread of results on the plot, and show an increase
in annual rainfall of up to 20% by the 2050s and 30% by the 2080s. Projections for East Africa over
Rwanda and Burundi show an increasing trend in rainfall intensity for both rainy seasons[2]. Further details
on Rwanda’s climate data and analysis can be found in Appendix E.


Recent studies in Kenya have shown that temperature rise would increase the optimum altitude for
growing tea from between 1,500m and 2,100m AMSL to between 2,000m and 2,300m AMSL[12]. Coffee
and tea, Rwanda’s cash crops, are likely to require higher altitudes as temperatures increase, which may
reduce the amount of suitable land available due to differing soils and steeper slopes. It could also cause
land use conflict as small-scale farmers of alternative crops, such as maize, cabbage, peas and passion
fruit, compete for land with tea and coffee producers.

Climate change could affect water security and food security, and as a result, could increase levels of
poverty and force subsistence farmers into informal urban settlements. Rwanda’s energy security may be at
risk as hydropower contributes 50% of electricity, making it vulnerable to variation in rainfall and
evaporation. Droughts reduce generating capacity of hydroelectric dams, and floods increase soil erosion
and siltation which can damage dams. A good example of this is the drought in 2004 in Rwanda which
reduced hydropower capacity so much so that the government was forced to rent diesel power plants to
meet domestic demand. Regional planning is underway to complete four hydropower plants on the Rusizi
River to supply Rwanda, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Burundi with 500MW of
hydropower. The power plants are being designed to use the maximum capacity of current river flows,
which may be affected by climate change and therefore affect the capacity and efficiency of the plants.

Tourism, one of Rwanda’s largest earners of foreign exchange, is dependent on the survival of
gorillas in the Volcanoes National Park, and the preservation of the Nyungwe and Gishwati forests and
Akagera National Park. These areas of natural beauty are biodiversity hotspots and are vulnerable to
change in temperature and rainfall which could reduce viable habitat and allow the spread disease. The
health of farm animals and humans is also at risk, particularly amongst those living below the poverty line,
and as temperatures rise, diseases could spread to new areas, particularly higher altitudes. Out of the main
livestock diseases in Rwanda, ticks (as ectoparasites), tick-borne diseases and trypanosomosis are the
most likely to be sensitive to climate change [13]. There are seven vector-borne diseases (the most sensitive
to climate) in Rwanda that affect human health with malaria, tick bite fever and bilharzia or schistosomosis
most likely to be affected by climate change. Human health would also be negatively impacted by natural
disasters which can contribute to malnutrition, epidemics of diseases such as cholera.

In order to safeguard biodiversity and ecosystems services; to ensure food, water and energy
security; and to support future socio-economic development, Rwanda must adapt to the changing climate
and become climate resilient.

Oil Price

Oil is expensive and continues to increase in value as demand exceeds supply and new resources
become more difficult to extract. As oil reserves decline and additional costs are added to compensate for
GHG emissions, oil prices are likely to increase. Rwanda imports all of its oil-based products used for
energy generation and transport, at a cost of USD210 million (2009 dollars) per year, which in 2008
represented 4.7% of GDP. This heavy reliance on imported oil absorbs national finances that could be
better spent on domestic energy which creates jobs and drives the local economy. It also puts Rwanda at
risk from oil price spikes. For example, the inflation spike from 5% to 20% in 2008 (Figure 8) was largely
attributable to the increasing global oil price. Inflation reduced to 2007 levels once the oil price crashed. The
International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that a 10% increase of oil price reduces GDP of oil-importing
countries by 0.2% on average, though Rwanda’s economy would be more affected than most due to its
high dependence on oil.

National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development9

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Further economic growth underpinned by a reliance on fossil fuels will only make Rwanda’s economy
more susceptible to such price shocks. For a robust development strategy, Rwanda’s economy must be
decoupled from oil. Postponing investments in measures that decouple oil demand from economic growth
will increase the challenge of doing so in the future.

Population Growth

Rwanda has a predominately young population (45% below age 14 [1]) of 11 million (Figure 9), and
the highest population density in Africa. If the current high level of population growth, 2.8% per annum,
goes unchecked, Rwanda can expect a population of 26 million by mid-century (Figure 9), more than
doubling the population density to 987 people per square kilometre [1]. Similar population growth is
expected across Africa, with an estimated population of 2 billion by 2050 [1], and this may impact on
Rwanda through migration or pressure on food, water and energy resources. As the population grows, the
amount of productive agricultural land per capita will reduce. People will be forced off the land into urban
areas in search of employment opportunities. If properly managed and coupled with industry and services it
can be an instrument for wealth creation.

Government of Rwanda10

Chapter 2

Figure 8: Global oil price and consumer price index for Rwanda
Data Source: IEA, 2010, National Institute for Statistics of Rwanda (NISR), 2010

Figure 9: a) Population growth* and b) population pyramid# of Rwanda
Data Source: *UN, 2011 and #US Census Bureau International Database, 2011


The Kigali City Master Plan and Rwanda’s rural settlement and land consolidation policies address
this to some degree but unless secondary urban areas are developed to a level where they can sustain
independent economic growth, there is a danger of Kigali becoming a sprawling megacity. Without
intervention, Kigali could expand to 5,000km2, nearly 20% of Rwanda’s land area, putting serious pressure
on food production.

The development of slums could result in health problems and increase the incidence of crime.
Rwanda therefore needs to carefully plan the growth of its urban areas to ensure that they are sustainable.
The transition from a rural to an urban economy will require new skills, technology, and infrastructure. Job
creation will be crucial and education will be necessary to build the skilled workforce to fill those jobs.
Population growth, together with climate change and oil price spikes, could seriously hinder development in
Rwanda and the achievement of Vision 2020 goals.

2.3 Future Development

Vision 2020 seeks to transform Rwanda from a subsistence agriculture economy to a knowledge-
based society, with high levels of savings and private investment, and thereby reduce the country’s
dependence on external aid. There are a number of key targets in Vision 2020, notably the aim of reaching
middle income status (900 USD per capita) by 2020. The Economic Development and Poverty Reduction
Strategy (EDPRS) 2008 to 2012 is the framework for achieving Vision 2020 and the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs). There are three flagship programmes that prioritise public spending and
improve sector coordination: Sustainable Growth for Jobs and Exports, Vision 2020 Umurenge Programme
(social protection) and Good Governance.

Business as Usual

When discussing climate change, a country’s planned economic growth path is termed Business as
Usual (BAU) and it refers to projected GHG emissions without intervention. Rwanda has one of the lowest
GHG emissions per capita in the world, estimated at 0.6 tCO2e/person compared to a global average of
6.7 tCO2e/person, including land use change, in 2005 [4]. GHG emissions have shown an upward trend,
from 2,896Gg in 2003 to 5,793Gg in 2006 and are likely to continue to rise. Rwanda’s GHG emissions
baseline was set in 2005 in preparation for the Second National Communication (SNC) to the UNFCCC,
amounting to 5,010Gg. The aggregate GHG emissions or total CO2 equivalent (used for measuring global
warming potential) were dominated by agriculture while four key sources contribute 91% of aggregate
emissions (Figure 10a): N2O from agricultural soils (57%), CH4 from enteric fermentation in domestic
livestock (19%), CH4 from residential energy from fuel combustion (8%) and CO2 from road vehicles (5%).

CO2 emissions were dominated by transport and industrial processes (Figure 10b) though CO2
sequestration made Rwanda a net carbon sink. There are uncertainties in the GHG inventory due to
inadequate representation, lack of basic data and application of emissions factors for different conditions.
Owing to the rapid development in energy and industry in Rwanda, these figures need to be revisited to
account for uncertainties in growth projections, energy intensity and the energy supply mix.

National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development11

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Growth in Rwanda’s economy can come in a number of ways. It is constrained by land availability
and natural resources and should therefore focus on what it already has and what areas will provide the
most return on investment, whilst preserving ecosystem services to ensure a sustainable economy.
Ecotourism and ICT are key opportunities within Rwanda’s growing service sector. There is much scope to
expand agricultural products both for domestic consumption and export. Mining provides high value
exports and there is opportunity for value addition through mineral processing. There is much potential to
expand quarrying operations and supply the domestic housing and road construction industry, reducing the
cost of materials and boosting the local economy. Opportunities for manufacturing lie in import substitution
– providing products that are needed by the local population, rather than for foreign export, particularly for
heavy goods due to high associated transport costs. The constraints are reliable electricity and water
supply and access to finance, but these will be partly addressed through industrial parks and special
economic zones that guarantee basic services and tax exemptions. Rwanda has a large low cost labour
force to support new industries though training is required to develop the knowledge and skills.

Rwanda has already taken proactive steps to a more sustainable future. Vision 2020, EDPRS and
sector strategies all provide guidance for economic development and poverty reduction. They promote
gender equality, equity and sustainable management of natural resources and recognise Rwanda’s role in
the region. Recent progress has been made in the environmental arena, with Environmental Impact
Assessments becoming mandatory for all projects, and environmental indicators being mainstreamed into
financial budgeting and planning. Other important steps include setting up a policy and framework for
accessing the Adaptation Fund through the establishment of an NIE. Also notable is the increased thrust in
the sustainable management of natural resources, mainly land, water, wetlands and reduced deforestation
and adequate rural and urban settlements planning. Key achievements in this regard include the National
Land Use and Development Master Plan, the National Land Tenure Regularisation Programme, the Kigali
City Master Plan, the rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems such as Rugezi and Gishwati, the
implementation of nationwide crop intensification based on land consolidation and soils and water control,
and domestic renewable energy. These are all positive steps in the right direction, but in order to truly
address an uncertain future, climate resilience and low carbon development needs to be mainstreamed into
all relevant sectors of the economy.

Government of Rwanda12

Chapter 2

Figure 10: Rwanda’s a) key sources of GHG emissions sectors* and b) CO2 inventory (in Gg) for 2005
Data Source: GoR, *the SNC recognises that there are uncertainties in the GHG emissions due to inadequate
representation, lack of basic data and application of emissions factors for different conditions.


A Climate Resilient and Low Carbon Development Path

Rwanda has chosen to embark on a low carbon development pathway. To do this, it needs to
reduce its dependence on oil, which has the benefits of supporting energy security, reducing vulnerability to
oil price spikes, channeling finances into the local economy, creating jobs and promoting economic
development and reducing GHG emissions.

Rwanda is in the fortunate position of having a renewable low carbon energy resource mix which is
the foundation for a low carbon economy. Although diesel is currently used for 39% of electricity
production, this can be phased out and replaced with geothermal, hydro and solar which are all clean
energy sources. Lake Kivu, shared by the DRC and Rwanda, hosts methane gas (mixed with CO2) which
left unexploited poses a safety risk and if released into the atmosphere, is a potent greenhouse gas.
Although using the methane to generate electricity will result in carbon emissions, the benefits of domestic
energy security, safety and a possible smaller global warming potential, make this an attractive energy
source. Rwanda also hosts vast black peat deposits which are largely unexploited and could contribute to
domestic energy security in the short term but with high carbon emissions are not a good long term option.
This domestic energy mix will enable all consumers of energy – industry, services and the public – to lower
their GHG emissions. More importantly, it will enable Rwanda to provide enough electricity for its growing
economy. In addition, Rwanda has access to the East Africa Power Pool, which in the future may provide
regional energy security for ten African countries.

The biggest challenge for low carbon development is transport – petroleum products will still have to
be imported to supply the needs of the transport sector. Although some work is being done on growing
jatropha for biofuels near Akagera National Park in eastern Rwanda, the limited land, growing population
and high water requirements for biofuels makes growing biofuels crops a poor option for Rwanda. More
innovative and cost-effective solutions could include producing ethanol from municipal solid waste and from
methane in Lake Kivu. Oil exploration in Lake Kivu may solve domestic energy security, but will not reduce
carbon emissions, and has added complications of the multiple shared energy sources that the lake
provides. Until a cleaner, cheaper alternative is available, the focus for transport and energy must be on
efficiency and demand reduction. This is a win-win option for domestic and industrial consumers of
transport and energy who save on costs while freeing up capacity to extend electricity access across the
country and reducing GHG emissions.

Forests, parks and agroforestry can play a role in low carbon development by acting as carbon sinks.
By preserving current forests and parks, agroforestry and urban tree planting, Rwanda’s growing emissions
can be reduced. Forests provide ecosystem services, vital for socio-economic development, and support
ecotourism which will continue to contribute to economic growth. Wood will continue to be the largest
source of energy in Rwanda in the next few years, but this needs to be managed in order to prevent
deforestation. Agroforestry can provide suitable wood fuel while preserving natural forests and parks.

An evaluation of GHG mitigation options, as part of the preparation of the Second National
Communication compared the 2005 baseline scenario (Business As Usual - BAU) to a mitigation scenario
(Figure 11). A range of activities in energy, agriculture, transport and industry are proposed to reduce GHG
emissions. Although there is uncertainty in the data and future economic growth, and the activities need to
be revised based on this Strategy, this graph acts as an illustration of what a low carbon development path
would look like for Rwanda. This baseline information and emissions reduction potential is important for
accessing climate finance.

National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development13

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Rwanda also seeks to follow a climate resilient pathway, incorporating adaptation to climate change
into policy and planning. In the medium to long term, vulnerability can be reduced through economic
development, creating jobs that are less vulnerable to climate change. In the short term, social protection is
required to protect the poorest and most vulnerable. Vision 2020 aims to reduce the percentage of the
population working in agriculture from 80% to 50% by 2020. However Rwanda needs to produce food to
feed its growing population, and many people will continue in agricultural activities. Production per hectare
can be increased through more sustainable means and organic waste can be recycled and reused to
improve soil fertility, thus reducing dependency on external inputs.

Integrated land use planning and water resource management are fundamental for adapting to
climate change and preserving biodiversity and ecosystem services. This includes allocating land to
agricultural activities that will be resilient to future changes in climate. Irrigation infrastructure is vital for
adapting to changing rainfall patterns, particularly changes in the seasons, and should be designed to
optimise water usage. Water efficiency and waste water recycling in both the residential and industrial
sectors plays an important role in reducing water demand and costs.

To create climate resilient infrastructure, planned roads, dams and bridges need to be designed with
future climate change taken into account, notably flooding and storms. Buildings erected for housing,
industry and mining need to be located in less vulnerable sites, without disturbing wetlands and natural
forests. Flood and landslide hazard mapping should be performed before construction and regularly
updated. Disaster management is essential for adaptation and vulnerability mapping, early warning systems
and community based disaster risk reduction are required. Ecotourism should be promoted and forests and
natural parks must be protected to preserve Rwanda’s biodiversity and ecosystem services.

Rwanda also needs a greater understanding of the actual climate changes that will take place to
enable better design and planning of adaptation measures. This is an ongoing process and requires
meteorological stations, software and technology, technical expertise, dedicated research and engagement
with regional and international centres of excellence. A Centre for Climate Knowledge for Development
working with the Rwanda Meteorological Services (RMS), REMA and research institutions, could ensure
that climate data is translated into climate knowledge and climate resilient development policies and plans.

Government of Rwanda14

Chapter 2

Figure 11: Illustration of projected greenhouse gas emissions for Business-as-Usual versus Mitigation
scenario for Rwanda
Data Source: Second National Communication (using LEAP software)

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Table 1: Summary of Rwanda’s key characteristics, their implications and the climate resilient and
low carbon development pathway
Table 1: Summary of Rwanda’s key characteristics, their implications and the climate resilient and
low carbon development pathway
Table 1: Summary of Rwanda’s key characteristics, their implications and the climate resilient and
low carbon development pathway
Characteristics

Limited land but very fertile

High population density with most

people farming on hillside plots

Majority of population live in scattered
villages, while urban areas are

expanding rapidly

Landlocked and limited transport

network, but part of EAC

High rainfall, though limited water

resource management

Natural beauty – forests, lakes and
parks

Renewable energy resources

(geothermal, methane, hydro, solar)
though many are shared regionally

Mineral resources, gemstones and

construction materials – though
potential is unknown

Small but growing manufacturing/
industry sector

Good governance though limited
capacity

Implications Development path

Able to achieve food security
Expand crop varieties, local sales and
manufactured products and exports

High vulnerability and potential to create

rural poor

Employ sustainable intensification of small scale
farming and resource recovery and reuse

Educate women and girls
Improve female health care

High vulnerability to climate
Difficult to provide basic services

High carbon cities and slums

Climate proof VUP
Build passive housing

Implement resource recovery and reuse

High cost of imports

Potential for access to markets

Design an integrated robust low carbon
transport system

Explore import substitution through domestic
low carbon industrial growth

Currently vulnerable to weather variations
Able to achieve water security

High occurrence of vector and water-
borne diseases

Implement integrated Water Resource

Management
Expand irrigation infrastructure

Able to be a tourist destination
Promote ecotourism with community
involvement

Able to achieve energy security and low

carbon development of industry and
services

Expand the national electricity grid based on

renewables thus feeding industry clean energy
Install small-scale renewable energy in rural

areas

Potential for foreign exchange earnings
Potential for import substitution

Promote sustainable development of the mining
and quarrying industry

Potential for import substitution of basic
goods, taking weight to value ratio into

account

Promote sustainable development of industry
that supplies domestic needs

Access to finance
Support services industry

Implement institutional and financial
frameworks and capacity building

Strategic Objectives

Programmes of Action
and Enabling Pillars

Lastly, population growth and good governance are major factors in Rwanda’s future development.
Female education and empowerment will be crucial in curbing population growth and achieving robust
economic development. The development resources, challenges and opportunities discussed in this
chapter are summarised in Table 1 and they feed into strategic objectives and programmes of action which
will be discussed in the following chapters.


Government of Rwanda16

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Chapter 3

National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development17

Chapter 2 illustrated Rwanda’s potential to embark on a climate resilient low carbon development
pathway. This chapter lays out a framework to make it happen. Climate change will fundamentally affect
economic development and therefore a long-term vision is required. A vision for 2050 is given along with
strategic objectives that together achieve the vision. These objectives are guided by principles already laid
out in Vision 2020 and EDPRS. Specific actions are required and 14 Programmes of Action for transforming
key sectors of the economy are the core of the Strategy. Enabling Pillars establish the processes and
enabling environment required to mobilise the Strategy. Implementation is the crucial next step and a
roadmap is given to guide implementation over the next five years, recognising that the Strategy is a first
step in a continuous process. These core components form the Strategic Framework illustrated in Figure
12.

Vision and Objectives

Vision 2050: For Rwanda to be a developed climate-resilient, low-

carbon economy by 2050.

3.1 A Vision for 2050

Vision 2020 is a visionary document that has guided Rwanda’s development over the last decade
and contributed to its impressive economic growth and stability. Its goal for Rwanda to be a middle-income
country and knowledge based economy by 2020 will reduce vulnerability to climate change and contribute
to climate resilience. Although not required to act, Rwanda has already shown its leadership on climate
change issues as part of the Climate Vulnerable Forum and the Cartagena Dialogue group. A Vision for
2050 addresses the challenge of climate change and reiterates Rwanda’s plan to embrace best practices in
this realm. It recognises that in 2050, average temperatures will be higher, impacting on crop yields, health
and water resources while rainfall patterns may change, impacting on agriculture, power generation,
infrastructure, biodiversity and ecosystem services. The global energy supply and demand and international
energy regulations may also be very different, reducing dependence on fossil fuels and associated GHG
emissions. Rwanda seeks to be proactive and embark on a development path that is resilient and
sustainable over the long term.


Government of Rwanda18

Vision 2050 envisages Rwanda as a developed food secure country, with a strong services sector, low
unemployment and low levels of poverty. It is a country where agriculture and industry have a minimal
negative impact on the environment, operating in a sustainable way, and enabling Rwanda to be self-
sufficient regarding basic necessities. By 2050, development will be achieved with low carbon domestic
energy resources and practices, reducing Rwanda’s contribution climate change while allowing it to be
independent on imported oil for power generation. Finally, Rwanda will have the robust local and regional
knowledge to be able to respond to changes in the climate, in a position to support other African countries
as a regional services hub.

Chapter 3

Figure 12: Strategic Framework for Rwanda’s National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon
Development

Vision 2050: For Rwanda to be a developed climate-resilient, low-carbon economy by 2050.

Guiding Principles

Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction Good Regional and Global Citizenship
Sustainability of the Environment and Natural resources Gender Equality and Equity

Welfare and Wellness of all citizens in a growing population

Strategic Objectives

To achieve Energy Security and a Low Carbon Energy Supply that supports the development of Green Industry and Services
To achieve Sustainable Land Use and Water Resource Management that results in Food Security, appropriate Urban

Development and preservation of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
To achieve Social Protection and Disaster Risk Reduction that reduces vulnerability to climate change impacts

Programmes of Action

Sustainable

intensification
of small-

scale farming

Agricultural

diversity of
markets

Sustainable

land use
management

Integrated

Water
Resource

Management

Low carbon

energy grid

Small-scale

energy
access in

rural areas

Disaster

Management
and Disease

prevention

Enabling Pillars

Capacity

Building and
Knowledge

Management

Integrated

Planning and
Data

Management

Technology,

Innovation
and

Infrastructure

Finance
Institutional

Arrangements

Roadmap for Implementation

Big Wins, Quick Wins and Further Work
Mainstreaming: Vision 2020, 2013-2017, sector strategies

Green

industry and
private sector

development

Climate

compatible
mining

Resilient

transport
systems

Low carbon

urban
systems

Ecotourism,

conservation
and PES

Sustainable

forestry,
agroforestry

and biomass

Climate data

and
projections


Rwanda will exploit its clean energy resources to support a low carbon national grid which will enable
industry to operate in a low carbon way. The grid will be expanded, enabling development and reducing the
demand for wood fuel and charcoal, thus avoiding deforestation. This move to a low carbon economy will
reduce vulnerability to oil price spikes and improve energy security.

3. To ensure Social Protection, Improved Health and Disaster Risk
Reduction that reduces vulnerability to climate change impacts

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The Strategy is guided by a number of principles, already given in Vision 2020 and EDPRS. They
ensure that no actions are taken that conflict with decisions already made by the people of Rwanda
regarding their future prosperity. They are:

1. Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction
2. Welfare and Wellness of all citizens in a growing population
3. Gender Equality and Equity
4. Sustainability of the Environment and Natural resources
5. Good Regional and Global Citizenship

3.3 Strategic Objectives

The Vision for 2050 can be explained by three key strategic objectives discussed below.

National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development19

A changing climate will increase the need for social protection, particularly of women whom
participate in subsistence agriculture more than men. The Vision 2020 Umurenge Programme – which
seeks to create off-farm employment, formalise the economy and to provide effective social protection –
becomes even more important in light of climate change. Disaster risk reduction will be mainstreamed to
improve the safety and security of livelihoods of the majority of the population.

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2. To achieve Sustainable Land Use and Water Resource Management that
results in Food Security, appropriate Urban Development and preservation
of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

1. To achieve Energy Security and a Low Carbon Energy Supply that
supports the development of Green Industry and Services and avoids
deforestation

Mounting pressures on natural resources – land, water and ecosystem services – requires Rwanda
to employ sustainable land use planning and integrated water resource management to ensure human well-
being. This will involve a new approach to urban planning, rural resettlement and agriculture to ensure food
security and to protect ecosystem services vital for sustainable development.


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National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development21

In order to implement the vision and strategic objectives outlined above, Programmes of Action have
been designed to address the most important areas of work that are most likely to succeed and have an
impact. They are not exhaustive programmes for each sector however each programme has been derived
from robust stakeholder engagement and research into best practice, detailed in the Sector Working
Papers (Appendix B), and is informed by current sector strategies and EDPRS. The programmes are
summarised in this chapter, but additional information is given at the end of the Strategy. They explain the
specific actions that will be taken, highlight the responsible institutions, and give estimates of time, cost,
impact on emissions reduction and climate resilience and the multiple sources of climate finance that could
fund implementation. Although these programmes can be allocated to specific Ministries to lead on
implementation, they are cross-cutting in nature and multiple sectors (Table 2) and stakeholders are
involved in each programme, including the private sector and civil society.

Programmes of Action

Table 2: Sectors involved in the Programmes of Action (lead in bold) Table 2: Sectors involved in the Programmes of Action (lead in bold) Table 2: Sectors involved in the Programmes of Action (lead in bold) Table 2: Sectors involved in the Programmes of Action (lead in bold) Table 2: Sectors involved in the Programmes of Action (lead in bold) Table 2: Sectors involved in the Programmes of Action (lead in bold) Table 2: Sectors involved in the Programmes of Action (lead in bold) Table 2: Sectors involved in the Programmes of Action (lead in bold) Table 2: Sectors involved in the Programmes of Action (lead in bold) Table 2: Sectors involved in the Programmes of Action (lead in bold) Table 2: Sectors involved in the Programmes of Action (lead in bold) Table 2: Sectors involved in the Programmes of Action (lead in bold) Table 2: Sectors involved in the Programmes of Action (lead in bold) Table 2: Sectors involved in the Programmes of Action (lead in bold)

Programmes of ActionProgrammes of Action

1. Sustainable intensification of small scale farming

2. Agricultural diversity for local and export markets

3. Integrated Water Resource Management and Planning

4. Sustainable Land Use Management and Planning

5. Low carbon mix of power generation for national grid

6. Sustainable small-scale energy installations in rural areas

7. Green industry and private sector investment

8. Climate compatible mining

9. Efficient resilient transport systems

10. Low carbon urban settlements

11. Ecotourism, Conservation and PES Promotion

12. Sustainable forestry, agroforestry and biomass energy

13. Disaster Management and Disease Prevention

14. Climate data and projections

SectorsSectorsSectorsSectorsSectorsSectorsSectorsSectorsSectorsSectorsSectorsSectorsSectors

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

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Programme 1: Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture

The sustainable intensification of agriculture is a key component in building a low carbon and climate
resilient agricultural sector. Adaptation, mitigation and development options can be designed and
implemented to counter the negative impacts from climate change and reduce the sector’s dependency on
fossil fuels. Small-scale agriculture can bring wider benefits associated with climate compatible
development including food security, improved environmental sanitation, and disaster risk reduction through
slope stabilisation and flood mitigation. Terracing and irrigation are already being implemented in Rwanda
and will be extended throughout the country. In addition, to build resilience into agricultural ecosystems,
Rwanda will

• Mainstream agroecology techniques using spatial plant stacking as in agroforestry, kitchen
gardens, nutrient recycling, and water conservation to maximise sustainable food production;

• Utilise resource recovery and reuse through organic waste composting and wastewater irrigation;
• Use fertiliser enriched compost; and
• Mainstream sustainable pest management techniques to control plant parasites and pathogens.

Programme 2: Agricultural Diversity in Local and Export Markets

Rwanda will expand crop varieties, local markets and manufactured products and exports in support
of the sustainable intensification and climate resilience of small-scale farming. This multi-faceted initiative will
involve diversifying agricultural production and enhancing the agriculture value chain. Improving the
agriculture value chain brings multiple benefits as it reduces dependency on external inputs (fertilizers/food/
fuel), reduces vulnerability to climate change and builds an agricultural market economy based on added
value and import substitution. To become more self-sufficient Rwanda will

• Expand crop varieties for import substitution and climate resilience;
• Add value to those products through processing to meet its own market demand for food stuffs;
• Develop decentralised village-based agricultural processing centres that incorporate low-carbon

sources of energy, such as biogas-digesters and solar driers; and
• Develop niche export crops under organic and fair-trade branding.

Programme 3: Integrated Water Resource Management and Planning

Rwanda is endowed with substantial freshwater resources. Regular rainfall patterns and minimal
consumption has, until now, not necessitated water storage, water monitoring or irrigation infrastructure.
There is a clear gap of observed data and monitoring frameworks for Rwanda’s water and climate. The
challenges of rapid population growth, increased urbanisation and industry, environmental degradation and
pollution are leading to accelerated depletion and degradation of available water resources, while climate
change is bringing uncertainty in future supply. In order to reverse this trend and ensure a sustainable water
resource for socio-economic development, Rwanda will

• Establish a national integrated water resource management framework that incorporates district
and community-based catchment management;

• Develop water resource models, improved meteorological services, water quality testing, and
improved hydro-related information management; and

• Develop a National Water Security Plan to employ water storage and harvesting, water
conservation practices, efficient irrigation, and other water efficient technologies.

Government of Rwanda22

Chapter 4


Programme 4: Integrated Approach to Sustainable Land Use Planning and

Management

Land tenure (ownership) security and a robust integrated framework for development planning and
sustainable land management are essential for socio-economic development. With land tenure, owners
have a responsibility to manage the land in accordance to planning codes, access to equity markets, and
the economic incentive to improve the asset. As climate changes, land use may need to change,
particularly agriculture. The National Land Use and Development Master Plan provides the platform for this
new approach. With increasing and changing demands, Rwanda will

• Employ an integrated approach to planning and sustainable land use management;
• Improve its spatial data by harnessing ICT and GIS (Geographic Information System) technology;

and
• Establish a National Information Sharing and Access Policy to guide management of this data.

Programme 5: Low Carbon Energy Mix Powering the National Grid

Rwanda currently has 95MW capacity for power generation, predominantly from hydropower and oil-fuelled
power plants. The government is targeting 1,000MW by 2017 using geothermal power, methane, peat,
solar PV and small and large scale hydropower. Increasing the supply, access and stability of electricity in
Rwanda is essential for achieving the Millennium Development Goals and maintaining economic growth.
The best option for domestic large scale generation is geothermal power, as it is clean, renewable, low cost
and independent of other countries. To implement sustainable power generation programme Rwanda will

• Develop a strategy to phase out fossil fuels, utilise Rwanda’s domestic energy resources, and
increase energy efficiency;

• Establish renewable energy feed-in-tariffs and public-private partnerships to encourage private
investment;

• Implement renewable energy guidelines and codes of practice; and
• Develop a medium-term strategy for peat phase out.

Programme 6: Sustainable Small-scale Energy Installations in Rural Areas

The majority of Rwanda’s population does not have access to the electricity grid and is dependent
on wood for fuel. There is much potential for off-grid or mini-grid generation from biogas, solar PV and
micro-hydropower. This should be utilised to increase access to electricity in rural areas reducing the
dependence on wood fuel and supporting economic development. This strategy should be seen as
complementary to the grid expansion plans. To increase development of small scale generation in rural
areas, Rwanda will

• Encourage private sector involvement through performance-based grants and incentives for
consumer finance;

• Maximise energy project potential through high load factors and appropriate maintenance; and
• Build consumer confidence through demonstration and product standards.

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Programme 7: Green Industry and Private Sector Development

Rwanda is actively improving the investment climate by improving start-up and operating conditions
for business and industry, addressing water and energy requirements, and establishing a Special Economic
Zone in Kigali (SEZ) and provincial industrial parks in urban areas to attract foreign investment. The greening
of industry is supported by the Rwanda Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production Centre (RRECPC), a
proposed Climate Innovation Centre (CIC) and the National Industrial Policy. Support of the private sector is
needed to reduce industry emissions and build a local renewable energy sector. In order to transform
industry, Rwanda will

• Scale up resource efficiency to reduce energy and water demand, thus reducing emissions and
promoting resilience;

• Employ efficient and zero waste technologies, practices and design in Special Economic Zones
and provincial industrial parks;

• Establish Climate Innovation Centres to support investment in industries producing green
technologies and those adopting green technology; and

• Build carbon trading capacity within the private sector to harness innovative funding opportunities
provided by CDM and voluntary carbon markets.

Programme 8: Climate Compatible Mining

The mining industry in Rwanda is undergoing transformation as recent privatisation of concessions
and proactive government policy drives its development. The Rwanda Mining Policy has five strategic pillars
that support the growth of the mining industry. If this policy is considered ‘business as usual’ for the next
decade, then mining is likely to contribute significantly to energy use, GHG emissions and water use in
Rwanda. A sixth strategic pillar – low carbon, climate resilient development – will be added to the Mining
Policy with the aim of reducing GHG emissions, improving energy security and water security and reducing
vulnerability to floods and landslides. Flood and landslide hazard plans and disaster risk management is
needed at mining operations and linked to community disaster management. The government will support
the mining industry to

• Implement energy efficiency at operations, through measuring and reporting, setting targets and
using efficient technologies;

• Utilise electricity from renewable energy sources, either from the national grid or on-site
generation;

• Employ good water management practices on operations, including water efficiency and flood
management; and

• Expand the capacity building programme to account for new skills needed in energy and water
management.

Government of Rwanda24

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Programme 9: Efficient Resilient Transport Systems

The current transport sector is limited to road and air travel and is heavily reliant on imported fossil
fuels, making the economy vulnerable to increasingly frequent oil price spikes. Due to the global nature of
transport, actions should be integrated with national, regional and global standards. Long-term decisions
should incorporate the future impacts of climate change on price, availability and taxes in the global
transport sector. To implement an efficient and resilient transport programme, Rwanda will

• Improve vehicle efficiency through vehicle and fuel quality regulations and taxation policies;
• Promote new technologies to reduce transport emissions;
• Increase investment in climate resilient transport infrastructure, particularly roads; and
• Develop efficient operational and knowledge systems to support sustainable development.

Programme 10: Low Carbon Urban Systems

With increasing numbers of people inhabiting urban areas of Rwanda, particularly Kigali, it is
necessary to implement a long-term plan for sustainable urban development. Urban areas need to be
efficient users of land through high density buildings, appropriate zoning and mass transit, such as bus
rapid transit systems. Buildings should be designed to reduce the demand for energy and water and to
support waste recycling. Urban areas should also be attractive to pedestrians and cyclists with trees, parks
and public spaces, to promote low carbon transport, improve quality of life and reduce the risk of flooding.
This is partly addressed in the Kigali City Master Plan but requires higher density development. To achieve
low carbon, climate resilient urban areas, Rwanda will

• Adopt energy and water efficiency standards into building codes;
• Establish an integrated multi-mode urban transport system;
• Employ low carbon urban planning; and
• Fully utilise urban waste as a high-value resource stream.

Programme 11: Ecotourism, Conservation and Payment for Ecosystem Services
Promotion in Protected Areas

Rwanda’s location within the centre of the Albertine Rift, a region considered to be the highest in
species richness in Africa, makes it ideal for conservation and ecotourism. Ecotourism in envisioned
destination management areas is likely to provide high returns on investment. In order to maintain Rwanda’s
protected areas as key economic assets supporting a climate-resilient services industry, a haven for
biodiversity and a source of key ecosystem services, effective protection and sustainable management
measures need to be undertaken. Rwanda will

• Maximise business tourism (the largest source of tourism) through strategic conference
management;

• Increase the Community Benefit Fund from 5% of tourism revenues and ensure more equal
distribution of resources to the poorest income quintiles; and

• Establish participatory Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes, continuing work in
Gishwati and Nyungwe forest.

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Programme 12: Sustainable Forestry, Agroforestry and Biomass Energy

To meet energy demands for biomass it is necessary to ensure that supply meets or exceeds
demand. Controlled tree planting through afforestation, reforestation, agroforestry and urban tree planting
initiatives provides wood for fuel, improves slope stability supports food security and acts as a carbon sink,
and can therefore earn carbon credits. To ensure sustainability of these initiatives, Rwanda will

• Promote afforestation/reforestation of designated areas through enhanced germplasm and
technical practices in planting and post-planting processes;

• Employ Improved Forest Management for degraded forest resources;
• Formulate a joint strategy for agroforestry between MINIRENA and MINAGRI;
• Mandate licensing of sustainable charcoal production techniques and promote improved

cookstoves for efficient and clean wood and charcoal consumptions.

Programme 13: Disaster Management and Disease Prevention

Rwanda’s hilly topography and high annual precipitation rates bring high risks from flooding, storms,
landslides and vector and water-borne diseases, while other natural disasters include droughts and
earthquakes. Over-exploitation of the natural environment such as deforestation and inappropriate farming
on steep slopes increases the hazard risk, which may be exacerbated through climate change as an
increase in extreme weather events occurs. To develop effective disaster management systems, Rwanda
will

• Conduct risk assessments, vulnerability mapping and vector-borne disease surveillance;
• Establish an integrated early-warning system, and disaster response plans;
• Incorporate disaster and disease considerations into land-use, building and infrastructure

regulations; and
• Employ community-based disaster risk reduction (DRR) programmes designed around local

environmental and economic conditions, to mobilise local capacity in emergency response, and
to reduce locally-specific hazards.

Programme 14: Climate Data and Projections

Robust observed climate data and climate projections for Rwanda are crucial to understanding the
current and future impacts of climate change and developing scenarios to assess the potential adaptation
strategies for Rwanda. The Rwanda Meteorological Service is executing its five-year Strategic Plan to
upgrade its network of meteorological stations. In addition Rwanda will

• Arrange additional observations to provide all climate information necessary for future monitoring,
climate trend detection, management of climate variability, early warning and disaster
management;

• Establish a team to produce and interpret climate change projections for Rwanda, with a focus on
disseminating climate model data in a user-friendly format for use by all stakeholders; and

• Develop the capacity in climate science necessary to underpin this work by incorporating climate
science into secondary school and university curricula.

• Enhance the use of climate data in disease prevention and mitigation programmes for human
health and agricultural crop productivity.

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Chapter 5

National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development27

The Programmes of Action outlined in Chapter 4 would not be possible without Enabling Pillars –
ongoing processes that support their implementation. The objective of the pillars is to provide a foundation
for current and future actions and will continuously be improved and reviewed. The five enabling pillars are:
Institutional Arrangements; Finance; Capacity Building and Knowledge Management; Technology,
Innovation and Infrastructure; and Integrated Planning and Data Management.

Pillar 1: Institutional Arrangements

To implement climate compatible development, it will be critical for Rwanda to create an institutional
arrangement that allows for transparent and effective flow of information, knowledge and financial
resources. It is more efficient to build upon existing institutional structures and Sector Working Groups
(SWGs) using the Sector Wide Approach (SWAp) and the Integrated Development Programme (IDP) offer
platforms for implementation. A National Fund for Climate and the Environment (FONERWA) is being
established and will play a key role in managing climate funds that flow into Rwanda. The REMA Climate
Change Unit is responsible for UNFCCC engagement and documentation while the Rwanda Meteorological
Service (RMS) is responsible for providing climate data and projections, the basis for decision-making. RMS
under MININFRA is supported by MINAGRI, MIDIMAR and MOH who currently collect data and undertake
analysis in their sectors. MINEDUC is working on capacity building in schools and universities and research
institutes are investigating some of the challenges facing Rwanda.

Although much work is underway, it could be better coordinated and focused. As a result, there is a
need for two new organisational structures – a Centre for Climate Knowledge for Development (CCKD) to
translate climate information into policy options for sustainable development in Rwanda, and a Technical
Coordinating Committee to lead and facilitate the flow of knowledge between the different organisations as
shown in the proposed arrangement in Figure 13. The arrangements represent collaborative mechanisms
which bring responsible authorities and stakeholder groups together on a regular basis to discuss, develop
and validate policy and strategies.

Technical Coordinating Committee

This process will be led by the Technical Coordinating Committee which will report back to Ministers
for approval on key decisions. It would comprise director generals and department heads from the Rwanda
Revenue Authority (RRA), Rwanda Natural Resources Authority (RNRA), the Energy, Water and Sanitation
Authority (EWSA), the Rwanda Housing Authority (RHA), the Rwanda Transport Development Agency
(RTDA), the Private Sector Federation (PSF), the Rwanda Development Board (RDB), REMA, MIDIMAR,
MINEDUC, MOH and MINALOC as well as representatives from civil society, academia, development
partners and the private sector.

Enabling Pillars


The Technical Coordinating Committee will facilitate the flow of knowledge between the Centre for
Climate Knowledge for Development, RMS, REMA Climate Change Unit, academic institutions and the
Ministries and their sub-sectors and sub-national committees and forums. The Technical Coordinating
Committee will oversee the Technical Committee for FONERWA and for CCKD.

The institutional arrangement will facilitate mainstreaming of climate resilience and low carbon
development into Vision 2020, EDPRS, national sector strategies and policies, and budgeting and planning
procedures. Mainstreaming into policy and planning is equally important at the sub-national to ensure that
local needs are being met and that communities receive incentives for their efforts. This would include
District councils, the Integrated Development Programme (IDP), the Joint Action Development Forum
(JADF) and Community Development Councils. Participatory action planning should be used to develop
local plans so that community voices are heard and have ownership.

Centre for Climate Knowledge for Development

In order to respond and adapt to climate change, robust climate data and projections are required.
But even more important is the ability to translate the information into sector-specific knowledge and policy
options for decision makers. This currently does not exist at the level required to achieve the objectives of
the Strategy and enable Rwanda to respond to change on an ongoing basis. The building blocks necessary
to do this are shown in Figure 14 which shows how they build upon each other. Although the building
blocks are being addressed to some degree in Rwanda, greater coordination is required.

RMS is responsible for the station network, data-related activities, seasonal outlooks and climate
projections, and has made significant progress in recent years. MINAGRI and the MOH have station
networks and MINAGRI produces seasonal outlooks. The Kigali Institute of Science and technology (KIST)
and the National University of Rwanda (NUR) are planning to establish geosciences courses and a climate
observatory on Mount Karisimbi is planned together with the Common Market for Eastern and Southern
Africa (COMESA), which will monitor regional atmospheric GHG constituents and build local capacity,
amongst other activities[14]. MIDIMAR, RMS and MINALOC are planning on developing early warning
systems (EWS) while the REMA Climate Change Unit performs the assessment of climate sensitivities and
adaptation and mitigation policy options. A detailed table of current activities and stakeholders and a gap
analysis is found in Table 2 in Appendix F.

Government of Rwanda28

Chapter 5

Figure 13: Institutional arrangements for climate-related strategy and policy development

MINECOFIN - MINIRENA - MININFRA - MINAGRI - MIDIMAR - MINICOM - MINEDUC - MOH - MINALOC

Authorities and Agencies
RRA - RNRA - EWSA - RTDA - RHA - PSF - RDB

Sub-national forums
Councils - IDP - JADF

RMS

REMA

research
institutions

Technical Co-ordinating
Committee

Chair: MINECOFIN and
MINIRENA

Centre for
Climate

Knowledge for
Development

FONERWA
Chair: MINECOFIN


A Centre for Climate Knowledge for Development will be established as a focus organisation for
interpreting climate information in the forms as required by and appropriate to each climate-sensitive sector.
It would be a multi-disciplinary organisation, with expertise covering climate as well as the various sectors
and as such its institutional home is yet to be decided. It would work with all the institutions mentioned
above, all of whom would perform certain aspects of the building blocks. Together, they would contribute to
achieving the objectives of the Strategy and support the ongoing process of policy development. There are
a number of ways of establishing the Centre, and further consultation is required before implementation.
The ClimDev-Africa programme, expected to be implemented in 2012, will provide funding for activities
closely aligned with the vision of the Centre. The detailed justification and explanation of the Centre for
Climate Knowledge for Development is found in Appendix F.

The Centre will contribute significantly to the following outcomes:

• An improved understanding of the relationship of climate with the economy, health, environment and
society

• Ability to mainstream climate issues into government policy

• Management of an economy more resilient to climate shocks, and therein to manage the
consequences of climate variability and climate change

• A centre of excellence for climate science

• Ability to collaborate in and to lead international climate research

• Ability to take prominent roles in international climate and development organisations

• Ability to contribute to international climate policy

• Leadership in the region, including in the interpretation of climate information

• Rwanda’s knowledge-based economy is enhanced


National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development29

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Assessment of Adaptation and Mitigation Policy Options:
Public, Private and Voluntary

Seasonal
Outlooks

Climate
Projections and

Scenarios

Assessment of
Climate

Sensitivities

Monitoring and
Early Warning

Systems

Data collection, Rescue, Archiving, Reanalysis,
Interpretation and Information Creation

Capacity Building: Government,
Commerce and Society

Station Network Capacity Building: Science

Figure 14: Building blocks of a Centre for Climate Knowledge for Development

GHG Inventory


National Fund for Climate and the Environment - FONERWA

FONERWA was provided for in organic law 04/2005 to support REMA. It is now being established
with a broader mandate which covers climate and environment, including water, forestry, mining and quarry
resources. According to the draft bill, the Management Committee of FONERWA will consist of Permanent
Secretaries from MINIRENA, MINICOM, MINAGRI, MINALOC, MININFRA, and MIDIMAR; the Director
General from REMA; the Director General of the Rwanda Natural Resource Board; a representative of the
Private Sector Federation (PSF); and four representatives of non-governmental organisations operating in
the areas of environment, water and forests protection and climate change adaptation and mitigation.
FONERWA will begin with a simple design, with a Technical Committee housed in REMA, charged with the
day-to-day management of the fund, capitalising the fund through environmental taxes and grants from
development partners, mobilising other sources of climate finance, and assisting in carbon accounting.
Once established, the Technical Committee will be transferred to MINECOFIN where it can employ more
complex financing mechanisms, and eventually access concessional debt financing to increase capital for
viable low carbon investments. FONERWA will seek to employ a wide-range of public financing
mechanisms, such as performance-based grants, loan guarantees, lines of credit, and public venture
capital to create an attractive investment environment for low-carbon activities.

The priorities of the Institutional Pillar are:

Priority 1. Establish new institutional arrangements, namely a Technical Coordinating
Committee and a Centre for Climate Knowledge for Development

Priority 2. Mainstream the Strategy into Vision 2020, EDPRS II, and Sector policies and
strategies

Priority 3. Mainstream the Strategy into sub-national institutional arrangements, and the
Integrated Development Programme, and pilot ‘climate smart’ villages

Priority 4. Develop Local Adaptation Plans of Action and Locally Appropriate Mitigation
Actions, and mainstream the Strategy into District Development Plans

Priority 5. Develop a common UNFCCC negotiating position with the EAC and LDC and Africa
groups

Key responsible stakeholders are: MINIRENA, RNRA, MINALOC, RMS, RNRA, REMA

Pillar 2: Finance

One of the two biggest challenges Rwanda faces in implementing this Strategy is access to finance.
Rwanda has yet to fully exploit the international climate financing opportunities that exist, as shown in figure
15 which lists the climate funds currently, or soon to be, available to each sector. These are detailed in the
Rwanda Climate Funds Toolkit in Appendix H which lists all available funds per sector and details the size,
mandate, types of finance, project types, decision-making structure, application procedure, status in
Rwanda including local contacts, project examples, links and the key contact for each fund. This toolkit
needs to be updated on a regular basis as climate finance opportunities will increase substantially over the
next decade.

Government of Rwanda30

Chapter 5


World Bank Forest Carbon Partnership Facility

The Cancun Agreements at COP16 made significant progress on areas related to climate finance:

• Agreement to establish a Green Climate Fund, and extend USD 30 billion in ‘fast start finance’ for
mitigation and adaptation initiatives in developing countries between 2010 and 2012

• Agreement to secure USD 100 billion per year in long-term financing for developing countries by
2020, from a mix of public and private sources

• Establishment of the Adaptation Committee to promote enhanced action on adaptation in a
coherent manner - a draft decision text will be negotiated at COP17

• Establishment of a registry for Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) which consist of
a list of mitigation measures and sometimes a GHG emission reduction target

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World Bank Catastrophe Risk Management Facility

World Bank Carbon Facility

UNEP Renewable Energy Enterprise Development

UNDP/MDG Carbon Facility

UNDP Green Commodities Facility

Special Climate Change Fund

Seed Capital Assistance Facility

Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility

Private Infrastructure Development Group

Nordic Climate Facility

Least Developed Country Fund

KfW Development & Climate Finance

International Development Association

International Climate Fund (UK)

International Climate Initiative (Germany)

Hatoyama Initiative (Japan)

Global Facility for Disaster Risk Reduction and Recovery

Global Environment Facility

Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund

Global Climate Change Alliance

EIB-KfW Carbon Programme II

EIB Post-2012 Carbon Credit Fund

DEG - Deutsche Investitions

ClimDev-Africa Special Fund

Climate Finance Innovation Facility

Clean Technology Fund

Africa Enterprise Challenge Fund

AfDB Sustainable Energy Fund for Africa

AfDB Congo Basin Forest Fund

Adaptation Fund

Agriculture

D
isaster Risk Reduction

Built Environm
ent

Clim
ate Centre

Energy

Forestry

Industry

Land
M
ining

Transport

W
ater

Figure 15: International climate funds currently available for each sector in Rwanda


Developing a NAMA for Rwanda may increase climate financing opportunities, and this Strategy
would act as the foundation for the NAMA. Any emissions reduction commitments made by Rwanda in the
future will need to be against a business-as-usual (BAU) baseline and the economic impacts must first be
calculated. Any targets adopted should be contingent on financial and technical support from developed
countries. International climate finance is often channelled in an inefficient way through many different and
uncoordinated intermediaries that bypass budgetary controls by national governments.

Though significant, the international climate funding flowing into Rwanda will not be sufficient to
finance the Strategy. Thus, it will be crucial for the government to secure domestic sources of revenue and
leverage private capital for low carbon and adaptation activities. FONERWA will be the centrepiece of
Rwanda’s climate financing plan, attracting and streamlining climate finance with the Strategy, and
leveraging private investment for low carbon initiatives. There is huge potential to attract private investment
– both domestic investment and regional and global funds focusing on green economy investments - in
many of the programmes of action, as long as these are made commercially viable. To increase viability of
low carbon projects, Rwanda will investigate environmental fiscal reforms: taxes to make environmentally
damaging behaviour more expensive, and tax exemptions and subsidies to make environmentally beneficial
behaviour more attractive. Renewable energy technologies will be exempted from VAT and import duties,
and feed-in tariffs will guarantee a market for renewable electricity sold onto the national grid by
independent power producers. Kigali’s new Green Special Economic Zone will investigate financial and
fiscal incentives to companies to comply with voluntary energy efficiency and building standards; and in the
long-term a green investment index will be established in RDB to attract climate-friendly foreign direct
investment by ranking Rwandan companies’ environmental and financial performance. On more risky
ventures private capital can team up with Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) such as the European
Investment Bank (EIB), the World Bank, the African Development Bank, Belgium’s BIO, and Netherlands’s
FMO.

Low carbon projects will also seek funding from carbon markets, which allow projects that abate
GHG emissions to raise funds by selling ‘carbon credits’. Mandatory emission reduction credits for
Geothermal plants, micro hydro dams, organic composting stations, energy efficient buildings, improved
cookstoves, biogas digesters, etc, can generate emission reduction credits to be sold through mandatory/
regulated markets such as the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Forestry projects
on the other hand, can generate credits to be traded through voluntary markets. The GoR will
independently implement several of these projects, and actively promote private implementation of others
by extending financial and technical support to ‘Implementing Entities’.

In order to promote the preservation of ecosystems by individuals, communities and businesses,
Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) will be expanded beyond the pilot projects in Gishwati and
Nyungwe forests. REDD+, which encompasses Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest
Degradation (REDD), conservation and enhancement of forest carbon stocks and sustainable management
of forests, is the most advanced form of PES. However, Rwanda’s limited forest stocks, initial exclusion
from the pilot programmes of the UN-REDD Programme and the Forest Investment Programme, significant
reduction in deforestation in recent years, makes it less likely to access these funds than other countries.

The priorities for the Finance Pillar are:

Priority 1. Operationalise the National Climate and Environment Fund of Rwanda, FONERWA

Priority 2. Secure grants from the Green Climate Fund, the Adaptation Fund and other climate
funds targeted at LDCs

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Priority 3. Promote CDM and voluntary carbon projects in Rwanda and push for simplified
baseline calculations and monitoring methodologies at UNFCCC negotiations

Priority 4. Investigate and employ environmental fiscal reforms, a feed-in tariff, a green
investment index, and public financing mechanisms to encourage green consumerism and
investment

Priority 5. Encourage conservation through Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes

Key responsible stakeholders are: MINECOFIN, REMA, MINIRENA, MININFRA, EWSA

Pillar 3: Capacity Building and Knowledge Management

Rwanda’s constrained human resource capacity is arguably the greatest challenge facing climate
compatible development. Many of the programmes of action required to implement the Strategy are
knowledge intensive and require new skills across sectors and management levels. Capacity building
efforts are instrumental to creating foundations of adaptive management and stakeholders’ ability to
implement the Strategy. A comprehensive capacity building plan will be developed by the Technical
Coordinating Committee as one of the first steps of implementation.

In the short term, key government staff from MINECOFIN, MINIRENA, MINALOC, MININFRA,
MINAGRI, MIDIMAR, MINEDUC, MINICOM, MOH, RNRA, EWSA, PSF, RDB, REMA and RMS should
undergo capacity building in climate resilient low carbon development. In particular, the members of the
Technical Coordinating Committee and the FONERWA technical committee should attend international
short courses and seek to build relationships with technical experts in their sectors. To build capacity in
specific areas, Rwanda will bring in international experts to work with and train national and sub-national
government employees. Rwanda will also send government employees to other countries to receive high
quality on-the-job experience and training. Scholarships will be provided for graduate study on international
courses in the fields of climatology, meteorology, climate finance, sustainable natural resource
management, green engineering, geographical information systems and climate sensitive diseases.

Training and capacity building will also be required for international climate change negotiations and
policy development. The new Advocacy Fund set up by DFID in the UK and managed by CDKN aims to
support greater engagement by LDCs in the UNFCCC process and could support capacity building efforts
in Rwanda in this area.

Actions to build capacity must harness existing efforts as much as possible, in order to promote
efficiency of investment in current resources. The Strategic Capacity Building Initiative supports
professional development in agriculture, mining, energy and investment through employing international
experts in Rwanda and training Rwandan staff at international institutions. There is also a drive to
encourage Rwandans living overseas to return, bringing with them their skills and financial support.

The Rwanda Climate Finance Toolkit described under Pillar 2 could provide the basis for a Rwanda
Climate Portal, similar the the websites set up by India and South Korea. This would contain information
about the Strategy, climate change impacts in Rwanda, climate negotiations, government policies and
programmes and ways for citizens to contribute to mitigation and adaptation while reducing their own
vulnerability. It would play a key role in public awareness and online communication and will be made
possible by the fibre optic network in Rwanda. For those without access to the internet, other forms of
communication are important and creative radio programming, demonstration projects, community
exchange visits and farmer field schools are all critical for building capacity in rural areas. The Integrated
Development Programme (IDP) is an ideal platform for this work as it is already piloting biogas digesters,
solar panels, rainwater harvesting and organic waste composting in villages.


Government of Rwanda34

Chapter 5

In the long term, Rwanda will increase its research and development (R&D) capacity by forming links
between government, industry and relevant higher learning and research institutions in Rwanda (KIST,
NUR, etc) and abroad. Such links will enable effective research in line with the Strategy and support
innovation and locally appropriate solutions. RMS and the Centre for Climate Knowledge for Development
will play a key role in this area. Other research centres may be set up to support the growing demand for
research and policy development and a brief proposal for an Energy Research Centre for Rwanda is given
in Appendix G. In addition, universities will set up courses to cover all the professions required to maintain a
climate resilient low carbon economy. This will support the aspiration of Vision 2020 in creating a
knowledge-based economy.

The priorities for the Capacity Building and Knowledge Management Pillar are:

Priority 1. Improve education by expanding school curricula, tertiary education, technical and
vocational training and farmer field schools to address climate resilience and low carbon
development

Special Entry
Pathways

Vocational
Training
Centres

TVET

Certificate 1

Technical
Secondary
Schools

TVET

Certificate 1-3

Polytechnics
TVET

Certificate 1-5

Diploma
Advanced

Diploma

Upper Secondary

School

Basic Education (primary and lower secondary schools - 9 years)

Figure 16: Education framework in Rwanda

University
Degrees

In the medium term, these courses will be set up at universities to create a local knowledge base and
platform for long-term research. The education framework for Rwanda is shown in Figure 16. The
foundation for capacity building is school education as it increases the number of children who can go on to
technical or university training. Rwanda has made much progress in this area with 95% enrollment in
primary school (2.3 million children), though enrollment in lower secondary school was only 22.6% in 2009.
In 2009, half as many students attended technical and vocational education and training (TVET) than
university. Although both are very important for Rwanda’s development, greater numbers are needed in
TVET to support the growing economy. The Rwandan Workforce Development Authority (WDA) is fast-
tracking TVET and has proposed a new TVET qualification framework. Demand-driven apprenticeship
programmes in partnership with the private sector are a feature of WDA work, and help ensure high-quality
trainers. The WDA will be supported and TVET courses expanded to develop skills in energy and water
efficiency, renewable energy, agroforestry, passive housing, organic agriculture, waste recycling and drip
irrigation.


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Priority 2. Develop capacity within national and sub-national government through exchange
programmes, university partnerships, training focal points, professional development and pilot
villages

Priority 3. Improve knowledge management and public awareness through an online Climate
Portal, creative radio programming, short training courses, demonstrations of best practice in
communities and community exchange visits

Priority 4. Engage in regional and international forums and partnerships on climate and
sustainable development topics

Priority 5. Ensure adequate education and training is provided for women and girls

Key responsible stakeholders are: MINEDUC, KIST, NUR, WDA, MINAGRI

Pillar 4. Integrated Planning and Data Management

Climate change is a cross-cutting issue that impacts the economy in the long-term. Integrated
planning of multiple sector programmes is crucial due to the constraints facing Rwanda, in land, water,
energy and finance. Integrated planning systems will allow the Government of Rwanda to invest in the most
efficient way, producing the maximum return on investment while accommodating different sector needs.
Equally important is the collection, analysis and application of robust data across sectors. This will allow
decisions to be made based on facts and figures and will enable scenario planning. An integrated set of
analyses is required to understand the feedbacks and interconnections between land use, ecosystem
services, water availability and energy supply going forward under future population scenarios. The
institutional arrangements discussed earlier will facilitate integrated planning and data management.

As the population grows, the economy expands into new areas and as the climate changes, land
use will need to change. Land tenure security and a robust integrated framework for development planning
and sustainable land management are essential for supporting socio-economic development. Land use
must be taken into consideration in every programme of action to ensure adaptation is embedded in the
long term. The National Land Use and Development Master Plan (NLUDMP) and subsequent District Detail
Plans are the foundation for this integration. Strategic Environment Assessments (SEAs) for key
Development Zones and ecologically sensitive areas need to be standard practice.

Rwanda needs to develop a National Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) to manage the nation’s land
information resources and to identify the fundamental data sets required to manage land and water
resources, monitor land use and environmental change, support economic development, and enable
Rwanda to better plan, monitor, and respond to the impacts of climate change. The Rwanda Natural
Resources Authority offers an appropriate framework to improve management of natural resource data
sets. Other sectors maintain key national data sets that also must be managed, made accessible, and
kept up to date. To develop its SDI, Rwanda will establish a National Information Sharing and Access
Policy, a National SDI Strategy, a detailed national features map, and ongoing monitoring of land use and
environmental change.

Sustainable land management demands integrated analysis of various data sets including land use,
zoning, administrative boundaries, roads, population and health, environment, soils and geology, hydrology,
and elevation. By harnessing GIS and ICT technologies, Rwanda will enable national government and
district offices to avoid uncontrolled development, increased energy demand and emissions, inefficient
transport systems, over burdened water and sanitation systems, environmental degradation and loss of
biodiversity, food insecurity, health impacts and reduced livelihoods.


Government of Rwanda36

Chapter 5

The most critical data sets that are required at present are those needed to generate climate models
and projections to facilitate adaptation planning. Key variables are temperature, rainfall and rainfall intensity.
RMS is currently implementing a five-year Strategic Plan, which includes upgrading the network of
meteorological stations. It will be complemented by the Mt Karisimbi climate observatory project. This
network will provide climate information necessary for future monitoring, climate trend detection,
vulnerability mapping, management of climate variability, early warning and disaster management, and
development of a weather index-based crop insurance industry. The information will complement historical
data, and update historical records and re-analyses. In addition, MIDIMAR is developing a database of
disasters, including from extreme weather events which will complement the work done by RMS.

The priorities for the Integrated Planning and Data Management Pillar are:

Priority 1. Identify, record and maintain fundamental integrated data sets according to
international standards, particularly for energy and water

Priority 2. Develop climate compatible national and district level sector plans integrated with
national strategies based on the National Land Use and Development Master Plan

Priority 3. Develop a robust forecast of future resource demands and vulnerabilities which are
stress tested for future shocks, with applicable warning indicators

Priority 4. Develop monitoring, reporting and evaluation systems to improve planning and
provide the evidence base to receive climate finance

Priority 5. Improve spatial data by harnessing ICT and GIS (Geographic Information System)
technology

Key responsible stakeholders are: RNRA Land and Mapping Department, RMS, MIDIMAR,
MINALOC, Disaster Management Task Force, MOH

Pillar 5: Technology, Innovation and Infrastructure

The application of, and investment in technology, innovation and infrastructure is vital for
development. Rwanda has the opportunity to leapfrog old technologies and destructive development
pathways, and build a green economy, resilient to oil prices spikes and a changing climate. The developed
world faces a huge challenge as it is locked into high carbon infrastructure, systems and lifestyles. It is very
costly to retrofit or replace capital intensive technology and even more difficult to induce behaviour change
in citizens across the globe. Infrastructure is expensive, has long lead times to implementation and long life
spans and therefore needs to be resilient to future changes in the climate while maximising return on
investment. Developing countries have the opportunity to choose to follow a low carbon pathway and one
that is climate resilient.

This will be supported by technology transfer, a ‘broad set of processes covering the flow of know-
how, experience and equipment for mitigating and adapting to climate change amongst different
stakeholders’[15]. Examples of technology transfer are power generation technology, energy and water
efficient technology, early warning systems and soil management. Technology and knowledge can be
transferred from developed or developing countries to Rwanda and through the private sector or
development partners such as the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO). In 2008
the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) set up the Eco-Patent Commons to
provide free access to patents for environmentally beneficial knowledge and technology. This provides a
significant opportunity for the private sector in Rwanda.


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A Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) for Rwanda is underway with UNEP and Rwanda can apply
for technology transfer through the Technology Mechanism agreed at COP16 aimed at boosting global
clean technology cooperation. Funding for research and development of new technology, particularly in the
areas of agriculture and energy, will be sought and capacity will be developed at universities in Rwanda
over the long term. Other channels for technology transfer will be investigated, particularly bilateral
arrangements and south-south transfer and collaboration in technology R&D.

Rwanda’s Private Sector Federation (PSF) is working to mainstream water and energy efficiency and
waste recycling through the Rwanda Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production Centre (RRECPC) set up in
2008. It works closely with industry and has already demonstrated the financial benefits of saving energy
and water. A Climate Innovation Centre (CIC) has been proposed for Rwanda to facilitate private sector
development and to support small to medium enterprises (SMEs) in providing goods and services for
climate resilient low carbon development. CICs are aimed at helping developing countries accelerate the
deployment of climate technologies, companies and industries by identifying and analysing support
networks, centres of excellence, gaps in institutional capacity and the financial landscape. Both initiatives
will be supported and expanded.

The priorities for the Technology, Innovation and Infrastructure Pillar are:

Priority 1. Identify and implement applicable technologies through technology transfer to drive
efficiency of resource consumption and creation, particularly in energy and water

Priority 2. Perform local research and development of applicable technologies for climate
resilience and low carbon development, particularly for agriculture

Priority 3. Invest in relevant climate resilient infrastructural projects, particularly an all-weather
road network and irrigation

Priority 4. Develop links to regional and international centres of excellence to benefit from the
latest research on climate resilience and low carbon development

Key responsible stakeholders are: MINICOM, MINIRENA, MININFRA, EWSA, RNRA, KIST, PSF,
Institute for Scientific and Technological Research (IRST), Rwanda Agricultural Research Institute
(ISAR), Industrial Research and Development Agency (IRDA)


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National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development39

This Strategy is the first attempt at plotting a climate resilient and low carbon development pathway.
It is the start of a continuous process which is described in the Enabling Pillars and will be implemented
through the Programmes of Action. The first step (Figure 17) is to set up the institutional arrangements,
namely the Technical Coordinating Committee, FONERWA and the Centre for Climate Knowledge for
Development. These government institutions will utilise the Sector Wide Approach and work closely with
development partners, civil society, academia and the private sector. Implementation will be impossible
without the technical and financial support of these partners.

The Technical Coordinating Committee will be responsible for implementation of the Strategy and
facilitate its incorporation into Vision 2020, EDPRS II and sector policies. Further work is then required to
perform cost-benefit analysis on the programmes of actions and apply for climate finance for them. This will
inform the revision of detailed sector strategies and annual budgets. In parallel, short term capacity building
programmes must be initiated and work done to develop a long term plan to provide the support required
to implement the Strategy.

Figure 17 illustrates the steps that need to be taken in the coming years to mainstream climate resilience
and low carbon development at all levels of government. In order to achieve the 2050 vision,
implementation must be an ongoing process (Figure 18) that responds to changes in climate,
demographics, economic development, and global energy trends. Decisions need to be based on good
data and research provided by government, academia, NGOs, private sector and development partners.
This will allow a range of policy options to be considered and short to long term decisions made that benefit
all Rwandans. The policies will then be translated into programme design and planning which are also
informed by the data and research available and robust economic analysis. Finally projects will be
implemented and monitoring and evaluation undertaken with findings then fed back into each step of the
process.

Roadmap to Implementation

Figure 17: Roadmap to implementation

Set up
institutional

arrangements

Perform cost-
benefit

analysis on
actions

Update
sector

strategies
and budgets

Initiate
programmes

of action

Update Vision
2020, EDPRS

and sector
policies

Capacity Building


6.1 Big Wins

Amongst all the recommended actions in the Strategy, there are a few ‘big wins’ that, if
implemented, will make a significant impact on mitigation, adaptation and low carbon economic
development. These are likely to produce the greatest return on investment for Rwanda as they impact the
whole economy in the long term. More details regarding each ‘big win’ are found in the Sector Working
Papers in Appendix B. They have been split into low carbon development/mitigation and resilience/
adaptation, though there are synergies between them. As the three largest sources of GHG emissions,
agriculture, energy and transport are all addressed in the mitigation ‘big wins’, which will enable low carbon
development, increase food and energy security and reduce vulnerability to oil price spikes. They would all
qualify for climate finance.

Low Carbon Development / Mitigation

1. Geothermal power generation: Geothermal power is a clean, renewable, reliable and large-scale
energy resource. There is an estimated potential of up to 700MW of geothermal power in Rwanda
and this would exceed domestic electricity demand by 2020 if implemented. It uses known
technology and could produce electricity at four times less the cost of diesel generated electricity
currently in use in Rwanda. It could replace oil-fuelled power plants which currently supply 38MW
of electricity and result in high GHG emissions and are vulnerable to oil price spikes. Geothermal
power has near zero emissions, making it eligible for carbon credits. It is a domestic resource, not
shared with neighbouring countries like methane in Lake Kivu and hydropower on the Rusizi and
Rusumo Rivers, and has relatively small land use impact, unlike peat. Geothermal energy,
together with other renewable energy sources, will provide energy security, reduce energy costs
and vulnerability to external economic shocks and ultimately promote economic development.

Government of Rwanda40

Data collection
and research

Policy making

Programme
design and
planning

Implementation

Monitoring and
Evaluation

Figure 18: Ongoing process for implementation of climate resilience and low carbon development

Chapter 6


2. Integrated soil fertility management: The crop intensification programme in Rwanda currently
uses inorganic fertiliser to increase crop yields. These imported fertilisers produce a significant
proportion of Rwanda’s GHG emissions through soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions but also
through the fertiliser manufacturing process and transportation. Demand for inorganic fertilisers
can be reduced by applying an integrated approach to soil fertility and nutrient management,
which employs agroecology, resource recovery and reuse, and fertiliser enriched composts. An
integrated approach will significantly lower inorganic fertiliser demand, reduce dependence on oil,
reduce GHG emissions and increase farm profitability due to reduced input costs for farmers. This
will contribute to reducing vulnerability to external shocks. Such approaches also improve soil
structure and the water retention capacity of soils, leading to climate resilient agricultural
ecosystems and sustainable food security.

3. High density walkable cities: The growing population and increasing urbanisation will result in an
increase in urban area in Rwanda. If this is not achieved in a high density manner, Rwanda will
face unprecedented levels of urban sprawl, partly due to hilly terrain. This forces people to travel
greater distances than necessary, with motorised transport resulting in GHG emissions and air
pollution. Designing high density cities with corridors for pedestrians and cyclists and green public
spaces, would reduce the need for energy intensive transport, improve quality of life and reduce
the risk of flooding. Not only will this reduce GHG emissions and oil dependency, but also reduce
the burden of transport costs to citizens. It also has adaptation benefits, as reduced urban sprawl
limits the development of housing on steep slopes which are vulnerable to flooding and
landslides.

Climate Resilience / Adaptation

1. Irrigation infrastructure: Rwanda has high annual rainfall which it has traditionally been able to
exploit for seasonal agriculture. However, seasonal agriculture is vulnerable to climate change and
population pressure, as even slight changes in rainfall patterns can have significant impacts on
crop and livestock production. The uncertainty in the timing of wet seasons makes it difficult for
farmers to know when to plant and to harvest to produce a good crop. Irrigation infrastructure
gives farmers more control of the water resource and reduces the vulnerability to changing rainfall
patterns. It also allows for diversification of crops, such as rice, contributes to efficient land and
water usage, and provides water to dry areas. Irrigation infrastructure forms a crucial component
of Integrated Water Resource Management as improved watershed management allows for
increased water supply and efficiency in other sectors, while also reducing disaster risks through
the mitigation of floods and landslides.

2. Robust road network: Rwanda, at 0.56km/km2 has one of the densest road networks in Africa.
As the dominant mode of transportation, all sectors – agriculture, mining, industry and services –
and therefore the economy relies on this road network. These roads vary in quality, from tarmac
highways to dirt tracks. The poor quality roads have a detrimental effect on the economy,
contributing to a large proportion of food produce being lost during transit to market. The majority
of the network is unprepared for current weather events, let alone future variations due to climate
change, making the entire economy vulnerable to flooding and storms. Building and maintaining
the roads in a way that is not only suitable for the value of the route, but also resilient to more
extreme weather events, will reduce Rwanda’s vulnerability and promote economic development,
particularly in rural areas.

National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development41

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3. Centre for Climate Knowledge for Development: Rwanda is located in equatorial Africa, which
lacks sufficient data to produce robust climate projections. Although temperature will rise, the
temperature increase is uncertain. Future rainfall patterns are even more uncertain, as annual
rainfall could increase or decrease and rainfall intensity may increase. This uncertainty makes it
very difficult to plan for future adaptation in Rwanda, which is particularly important for agriculture,
water resource management, disaster management and land use planning. A Centre for Climate
Knowledge for Development, working with the Rwanda Meteorological Service and research
organisations, will contribute significantly to improving climate data and projections and
translating them into policy options for decision makers to guide the country onto a climate
resilient development path. This is explained more fully in the report of the same name in
Appendix F.

4. Agroforestry: Rwanda does not have the land available to expand its forests and plantations, yet
the majority of the population depends on wood for cooking and will continue to do so until
electricity is available and affordable for all. Agroforestry will provide wood for fuel and social
protection while avoiding deforestation. Different tree species will be used in agroforestry to
provide construction materials as well as livestock fodder and food (fruit and nuts) which improve
food security. Agroforestry has multiple additional benefits, namely reduced soil erosion and
increased resilience to heavy rains through improved slope stability; water management and
nutrient recycling which improve agricultural production; and carbon sequestration. Agroforestry
in Rwanda will be guided by latest best practices and research, such as those developed by the
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF).

6.2 Quick Wins

The big wins are large scale economy-wide programmes that will take years to fully implement. There
are a number of immediate ‘quick wins’ that can be implemented to begin addressing the Enabling Pillars.
They focus on mainstreaming climate resilience and low carbon development into initiatives that are
currently underway.

1. Institutional Framework: Use the Integrated Development Programme (IDP) to facilitate
implementation of climate resilient low carbon development in rural areas, incorporating the Vision
2020 Umurenge Programme. Sectors are already working together to improve development in
rural areas and the Rural Development Task Force can be used to incorporate climate resilience
into the IDP.

2. Finance: Operationalise the National Fund for Climate and Environment (FONERWA) to facilitate
access to international climate finance, especially Fast Start Finance for adaptation. Capacity and
finance will be required to make it operational and start channeling climate finance into
implementation.

3. Integrated Planning and Data Management: Implement regular measuring and reporting of
energy use across sectors to develop a GHG emissions profile and future energy requirements.
More accurate knowledge of energy demands will enable better short and long term planning of
energy resource management. This will also support applications for climate finance which require
that GHG emissions are Measurable, Reportable and Verifiable (MRV).

4. Capacity Building: Expand Technical and Vocational Educational and Training (TVET) to develop
skills needed for the Strategy implementation. The Workforce Development Agency has proposed
a TVET qualifications framework which will facilitate the development of new qualifications in
areas such as renewable energy, agroforestry and irrigation.

Government of Rwanda42

Chapter 6


6.3 Further Work

Due to the short timeframe of the development of this Strategy, extra work will be required to develop
the Programmes of Action and to explore the issues of health, gender equality, private sector development,
economic analyses and future scenarios.

National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development43

Actions
2012201220122012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Actions
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q3 Q4

Mainstreaming

Vision 2020

Mainstreaming
EDPRS II

Mainstreaming Sector policiesMainstreaming
Sector strategies

Mainstreaming

District Development Plans

Quick Wins
(Enabling
Pillars)

Use IDP for pilot projects

Quick Wins
(Enabling
Pillars)

Establish FONERWA

Quick Wins
(Enabling
Pillars)

Energy measuring and reportingQuick Wins
(Enabling
Pillars)

Expand TVET programme
Quick Wins
(Enabling
Pillars) Online Climate Portal

Quick Wins
(Enabling
Pillars)

Technology Needs Assessment

Quick Wins
(Enabling
Pillars)

Green Special Economic Zone

Big Wins

Geothermal power generation

Big Wins

Integrated soil fertility management

Big Wins
High density walkable cities

Big Wins
Irrigation infrastructure

Big Wins

Robust road network

Big Wins

Climate Centre
Agroforestry

Figure 19: Timeline for mainstreaming climate change into sectors, and implementation of the quick wins
and big wins

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5. Knowledge Management: Set up an online Climate Portal to communicate the National Strategy
to the public and international community, thereby raising awareness and facilitating knowledge
sharing. This has been done successfully by India and South Korea and is particularly important
for adaptation as all Rwandans need to take steps to become climate resilient.

6. Technology: Use the Strategy to complete the UNEP Technology Needs Assessment already
underway to speed up technology transfer for key sectors of the economy, particularly energy,
water and agriculture.

7. Infrastructure: Implement resource efficient design in the Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in Kigali
which is in the first stage of construction. This will include energy efficiency lighting, energy and
water metering, wastewater recycling and recycling of other waste products. The SEZ guarantees
reliable electricity supply to businesses, and this should be generated from renewable sources.

The roadmap for implementation as outlined above, can be summarised in Figure 19. Details of each
Programme of Action are given in at the end of this Strategy and they include a simple timeline which needs
to be worked out in more detail. The enabling pillars are ongoing but all need to start with a design phase in
early 2012, followed by implementation in 2013 and then operation from then onwards.


Health

Infectious human diseases continue to present a significant burden to our public health. Infectious
diseases of livestock affect their health and welfare, are themselves important causes of human disease
and can threaten food security. These effects occur worldwide, but are disproportionately prevalent in the
developing world. A large, but currently unknown, proportion of human and livestock pathogens is
influenced by weather or climate and therefore climate change is likely to impact on some of them, possibly
exposing human or animal populations to new disease risks. Some diseases may spread but others may
retreat in distribution or intensity. The most notable impact of climate change is that higher temperatures
permit diseases to occur at higher altitudes. If climate change increases the burden of diseases that are
existing major health issues, then we may face exacerbated, major health problems in future that severely
test our health services. If, however, climate change mostly affects diseases of only minor importance, while
more important infections are refractory to climate change’s impacts, then our concerns should be
tempered and our health services, may manage to take it in their stride.

The first step in producing a realistic assessment of the impact of climate change on human and
animal health in Rwanda is to ask what are the most important diseases in the country? The second step is
to ascertain which, if any, of these important diseases have known associations with climate and might be
expected, therefore, to be affected by climate change? A desktop study of human and animal health in
Rwanda was undertaken as part of this Strategy (Appendix D).

Animal Health

23 livestock diseases have previously been identified as having highest impact on poor people in
East, Southern and Central Africa and affect all major species of livestock and, in many cases, wildlife[16].
Nine of these diseases are identified as being sensitive to climate, and hence possibly subject to effects of
climate change. The main livestock diseases in Rwanda are bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, CBPP, FMD,
GI helminths, ticks (as ectoparasites), tick-borne diseases and trypanosomosis[13] of these, the last three are
likely to be sensitive to climate change.

Human Health

The Enhanced Infectious Disease (EID) database identified 74 human pathogens known to be
present in Rwanda, though only seven are vector borne, the disease-type most sensitive to climate and
most likely, therefore, to be affected by climate change. However, it is worth noting that for humans, the
majority of the high-impact pathogens present in Rwanda are unlikely to have significant links to climate
and, therefore, are unlikely to be susceptible to effects of climate change.

It is imperative to consider the effects of climate change on health in the context of other health
drivers (environmental demographic, social and technical change) which may change over similar or shorter
time scales. Even if climate change is expected to affect an important disease, its occurrence may be more
susceptible to change in other drivers such that, over decadal time scales, the overall impact of climate
change is relatively minor. Due to the complexity of the causes of disease, further research on the links
between climate change and animal and human health is needed.

The key stakeholder in taking the health programme forward is the Ministry of Health (MOH),
supported by the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources (MINAGRI) in the area of animal health.

Government of Rwanda44

Chapter 6


Gender Equality

Gender equality is a guiding principle for the Strategy, and a full assessment of how to mainstream
gender into the Programmes of Action and Enabling Pillars is necessary to make gender equality a reality.
Neither impacts of, nor responses to, climate change are gender-neutral. Gender matters at all levels and
scales and in all sectors. Robust analysis is required on gender roles, norms and unequal power relations;
risks and opportunities for men, women, boys and girls; resources for developing and implementing
gender-sensitive responses; men’s and women’s needs and preferences; gender-sensitive policy and
programme evaluation; and gender-aware and inclusive accountability mechanisms. Gender equality and
women’s empowerment, the third MDG, is recognised as a condition for the achievement of sustainable
development[17]. In Rwanda, it will make a large contribution to addressing the challenge of population
growth which impacts on economic growth.

The key stakeholder for mainstreaming gender equality is the Ministry of Gender and Family
Promotion (MIGEPROF) which has put in place a National Gender Policy. This policy defines the process of
mainstreaming gender needs into all public and private sector policies, programmes, projects and budgets.

Private Sector Development

The private sector is crucial for economic growth in Rwanda. Further analysis is needed to
understand competitiveness and market drivers, particularly for green technologies and renewable energy.
Five forces define an industry’s structure: competition amongst existing competitors, bargaining power of
buyers, bargaining power of suppliers, threat of new entrants and the threat of substitute products or
services. Industry structure drives competition and profitability in the medium and long term, though the
configuration of the five forces differs by industry[18]. Government policy would benefit from a greater
understanding of how the private sector operates in Rwanda and how it can be supported to contribute to
low carbon development and climate resilience.

Research was conducted on green businesses in Rwanda during the development of the Strategy. A
full report of the findings can be found in Appendix G. The report indicates that private companies cannot
only help reduce GHG emissions, but also increase non-farm employment, which was identified in the
NAPA as a central measure to adapt to climate change. Although the GoR has implemented a number of
policies to promote green investments, more efforts are still needed to overcome existing challenges. Some
of the proposed actions in this regard include the following:

• Clearer tax and import duty exemption rules for all efficient energy technology components;
• A government supported microfinance scheme (loan guarantees or grant-per-unit-financed) to

help households purchase renewable energy;
• More flexible pricing arrangements for biogas digesters;
• A government-supported low–interest credit line or loan guarantees for renewable energy

businesses and installations;
• An increase in the price paid for renewable energy by EWSA to RWF80 or RWF90 per kWh;
• An engineering capacity building programme; and
• Government support for recycling and reuse of economically valuable waste products such as

plastics and organic waste for fertilizer and fuel, with an eventual transition to mandatory waste
management for households and businesses.

National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development45

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A National Industrial Policy for Rwanda was published in April 2011 by the Ministry of Trade and
Industry (MINICOM). It makes three policy statements:

• Government will provide sector-support for existing dynamic clusters to boost domestic
production and foster export competitiveness.

• Government will promote future sector with a focus on medium and high-tech industries.
• Government will provide an enabling environment to achieve the above.

The policy is issue-specific and focuses on overcoming barriers to industrialisation and targets key growth
clusters. It supports environmental sustainability but it needs to be updated to promote low carbon
development and take advantage of the opportunities in climate finance.

The three key stakeholders for private sector development apart from MINICOM are: the Rwanda
Development Board (RDB) who provides exporters with trade and market information and investors,
advises government of measures to stimulate export trade and acts as a one-stop-shop for investors to
reduce the cost of doing business in Rwanda; the Private Sector Federation (PSF) which aims to strengthen
the private sector through human capacity building, sourcing sustainable funding, developing member
associations and providing dispute arbitration; and the Rwanda Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production
Centre (RRECPC) which promotes more efficient use of raw materials, energy and water to ensure a life
cycle approach and environmental sustainability.

Economic Analysis

The Programmes of Action are based on detailed study recorded in the working papers. Although
timelines and comparative costs are given, further work is required to quantify, in monetary terms, each of
the programmes of action and incorporate them into the macroeconomic and financial projections of the
EDPRS and Sector Strategies. Cost-Benefit Analyses (CBAs) should be conducted in an integrated cross-
sectoral manner to take into account the costs and benefits of all Rwandan stakeholders. Furthermore, to
ensure sustainability of resource consumption, they should account for the costs and benefits that a
programme would have on future generations. In order to ensure an optimal distribution of Rwandan
resources, CBAs must appraise both market and non-market goods and services. Ecosystem services,
including water filtration, water table regulation, erosion mitigation, pollination, pest control and carbon
sequestration must be valued. Non-use values, including stakeholders’ preferences to preserve a park or
protect a species, should be appraised using valuation techniques such as contingent valuation, choice
modelling, and revealed preference methods. CBAs that do not account for non-market goods and
services are at best incomplete, and at worst, misleading.

CBA will help prioritise the programmes, and develop a timeline for implementation that is both
feasible and desirable in light of other macroeconomic goals. The leads and lags between investment in the
programmes (building of institutional capacity, economic infrastructure, funding research and other
investments) and increases in productivity could have macroeconomic management implications for
inflation, balance of payments and unintended resource shifts across sectors. Therefore, it is essential that
the various elements of the Strategy be incorporated into economic and financial projections of EDPRS and
Sector Strategies. These projections will generate a perspective of the scope for balancing the
implementation of the Strategy and other macroeconomic goals of price stability, a viable balance of
payments and fiscal sustainability, as well as broad measures of social welfare.

Government of Rwanda46

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To deal with unavoidable macroeconomic consequences of implementing the Strategy, and ensure
time consistency between the implementation of the Strategy and other macroeconomic objectives, the
government will need to design a phased implementation plan divided into short-, medium-, and long-term
actions. Such a plan will be essential in view of the time needed to build capacity (administrative, technical
and logistical), as well as the inevitable challenges of the timing of procurement of external financial
resources and essential inputs. For a rough idea of the phased implementation plan, a “timescale to
initiation” for each action is included in the programme descriptions.

The cost-benefit analysis must be done across all sectors, with oversight by the Ministry of Finance
and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN).

Future Scenarios

All decisions and plans ‘live’ in the future. Indeed, success in the future relies not on the study of the
future but on the success of decisions taken today. The uncertainty of climate change impacts, over the
long term, limits the effectiveness of conventional approaches to planning, i.e. forecast-based planning.
Forecasting assumes that the future can be predicted, based on a continuation of past and present trends.
Forecasting adopts a trend by trend approach and, as such, cannot provide a systemic understanding of
the future. Alternative approaches to decision-making under uncertainty that have developed to address the
limitations of forecasting in the face of inherent uncertainties include scenarios and visioning. Visioning
involves a discursive-analytical and social process that aims to forge a shared sense of the preferred future
for a group, organisation or nation. Combined with a backcasting methodology, i.e. working from the future
back to the present, the means to achieve progress towards the vision is made concrete through the
articulation of a pathway and key milestones.

Scenarios similarly comprise a discursive-analytical and social process but, in contrast to visioning,
explore multiple, plausible futures rather than the single, preferred future. Scenarios, in essence, explore
where the future might take us. A set of scenarios describes two or more stories of the future context of a
group, organisation or nation. Scenarios are purposeful interventions, providing the means to an end, rather
than the end, in the form of a set of scenarios (a product/booklet) that are used to achieve some wider
purpose (e.g. risk assessment and crisis management, strategic planning, community alignment). Scenarios
explore what is beyond the control and direct influence of an organisation. Scenarios provide a method for
engaging with uncertainties that manifest in the interplay of macro/exogenous trends. It is important to note
that scenarios focus on the context, not the self.

Scenarios have been used for over 50 years to help groups, organisations and nations to think the
unthinkable, by revealing and testing deeply-held assumptions about the future that frame today’s issues.
Scenarios are not strategy or policy but provide a set of wider conditions that can be used to develop and/
or test options. Combining scenarios with visioning provides a robust and more systemic approach to
decision-making under uncertainty that is suited to the evidence-based and positivist thrust of
governmental policy making and planning. Scenarios and visioning can help organisations avoid the traps
of prediction which underpins forecast-based planning and be used to develop early warning systems
suited to navigating unpredictable and turbulent changes. With the uncertainties surrounding climate
change, as well as the number of regional and global actors and events which will impact the future of
Rwanda, the use of scenarios to test and refine the national green growth strategy can help further develop
the vision of a thriving nation and inform or test the robustness of the plan. Using a ‘what if’ approach,
scenario planning can help identify options for flexibility that will be needed if Rwanda is to be prepared for
the variances and challenges presented by climate change.

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The key uncertainties for Rwanda that should be used in scenarios are oil price, oil dependency,
population growth, urbanisation, temperature increase, rainfall change, energy demand and water demand.
Rwanda needs forecasts of energy supply/demand to 2050 with expected shifts in source and associated
GHG emissions in order to generate emissions reductions scenarios. Rwanda also needs to account for
land and water demand into the future by all sectors and understand the degree of competition for
resources between sectors. The Technical Coordinating Committee will be responsible for initiating a future
scenarios programme and ensure that all sectors are involved, due to its cross-cutting nature.

6.4 Risks to Implementation

This Strategy lays out an ambitious path for development in Rwanda. It aims to contribute to poverty
reduction and an improved standard of living for all Rwandans. If all of the Enabling Pillars are put in place,
and all the Programmes of Action are implemented, then Rwanda will indeed have a climate resilient low
carbon economy by 2050. There are challenges ahead however. The Strategy requires large amounts of
finance and human capacity to be implemented. This will require significant support from development
partners, civil society and the private sector. As outlined in EDPRS, development of the private sector is
crucial for sustainable development in Rwanda and more work needs to be done to encourage foreign
direct investment. Capacity building is underway in government but needs to be scaled up to meet the
needs of the Strategy. Initially, Rwanda will need technical assistance from the international community, and
local staff will need to study and gain work experience abroad until the technical and university courses are
up and running in Rwanda. School education and primary health care remain fundamental to development,
enabling the creation of a healthy skilled workforce. Rwanda has made much progress in the past decade,
but aspires to achieve even more.


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References

1. UN, 2011. World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision. Population Division of the Department of
Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat.

2. Shongwe, ME, Van Oldenborgh, JG, Van den Hurk, B and Van Aalst, M, 2011. Projected changes in
mean and extreme precipitation in Africa under global warming, Part II: East Africa, Journal of
Climate, submitted.

3. Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), 2009. Economics of Climate Change in Rwanda.

4. World Resource Institute (WRI), 2011. Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (CAIT) Version 8.0.

5. International Union for Conservation on Nature (IUCN), 2011. http://www.iucn.org/about/union/
secretariat/offices/esaro/?7308/IUCN-welcomes-Rwanda-as-new-State-Member

6. Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2007. Contribution of Working Group I to the
Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Solomon, S., D. Qin,
M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Avery, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.) Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

7. Conway, D, 2002. Extreme Rainfall Events and Lake Level Changes in East Africa: Recent Events
and Historical Precedents In E.O. Odada (ed.) The Second International Symposium on the
Limnology, Climatology and Palaeoclimatology of the East African Lakes. Kluwer.

8. Nakicenovic, N and Swart, R, (eds.) 2000. Special report on Emissions Scenarios. A special report of
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, Cambridge University Press, UK, 5099pp.

Footnote: CMIP3 output was used by Working Group I of the IPCC in the production of the Fourth
Assessment Report (AR4). In running the models different scenarios or ‘pathways’ of future GHG
emissions are used to assess their differing impact on global climate. The scenario used for the results
here, ‘A1B’, can be referred to as a ‘medium’ emissions scenario; that is, it describes a world with rapid
economic and population growth, but with a balance of fossil fuel and renewable energy sources[8]. The
concentrations of GHGs and associated temperature increase fall towards the middle of the six
scenarios; it is used here to give an indication of potential change to Rwanda’s climate. The data refer to
model grid cells over Rwanda specifically.

9. Liu, J, Fritzb, S, Van Wesenbeeckc, CFA, Fuchsd, M, Youe, L, Obersteinerb, M, and Yang, H., 2008.
A spatially explicit assessment of current and future hotspots of hunger in Sub-Saharan Africa in the
context of global change. Global and Planetary Change. Volume 64, Issues 3-4, December 2008, pp
222-235.

National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development49

References


Government of Rwanda50

References

10. Jarvis, A, CGIAR, CIAT, and GBIF, 2009. Presentation at Copenhagen Science Conference, March
2009.

11. Asian Development Bank, 2009. ‘The Economics of Climate Change in Southeast Asia: A Regional
Review’, p.37. April 2011. http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Economics-Climate-Change-SEA/

12. Eitzinger, A. Laderach, P. Quiroga, A. Pantoja, A. and Gordon, J, 2011. Future Climate Scenarios for
Kenya’s Tea Growing Areas. Final Report, Cali, Managua: April, 2011. International Center for Tropical
Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia.

13. Rwanda Animal Resource Development Authority (RARDA) website. Accessed May 2011.

14. Prinn, R, Huang, J, Sun, L, Panday, A, Potter, K, Zuber, M and Kyoury, P, 2011. Rwanda Climate
Observatory Project: Site Evaluations and Recommendations, Proposed Instruments, and
Implementation Strategy. Version 5. 6 April 2011.

15. IPCC, 2000. Methodological and Technical Issues in Technology Transfer. A Special Report of the
Working Group III of the IPCC Summary for Policy Makers.

16. International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), 2011. http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/InfoServ/Webpub/
fulldocs/investinginanimal/index.htm

17. Institute of Development Strategies (IDS), 2011. Gender-Responsive Strategies on Climate Change:
Recent Progress and Ways Forward for Donors. June 2011

18. Porter, M, 2008. The five competitive forces that shape strategy. Harvard Business School. January
2008.


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National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development51

The research team acknowledges the invaluable support from the Honourable Minister Stanislas
Kamanzi, PS Caroline Kayonga, DG Rose Mukankomeje, Francis Gatare and Sion McGeever who played a
large role in guiding this Strategy. Thanks are also due to the Steering Committee, the counterparts, the
donors (DFID-Rwanda and CDKN) and the huge number of stakeholders in Rwanda who gave their time
and knowledge to contribute to the process.

Acknowledgements

Ministerial Steering Committee
The following Honourable Minsters formed the Steering Committee which guided the process:

Stanislas Kamanzi (MINIRENA) John Rwangombwa (MINECOFIN)

Dr Agnes Kalibata (MINAGRI) Coletha Ruhamya (MININFRA - Energy and Water)

Christophe Bazivamo (MINIFOM) Vincent Karega (MININFRA)

Monique Nsanzabaganwa (MINICOM) Dr Richard Sezibera (MOH)

Dr Charles Murigande (MINEDUC) Gen Gatsinzi Marcel (MIDIMAR)

Pierre Damien Habamuremyi (MINEDUC)Dr Agnes Binagwaho (MOH)

Francois Kanimba ( MINICOM) James Musoni (MINALOC)

Albert Nsengiyumva (MININFRA) Dr Alexis Nzahabwanimana (MININFRA - Transport)

Counterparts
The following individuals supported the development of the Strategy by acting as key contacts in each
sector and undertaking the review of the Sector Working Papers:

Dr Twagira Elias Mathaniya (Transport)Dr Emmanuel Nkurunziza (Natural Resources)

Dr Alfred Nkusi (Built Environment) Jean Jacques Mbonigaba Muhinda (Agriculture)

Dr Michael Biryabarema (Mining) Ronald Nkusi (Finance)

Dr Frank Rutabingwa (Forestry) Vincent de Paul Kabalisa (Water)

Yussuf Uwamahoro (Energy) Dr Christine Gasingirwa (Education)

Jeanne Francois Ingabire (Industry) Theogene Ntaribi (Disaster Management)

Didier Gascard Sagashye (Land) John Ntaganda Semafara (Meteorology)

Corine Karema (Health)


Research Team
Principal Investigator: Professor Sir David King

Programme Manager: Megan Cole

Researchers: Dr Christian Carey Dr Mathew Warnest

Jillian Dyszynski Sally Tyldesley

Ryan Hogarth Dr Andrew Adam-Bradford

Robert McSweeney Dr Michael Harrison

Expert Advisors: Dr Nick Eyre Dr Mark New

Geoff Pearce Dr Oliver Inderwildi

Dr Rajat Gupta Dr Claire Heffernan

Prof David Powlson Prof John Pickett

Michelle de Nevers Dr Mick Blowfield

Prof Matthew Baylis

Interns: Gloria Mutoni Ernest Ramuni

Tito Rugamba Hamiss Bizimana

International Review Panel
The following world-renowned experts kindly gave their time to review the draft Strategy:

Governor Linah Mohohlo (Central Bank of Botswana)

Professor Calestous Juma (Harvard Kennedy School)

Dr Jeetun Jyoti (Centre for Development of Enterprise)

Peter Head (ARUP)

Professor Sir Christopher Llewellyn-Smith (Physics Department, University of Oxford)

Dr Damien Barrett (Sustainable Minerals Institute, University of Queensland)

Prof David Grey (School of Geography, University of Oxford)

Dr Terry Barker (University of Cambridge)

Stakeholders
The following individuals were involved through conversations, interviews, workshops and field trips and
contributed their knowledge, experience and views to the development of the Strategy. Special thanks is
due to Philbert Kabanda, Fidele Uwizeye and Jean-Paul Iyamuremye who organised and led multiple site
visits.

Aaron Nicholas, Abdul-Aziz Rudasiawa, Abraham Atta Ogwu, Adrie Mukashema, Ahmad Parsa, Aimable

Ntukanyagwe, Aime Katabarwa, Aime Mpambara, Aime Muzola, Aime Tsinda, Aimee Mpambara, Alain-

Joseph Ntenge, Alan Brouder, Alastair Sussock, Alex Kabuto, Alex Kamurase, Alexander Bozmoski,

Alexandra Lowe, Alexis Karani, Alexis Mulisa, Alfred D. Byegero, Alphonse Mutabazi, Alphonse Ngendo,

Anaclet Ndahimana, Anastase Rwigema, Anathase Mukuratha, Andrea Hestermann, Andrew Kanyonya,

Government of Rwanda52

Acknowledgements


Andy Plumptre, Anecto Kayitare, Anjali Saini, Anke Weisheit, Ankur Huria, Annette Sylive Muhayimana,

Annie Kairaba, Anthony Ehlers, Anthony Twahirwa, Antoine Mudakikwa, Antoine Nsabimana, Antoine

Ruvebana, Antoinette Rwagatare, Anton Seimon, Antony Simm, Arnico Panday, Arthemon Nsengiyumva,

Arumugam Kathiresan, Ashani Alles, Augustin Basabose, Augustin Gasana, Augustin Mutera, Auke

Lootsma, Azele Bekele- Tesema, Badru Mugerwa, Ben Gerritsen, Ben Henneke, Ben Ntaganira, Bernard

Byiringiro, Bert van Nieuwenhuizen, Bo Lager, Bob Nkulanga, Bonaventure Nzeyimana, Bonfils Safari,

Boniface Nsabimana, Brian Frantz, Candide Nyirahategekimana, Caroline Schmidtt, Carter Ingram,

Catherine Kente, Céline Niwemugeni, Charles Karemangingo, Charles Kayumba, Charles Nyirahuku,

Charles Twayigize, Charlie Whetham, Chipo Plaxedes Mubaya, Christer Kjorneberg, Christian Rwakunda,

Christine Akuzwe, Christopher Baker-Brian, Clarisse Ingabire, Claude Bizimana, Claude Rwakazina,

Claudien Habinmana, Clementine Umugwaneza, Co Meijer, Concorde Bazinaziki, Constance Neely,

Courtney Blodgett, Cyprien Gatete, Cyrille Turatsinze, Damien Miller, Damien Munyarugerero, Daniel

Cooper, Daniel Philipp, Dany Twagiramungu, David Hole, David Kagoro, David Mugalura, David Mupenzi,

David Satterthwaite, David Williams, Davina Berttram, Daya Bragante, Deicole Gatanguriya, Deigo Zurdo,

Denis Rugege, Desta Mebratu, Didace Musoni, Diego Zordo, Dominique Owekisa, Domitille Uwizeyimana,

Donat Nsibamana, Donna Rubinoff, Douglas Sheil, Dusty Garus, Eddy De Laethauwer, Edouard Ndayisaba,

Eduard Mbonigaba, Edumund Ngirente, Edward Kasumba, Egide Rugamba, Elias Baingana, Elvine

Binamungu, Emile Habimana, Emmanuel Grosjean, Emmanuel Hategeka, Emmanuel Hategekimana,

Emmanuel Kabahizi, Emmanuel Kageruka, Emmanuel Kirenga, Emmanuel Ndahiro, Eric Kabayiza, Eric

Mvuyarukato, Eric Nigaba, Erik Van Malderen, Ernest Ruzindaza, Esther Lung, Esther Muchiri, Eugene

Dusingizumuremyi, Eugene Rutagarama, Eugene Rwibasira, Eunice Njoroge, Euphrem Rutaboba, Eva Paul,

Fabien Habimana, Faouzi Hammami, Faustin Minani, Felicien Ndabamenye, Fidele Ruzigandekwe, Fidel

Uwizeye, Francis Dangare, Francis Kayumba, Francois Naramabuye, Francois Ngamije, Frank de Laat,

Frank Kansiime, Frank Kanyesigye, Fred Smiet, Freddy Butoto, Froduald Munyankiko, Gahiga Gashumba,

Gahima Manasseh, Gary Cramer, Gaspard Nkurikiyumukiza, Gatanguriya Deicole, Geoff Barnard, Geofrey

Kyatuka, Gerard Hendriksen, Gervas Higiro, Gilbert Kayitare, Gili Nossan, Giuseppe Dacanto, Glenn Bush,

Gregoire Minani, Guy Roulette, Hari Gadde, Helen Ticehurst, Henk Breman, Henry Pomeroy, Herman

Hakuzimana, Higiro Gervas, Hildebrand Kanzira, Hiwote Teshome, Hortence Baho, Hugh Scott, Humphrey

Kisioh, Hussein Ahmed, Hyppolyte Gashemeza, Ian Hookham, Ian Robinson, Ingabire Jeanne Francoise,

Innocent Kabenga, Innocent Karuranga, Innocent Matabishi, Innocent Musabyimana, Isabelle Jardon, Isibo

Teta, Isidore Nzeyimana, Issa Korera, Jacqueline Nyirakamana, Jacques Detry, Jahan Chowdury, James

Joughin, James Sano, James Turatsinze , James Twesigye, James Watson, Jane Lichtenstein, Janvier

Gasasira, Janvier Ntalindwa, Jean Baptiste Uwizeyimana, Jean Bosco Gakumba, Jean Bosco Ndaruhutse,

Jean Bosco Ndirima, Jean Bosco Rwigema, Jean Businge, Jean Claude Musabyimana, Jean Damascene

Bigirimana, Jean Damascene Musabyimana, Jean Gapusi, Jean Marie Kayonga, Jean Nduwamungu, Jean

Ntazinda, Jean Perre Ruhira, Jeanette Mutesi, Jean-Malic Kalima, Jeanne Françoise Ingabire, Jean-Yves

Saliez, Jeffrey Smith deBlieu, Jeremy Hawksworth, Jo McDonnell, Joan Sang, Johannes Widman, John

Bosco Iyadema Sezikeye, John Gapusi, John Kalisa, John Mshana, John Nkubana Rwiririza, John

Primrose, John Robero, John Semafara, Jolly Dusabe, Jon Van D. Lewis, Jonathan Argent, Jonathan

Coony, Jonathan Reynaga, Jones Masonde, Jordi Cadilla Falco, Jorge Suazo, Joseph Anania, Joseph

Foltz, Joseph Murenzi, Joseph Nyirimana, Jules R. Siedenberg, Julia Ritsche, Justin Rusandazangabo,

Justine Gatsinzi, Jyoti Kulkarni, Kaliza Karuretwa, Karan Capoor, Katrien Meersman, Ken Mwathe, Kenny

National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development53

Acknowledgements
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Government of Rwanda54

Acknowledgements

Leung, Kohei Takimoto, Kornelia Zukowska, Laetitia Busokeye, Laura Collison, Laurent Gashugi, Laurent

Kananura, Laurent Munyankusi, Lawrence Agbemabiese, Leonard Mugenzi, Leonard Rugwabiza, Liberal

Seburikoko, Liliane Uwanziga Mupende, Lindsay Wallace, Lini Wollenberg, Loraine Ronchi, Lutumba Pierre

Ilunga, Lydia Rama Bwakira, Madeleine Usabyimbabati, Mahabubul Bari, Makoto Ishizuka, Maria Sarraf,

Marie Christine Gasingirwa, Mario Merchan, Mark Cyubahiro Bagabe, Mark Priestley, Mark Simpson,

Martene Mutesi, Martin Kahanovitz, Martin West, Maxmillien Usengumuremyi, Michael Brennan, Michael

Janinhoff, Michel Masozera, Michel Ngarambe, Michelle Ntukanyagwe, Mike Hughes, Miriam van Heist,

Mito Toshikazu, Muyeye Chambwera, Ndavi Muia, Nelson Lujara, Nick Buckley, Nicole Gross-Camp, Niyibizi

Mbanzabigwi, Noara Keber, Noeline Raondry-Rakotoarisoa, Octave Semwaga, Odile Bazigaga, Oleg

Moiseev, Oliver Knight, Olivia Gasore, Olivia Palin, Olivier Machiels, Olivier Ngororabanga, Omar Karara,

Orison Amu, Otfried Ischebeck, Papias Karanganwa, Pascal Ledroit, Patricia Marcos Huidobro, Patrick

Kabanda, Patrick Mwesigye, Patrick Samafa, Patrick Sebatigita, Paul Baranganire, Paul Scholte, Paul

Siegel, Paul Watkiss, Paulin Buregeya, Peter Dukuzimana, Peter Ebsen, Peter Hammburger, Philbert

Kabanda, Philippe Munyaruyenzi, Pieter Vanwildemeersch, Prime Ngabonziza, Protais Musoni, Prudence

Ndolimana, Pudence Rubingisa, Rafael Tuts, Raphael Mpayana, Raphael Rurangwa, Remy Norbert

Duhuze, Reverien Harindintwari, Rica Rwigamba, Richard Kapere, Richard Leftley, Richard Munyerango,

Richard Nasasira, Rick Daniele, Robert Bitariho, Robert Mpagi, Robert Stone, Roger Steinkamp, Rose

Mayienda, Rosemary Mbabazi, Russel Mushanga, Sam Kanyamibwa, Samantha Yates, Samuel Mporanzi,

Sandy Andelman, Sara Traerup, Satoko Nishigori, Sebastien Dusabeyezu, Shafiqul Alam, Shilesh

Muralidhara, Silas Ruzigana, Simo Kamuzinzi, Simon Lapper, Sion McGeever, Solange Muteteri, Stany

Niyezimana, Stavros Papageorgiou, Stephan Klingebiel, Stephen Onacha, Steve Coffey, Steve Dildine,

Steve Hirsch, Steve Palmer, Steven Hunt, Steven Mutimba, Steven Niyonzima, Sumit Manchanda, Suzuki

Fumihiko, Tesphore Ngoga, Tetero Francois Xavier, Thaddee Gashumba, Thaddee Habiyambere, Theobald

Nyatanyi Mashinga, Theogene Habakubaho, Theogene Ntaribi, Theogene Rutagwenda, Thomas A. Vis,

Tim Gore, Timo Tuhkanen, Timoth Kayumba, Tom Rahilly, Tony Polatajko, Toshikazu Mito, Tumukunde

Hope Gasatura, Uwe Mades, Valens Kanakuze, Vannesa Henneke, Vaso Boric, Venuste Ntaganda, Verena

Ruzibuka, Vincent Kalimba, Vincent Muhitira, Violet Nyirasangwa, Wendy Foden, Wolf von zur Muehlen,

Yoko Watanabe, Yuri Mito, Yves Muyange, Zetsugaku Kurita, Cyrille Turatsinze, Emmanuel Hategeka,

Emmanuel Hategekimana and Daniel Shin.


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National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development55

In order to implement the vision and strategic objectives, Programmes of Action have been designed
to address the most important and implementable areas of work. Each programme has been derived from
robust stakeholder engagement and research into best practice, which is detailed in the Sector Working
Papers (Appendix B). The programmes are summarised in two page briefs in the following pages. The first
page explains the specific actions that must be taken and highlights the responsible Ministries and key
stakeholders. The second page illustrates (using grey boxes) which strategic objectives are met, which
enabling pillars are needed; what key indicators could be used to measure success; an estimate of
comparative costs, impact on emissions reduction and climate resilience; an indicative timescale to initiation
and programme length; and lists all the potential sources of climate finance that could fund implementation.
The most favourable actions are indicated where most of the grey boxes sit on the left hand side of the
page. Although these programmes can be allocated to specific Ministries to lead on implementation, they
are cross-cutting in nature and multiple sectors are involved in each programme, as shown in table 2.

Detailed Programmes of Action

Detailed Programmes of Action

Table 2: Sectors involved in the Programmes of Action (lead in bold) Table 2: Sectors involved in the Programmes of Action (lead in bold) Table 2: Sectors involved in the Programmes of Action (lead in bold) Table 2: Sectors involved in the Programmes of Action (lead in bold) Table 2: Sectors involved in the Programmes of Action (lead in bold) Table 2: Sectors involved in the Programmes of Action (lead in bold) Table 2: Sectors involved in the Programmes of Action (lead in bold) Table 2: Sectors involved in the Programmes of Action (lead in bold) Table 2: Sectors involved in the Programmes of Action (lead in bold) Table 2: Sectors involved in the Programmes of Action (lead in bold) Table 2: Sectors involved in the Programmes of Action (lead in bold) Table 2: Sectors involved in the Programmes of Action (lead in bold) Table 2: Sectors involved in the Programmes of Action (lead in bold) Table 2: Sectors involved in the Programmes of Action (lead in bold)

Programmes of ActionProgrammes of Action

1. Sustainable intensification of agriculture

2. Agricultural diversity for local and export markets

3. Integrated Water Resource Management and Planning

4. Sustainable Land Use Management and Planning

5. Low carbon mix of power generation for national grid

6. Sustainable small-scale energy installations in rural areas

7. Green industry and private sector investment

8. Climate compatible mining

9. Efficient resilient transport systems

10. Low carbon urban settlements

11. Ecotourism, Conservation and PES Promotion

12. Sustainable forestry, agroforestry and biomass energy

13. Disaster Management and Disease Prevention

14. Climate data and projections

SectorsSectorsSectorsSectorsSectorsSectorsSectorsSectorsSectorsSectorsSectorsSectorsSectors

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

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Government of Rwanda56

Programme 1: Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture

Responsible Stakeholders (lead in bold)

MINAGRI, MININFRA, Municipal Authorities, ISAR, Private Sector, NGOs, REMA

Summary of Programmes and Actions

In Rwanda, average farm size is small at 0.7 of a hectare. The sustainable intensification of small-scale
agriculture is a key component in building a low carbon and climate resilient agricultural sector. Adaptation,
mitigation and agricultural development options can be designed and implemented to counter the negative
impacts from climate change and reduce the sectors dependency on fossil-fuels, thus building resilience
into agricultural ecosystems. When small-scale production is intensified through agroecology techniques
including agroforestry, kitchen gardens, nutrient recycling and water conservation to maximise sustainable
food production, the aggregate benefit of small-holdings can be considerable and substantially contribute to
national food security. Additional aggregate benefits include improved environmental sanitation, and disaster
risk reduction (slope stabilization/flood mitigation) all leading to climate compatible development.

Action 1: Mainstreaming of Agroecology

Rwanda will mainstream agroecology in the agriculture intensification programme and other natural
resource-based livelihood programmers. This action will focus particularly on the Land husbandry, Water
harvesting and Hillside irrigation Project (LWH); Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) (irrigated
rice production); and the One Cow Program to maximise adaptation and mitigation capacity, and build
agricultural diversity in current farming systems though an integrated approach to farm design.

Action 2: Resource Recovery and Reuse

Rwanda will promote recovery and reuse of both organic waste and wastewater. Recycling organic waste is
a critical adaptation and mitigation strategy. It improves soil fertility and structure, as compost increases soil
water retention and nutrition supply to crops; and it diverts organic waste from waste dumps and landfill
sites reducing methane emissions. Wastewater irrigation allows increased food production in urban and
peri-urban agriculture during periods of rainfall scarcity. Consequently, urban-regional planning is required to
ensure suitable peri-urban areas are identified and maintained as potential agricultural sites for
implementation of wastewater irrigation during possible periods of food insecurity due to rainfall scarcity.

Action 3: Fertiliser Enriched Compost

The agricultural intensification programme in Rwanda is currently dependent on the application of inorganic
fertiliser to increase crop yields, although these external inputs produce GHG emissions through the fertiliser
manufacturing process and the transportation of fertiliser products. However demand for inorganic fertilisers
can be reduced by applying an integrated approach to soil fertility and nutrient management, which employs
agroecology, resource recovery and reuse, and fertiliser enriched composts. An integrated approach can
significantly lower inorganic fertiliser demand, reduce GHG emissions and increase farm profitability due to
reduced input costs for farmers. Such approaches also improve soil structure and the water retention
capacity of soils leading to resilient agricultural ecosystems and sustainable food security. Rwanda will
promote the use of fertiliser enriched compost. This technique will ensure a more efficient use of inorganic
fertilisers, and will add valuable organic matter to soils, which also maximises terrestrial carbon in farm soils.

Action 4: Mainstreaming of “Push-Pull” Strategies (IPM)

“Push-pull” strategy is a sustainable pest management technique that incorporates a cropping system
based on producing multiple crop and fodder yields but which is also designed to control plant parasites
and pathogens such as stemborers and striga weed. Rwanda will implement a push-pull system using
Napier grass and desmodium legume to manage pests in fields of maize, sorghum, millets and rain-fed rice.
“Push-pull” strategies increase maize yield, fix nitrogen into farm soils and provide a continuous supply of
cattle fodder from the harvest of Napier grass and desmodium, which improves milk yields of cattle while
also reducing methane emission due to improved fodder regimes.

Detailed Programmes of Action


National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development57

Strategic Objectives

Energy Security Food and Water Security ✔ Social Protection and DRR ✔
Low Carbon Development ✔ Protection of Ecosystem ✔ Sustainable Land Use ✔

Enablling Pillars

Institutional
Frameworks

Financial
Structures

Capacity BuildingIntegrated Planning and
Data Management

Technology, Research
and Infrastructure

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

Key Indicators

Action 1: Mainstreaming of Agroecology % of farms up-taking agroecology technologies
Action 2: Resource Recovery and Reuse Volume of waste reduction / Compost production
Action 3: Fertiliser Enriched Compost % of farms applying fertiliser rich compost
Action 4: Mainstreaming of “Push-Pull” Strategies % of farms up-taking “push-pull” strategies

Comparative Cost

Action 1: Mainstreaming of Agroecology Low Medium High
Action 2: Resource Recovery and Reuse Low Medium High
Action 3: Fertiliser Enriched Compost Low Medium High
Action 4: Mainstreaming of “Push-Pull” Strategies Low Medium High

Emissions Reduction

Action 1: Mainstreaming of Agroecology High Medium Low
Action 2: Resource Recovery and Reuse High Medium Low
Action 3: Fertiliser Enriched Compost High Medium Low
Action 4: Mainstreaming of “Push-Pull” Strategies High Medium Low

Climate Resilence

Action 1: Mainstreaming of Agroecology High Medium Low
Action 2: Resource Recovery and Reuse High Medium Low
Action 3: Fertiliser Enriched Compost High Medium Low
Action 4: Mainstreaming of “Push-Pull” Strategies High Medium Low

Timscale to Initiation

Action 1: Mainstreaming of Agroecology Immediate Short Medium Long
Action 2: Resource Recovery and Reuse Immediate Short Medium Long
Action 3: Fertiliser Enriched Compost Immediate Short Medium Long
Action 4: Mainstreaming of “Push-Pull” Strategies Immediate Short Medium Long

Programme Length

Action 1: Mainstreaming of Agroecology Ongoing
Action 2: Resource Recovery and Reuse 3 year initiation and development
Action 3: Fertiliser Enriched Compost Ongoing
Action 4: Mainstreaming of “Push-Pull” Strategies Ongoing

Adaptation Fund - Africa Enterprise Challenge Fund - ClimDev-Africa Special Fund - EIB Post-2012 Carbon Credit Fund
- EIB-KfW Carbon Programme II - Global Climate Change Alliance - Global Environmental Facility - Global Facility for
Disaster Risk Reduction and Recovery - Hatoyama Initiative - International Climate Initiative - International Climate Fund
- International Development Association - KfW Development & Climate Finance - Least Developed Country Fund -
Nordic Climate Facility - Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility - Special Climate Change Fund - UNDP Green
Commodities Facility - UNDP/MDG Carbon Facility - World Bank Carbon Facility - World Bank Catastrophe Risk
Management Facility - Clean Development Mechanism - Voluntary Carbon Markets

Climate Finance Streams

Detailed Programmes of Action
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Government of Rwanda58

Programme 2: Agricultural Diversity in Local and Export Markets

Responsible Stakeholders (lead in bold)

MINAGRI, MININFRA, Municipal Authorities, ISAR, Private Sector, NGO’s, REMA

Summary of Programmes and Actions

Rwanda will expand crop varieties, local markets and manufactured products and exports in support of the
sustainable intensification of small-scale farming. This will involve diversifying agricultural production and
enhancing the agriculture value chain. Improving the agriculture value chain reduces the sectors
dependency on external inputs (fertilizers/food/fuel), while building an agricultural market economy based on
added value and import substitution. Rwanda will become more self-sufficient by expanding crop varieties,
and will add value to those crops through processing to meet its own market demand. This approach will
create employment through the development of small and medium enterprises, thus converting a
subsistence-based agriculture sector into a bio-diverse and sustainable agricultural market economy. Other
opportunities to add value along the agriculture value chain include the development of niche export crops
under organic and fair-trade branding.

Action 1: Expansion of Crop Varieties

Rwanda will become more self-sufficient by expanding crop varieties to meet its own market demand for
food stuffs that are currently imported from regional and international markets. Examples include the
introduction of vanilla seeds, apricot saplings, and macadamia plants to the north-central region of Rwanda.
Other potential products include under-utilised crops such as the high-yielding fodder crop Russian comfrey,
and indigenous African vegetables, which are in high demand and are particularly suited to small-scale
farms, as they require low-external-inputs and are resistance to local pest and climatic conditions.

Action 2: Expansion of Local Markets

In order to meet its own market demand, Rwanda will expand local markets by constructing market
infrastructure, including roofed market facilities, serviceable road and transport networks, developing
decentralised village-based agricultural processing centres that incorporate low-carbon sources of energy,
such as biogas-digesters and solar driers, and decentralised compost plants. This will form a conduit for
agricultural-based trade based on less food miles for regionally and internationally imported food products.
Strengthening local markets will also build economic resilience in rural areas that is less dependent on linear
commodity flows of raw goods leaving rural areas unprocessed and without added value.

Action 3: Expansion of Manufactured Products

Rwanda will add value to food stuffs through the processing of agricultural products to supply the market
demand of a growing population with an increasingly wider demand for processed food items, much of
which is currently imported from regional and international suppliers. Processing agricultural products also
reduces post-harvest loss due to insufficient storage or cold-chain facilities, particularly with high value and
perishable fruits and vegetable crops. Expansion of manufactured products will best be achieved through
the development of decentralised village-based agriculture processing centres using a range of appropriate
technologies that incorporate low-carbon sources of energy, such as biogas-digesters and solar driers.

Action 4: Expansion of Exports

To create additional export opportunities, Rwanda will develop niche export crops under organic and fair-
trade branding, such as organic and fair-trade tea, coffee and sugar. Such initiatives, including ‘Greening the
Tea’ initiative will increase adaptive capacity while reducing greenhouse gas emissions (mitigation) by
addressing not only crop production, but also processing technologies that are currently energy and bio-
mass intensive. Developing adaptation capacity in the export crop sector will also increase resilience to
future temperature changes which are already impacting on coffee production in Kenya.

Detailed Programmes of Action


National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development59

Strategic Objectives

Energy Security Food and Water Security ✔ Social Protection and DRR ✔
Low Carbon Development ✔ Protection of Ecosystem ✔ Sustainable Land Use ✔

Enablling Pillars

Institutional
Frameworks

Financial
Structures

Capacity BuildingIntegrated Planning and
Data Management

Technology, Research
and Infrastructure

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

Key Indicators

Action 1: Expansion of Crop Varieties % of farms adopting crops
Action 2: Expansion of Local Markets No. of markets constructed/national product flows
Action 3: Expansion of Manufactured Products % of districts with product manufacturing capacity
Action 4: Expansion of Exports % of agricultural production of niche export crops

Comparative Cost

Action 1: Expansion of Crop Varieties Low Medium High
Action 2: Expansion of Local Markets Low Medium High
Action 3: Expansion of Manufactured Products Low Medium High
Action 4: Expansion of Exports Low Medium High

Emissions Reduction

Action 1: Expansion of Crop Varieties High Medium Low
Action 2: Expansion of Local Markets High Medium Low
Action 3: Expansion of Manufactured Products High Medium Low
Action 4: Expansion of Exports High Medium Low

Climate Resilence

Action 1: Expansion of Crop Varieties High Medium Low
Action 2: Expansion of Local Markets High Medium Low
Action 3: Expansion of Manufactured Products High Medium Low
Action 4: Expansion of Exports High Medium Low

Timscale to Initiation

Action 1: Expansion of Crop Varieties Immediate Short Medium Long
Action 2: Expansion of Local Markets Immediate Short Medium Long
Action 3: Expansion of Manufactured ProductsImmediate Short Medium Long
Action 4: Expansion of Exports Immediate Short Medium Long

Programme Length

Action 1: Expansion of Crop Varieties Ongoing
Action 2: Expansion of Local Markets Ongoing
Action 3: Expansion of Manufactured Products Ongoing
Action 4: Expansion of Exports Ongoing

Adaptation Fund - Africa Enterprise Challenge Fund - ClimDev Africa Special Fund - DEG – Deutsche Investitions -
Global Climate Change Alliance - Global Environmental Facility - Hatoyama Initiative - International Climate Initiative -
International Climate Fund - International Development Association - KfW Development & Climate Finance - Least
Developed Country Fund - Nordic Climate Facility - Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility - Special Climate
Change Fund - UNDP Green Commodities Facility

Climate Finance Streams

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Government of Rwanda60

Programme 3: Integrated Water Resource Management

Responsible Stakeholders (lead in bold)

RNRA, MINIRENA, MININFRA, EWSA, REMA, MINALOC, MOH

Summary of Programmes and Actions

Rwanda is endowed with substantial freshwater resources. Regular rainfall patterns and minimal
consumption has, until now, not necessitated water storage, irrigation and monitoring. There is a clear gap
of observed data and monitoring frameworks for Rwanda’s water and climate. The challenges of rapid
population growth, increased urbanisation and industry, environmental degradation and pollution are leading
to accelerated depletion and degradation of available water resources, while climate change is bringing
uncertainty in future supply. Rwanda must consider downstream nations, primarily the beneficiaries of the
Kagera basin and riparian states of the Nile. Preserving environmental flows and protecting biodiversity will
become increasingly difficult. Establishing a robust Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM)
framework that can better understand current and future abstraction, and better plan for and respond to
impacts of climate change is crucial to securing the nation’s water resources.

Action 1: Establish National Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) framework

Rwanda will prioritise establishing a robust national framework for Integrated Water Resource Management
(IWRM) that establishes clear roles, responsibilities, and decision-making processes for all water-related
activities across the relevant sectors for improved coordination. The national framework will be coordinated
by the Integrated Water Resources Management Department under the Rwanda Natural Resources
Authority. An Inter-Ministerial Council will facilitate participatory mainstreaming processes in water use
sectors. The national framework for IWRM will be cascaded down to district and catchment levels. It will
include compliance and enforcement, information access polices and custodial arrangements.

Action 2: District and Community Based Catchment Management under National IWRM Framework

As part of the National Land Use Planning and IWRM framework, Rwanda will integrate management of
water resources at the district and community levels, define catchment wide responsibilities, cluster
catchment partner-districts according to sub-catchment regions, and improve understanding of water users
within districts and catchments. These actions will ensure a common management and service delivery
framework. Water User Associations will also be established to ensure responsible and equitable water use
at the community level.

Action 3: Understanding the Water Balance: Monitoring, Modeling and Analysis, Information
Management

To allow precise planning of water resources and improved allocation, Rwanda will develop water balances
at district and catchment levels, supported by hydrological models, improved rainfall monitoring, a better
understanding of agro-meteorology and water quality testing. The important national water datasets will be
identified to enable monitoring of the water balance, model abstraction and future demand. Furthermore,
assessments will be undertaken of water resources under a range of climate change scenarios.

Action 4: Water security through efficiency and conservation

Rwanda will establish a comprehensive National Water Security Plan to expand water storage and irrigation
infrastructure, rainwater harvesting, water conservation and water efficiency practices. The plan will bring
together the national policies and strategies for irrigation, water supply and sanitation, IWRM and energy.
Rwanda will investigate available water efficient use and water recycling technologies, and water
conservation practices for domestic, industrial and agricultural uses. Rwanda will mainstream water saving
technologies and practices into the planning system, EIA/EMPs and building codes.

Detailed Programmes of Action


National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development61

Strategic Objectives

Energy Security Food and Water Security ✔ Social Protection and DRR ✔
Low Carbon Development ✔ Protection of Ecosystem ✔ Sustainable Land Use ✔

Enablling Pillars

Institutional
Frameworks

Financial
Structures

Capacity BuildingIntegrated Planning and
Data Management

Technology, Research
and Infrastructure

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

Key Indicators

Action 1: Establish National IWRM Framework framework in place
Action 2: Community Water Management community level framework implemented
Action 3: Understanding the Water Balance district and catchment water balances in place
Action 4: Water Security % water efficiency achieved

Comparative Cost

Action 1: Establish National IWRM Framework Low Medium High
Action 2: Community Water Management Low Medium High
Action 3: Understanding the Water Balance Low Medium High
Action 4: Water Security Low Medium High

Emissions Reduction

Action 1: Establish National IWRM Framework High Medium Low
Action 2: Community Water Management High Medium Low
Action 3: Understanding the Water Balance High Medium Low
Action 4: Water Security High Medium Low

Climate Resilence

Action 1: Establish National IWRM Framework High Medium Low
Action 2: Community Water Management High Medium Low
Action 3: Understanding the Water Balance High Medium Low
Action 4: Water Security High Medium Low

Timscale to Initiation

Action 1: Establish National IWRM Framework Immediate Short Medium Long
Action 2: Community Water Management Immediate Short Medium Long
Action 3: Understanding the Water Balance Immediate Short Medium Long
Action 4: Water Security Immediate Short Medium Long

Programme Length

Action 1: Establish National IWRM Framework 1 year initial, 2 years expand role, ongoing
Action 2: Community Water Management 2 years initial phase, ongoing
Action 3: Understanding the Water Balance 2 year initial phase, ongoing
Action 4: Water Security 3 year initial program, ongoing

Adaptation Fund - ClimDev-Africa Special Fund - Global Climate Change Alliance - Global Environmental Facility -
Global Facility for Disaster Risk Reduction and Recovery - Hatoyama Initiative - International Climate Initiative -
International Climate Fund - International Development Association - KfW Development & Climate Finance - Least
Developed Country Fund - Nordic Climate Facility - Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility - Special Climate
Change Fund

Climate Finance Streams

Detailed Programmes of Action
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Programme 4: Integrated Approach to Land Use Planning and
Sustainable Land Use Management

Responsible Stakeholders (lead in bold)

Department of Lands and Mapping under RNRA, MINIRENA, Land Commissions, Land Bureaux,
MINAGRI, MINALOC, MOH

Summary of Programmes and Actions

Adapting to climate change and achieving a low carbon growth is contingent on ensuring land tenure
security and instigating a robust integrated framework for development planning and sustainable land
management. Tenure gives landowners responsibility to manage their land in accordance to planning codes,
access to equity markets, and the economic incentive to improve the asset. To achieve these goals,
improved land information management is essential.

Action 1: Integrated Approach to Planning and Sustainable Land Use Management

Competition for land will continue to grow with increasing pressures from agriculture and livestock.
Encroachment on sensitive areas will persist until land reforms are completed. Rwanda will implement a
rigorous planning and zoning regulatory framework to manage the changing demands on land. The key
steps in achieving an integrated framework for land use planning and sustainable land use management will
be to promulgate the land use planning law; elaborate the District Detail Plans (DDPs) under the National
Land Use and Development Master Plan; provide integrated land use planning decision support; and
employ Strategic Environment Assessments (SEAs) for key Development Zones and ecologically sensitive
areas.

Action 2: Rwanda Spatial Data Infrastructure: National Land Information Management and Information
Sharing and Access Policy

Rwanda’s next priority will be to develop National Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). A plan is urgently required
to manage the nation’s land information resources and to identify the fundamental datasets required to
manage land and water resources, monitor land use and environmental change, support economic
development, and enable Rwanda to better plan, monitor, and respond to the impacts of climate change.
The Rwanda Natural Resources Authority (RNRA) offers an opportunity to spur improved management of
natural resource datasets. Other sectors maintain key national data sets that also must be managed, made
accessible, and kept up to date. To develop its SDI, Rwanda will establish a National Information Sharing
and Access Policy, a National SDI Strategy, a detailed national features map, and ongoing monitoring of land
use and environmental change.

Action 3: GIS/ICT Innovation throughout Government, Districts and Implementing Agencies

Land Use Planning and Sustainable Land Management demands integrated analysis of various datasets
including land use, zoning, administrative boundaries, roads, population and health, environment, soils and
geology, hydrology, and elevation. By harnessing GIS and ICT technologies, Rwanda will enable national
government and district offices to avoid uncontrolled development, increased energy demand and
emissions, inefficient transport systems, over burdened water and sanitation systems, environmental
degradation and loss of biodiversity, food insecurity, health impacts and reduced livelihoods. In order to
foster professionals with the skill sets required to understand and respond to these demands, Rwanda will
build a GIS user community, and a District Planning Capacity program. Planning partnerships will be
established between national and district government offices to ensure a common service delivery
framework. Such technology diffusion will build on the National ICT Plan (NICI III) and advance Government
to Government (G2G), Government to Business (G2B), and Business to Business (B2B) ICT components of
a knowledge based economy.

Detailed Programmes of Action


Detailed Programmes of Action

National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development63

Strategic Objectives

Energy Security ✔ Food and Water Security ✔ Social Protection and DRR ✔
Low Carbon Development ✔ Protection of Ecosystem ✔ Sustainable Land Use ✔

Enablling Pillars

Institutional
Frameworks

Financial
Structures

Capacity BuildingIntegrated Planning and
Data Management

Technology, Research
and Infrastructure

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

Key Indicators

Action 1: Integrated Planning & Land Use Management Operational Inter-Ministerial Council and National
Water Authority

Action 2: Rwanda Spatial Data Infrastructure Organisational structure populated
Action 3: GIS/ICT Innovation: Central & Local Govt.Completed Water Balance at national and district

levels
Comparative Cost

Action 1: Integrated Planning & Land Use Management Low Medium High
Action 2: Rwanda Spatial Data Infrastructure Low Medium High
Action 3: GIS/ICT Innovation: Central & Local Govt. Low Medium High

Emissions Reduction

Action 1: Integrated Planning & Land Use Management High Medium Low
Action 2: Rwanda Spatial Data Infrastructure High Medium Low
Action 3: GIS/ICT Innovation: Central & Local Govt. High Medium Low

Climate Resilence

Action 1: Integrated Planning & Land Use Management High Medium Low
Action 2: Rwanda Spatial Data Infrastructure High Medium Low
Action 3: GIS/ICT Innovation: Central & Local Govt. High Medium Low

Timscale to Initiation

Action 1: Integrated Planning & Land Use Management Immediate Short Medium Long
Action 2: Rwanda Spatial Data Infrastructure Immediate Short Medium Long
Action 3: GIS/ICT Innovation: Central & Local Govt.Immediate Short Medium Long

Programme Length

Action 1: Integrated Planning & Land Use Management 2 years, ongoing
Action 2: Rwanda Spatial Data Infrastructure 1 year, ongoing
Action 3: GIS/ICT Innovation: Central & Local Govt.1 year pilot districts, 2 years scale up, ongoing

Adaptation Fund - ClimDev Africa Special Fund - Global Climate Change Alliance - Global Environmental Fund - Global
Facility for Disaster Risk Reduction and Recovery - Hatoyama Initiative - International Climate Initiative - International
Development Association - KfW Development & Climate Finance - Least Developed Country Fund - Special Climate
Change Fund

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Government of Rwanda64

Programme 5: Low Carbon Energy Mix Powering the National Grid

Responsible Stakeholders (lead in bold)

MININFRA, EWSA, RURA, Private Sector

Summary of Programmes and Actions

Increasing the supply, access and stability of electricity in Rwanda is essential for achieving the Millennium
Development Goals and maintaining economic growth. Rwanda will implement a programme for sustainable
power generation for the national grid based around four implementable actions: a strategy to phase out
fossil fuels, incentivising private sector investment in renewable electricity, renewable energy norms and
codes of practice, and a long-term strategy to phase out peat.

Action 1: Strategy for Oil-Fuelled Generation Phase Out

Rwanda will make the most out of its domestic renewable energy potential in order to reduce reliance on
imports. Diesel generation of electricity for the national grid will be phased out as soon as possible.
Geothermal development will be a national priority, and the level of generation from methane to power will
also increase. Total volume of hydropower electricity generation will increase, whilst its overall share of the
generation mix will decrease relative to geothermal and methane in order to reduce vulnerability to
hydrological risks. Rwanda’s peat resource will be utilised as a stopgap measure if delays occur in the
development of other resources, and to quickly reduce the share of diesel generation in the energy mix.
Regional connections will be developed so that electricity can be both exported and imported where
required. Energy efficiency will also be an integral part of the strategy. Policies will be implemented to
efficient electrical products, and in the area of power transmission, efficiency will be improved by applying a
distributed power structure to the electricity grid to minimise losses by providing power in proximity to its
use.

Action 2: Incentivise Private Investment in Renewable Electricity

Rwanda will provide feed-in tariffs and long-term power purchase agreements (PPAs) to provide a secure
investment environment for independent power producers (IPPs) by guaranteeing long-term procurement of
the energy produced at a fixed-rate. A law will be passed stating that once the grid is expanded to include
an area with private electricity producers, the utility will either purchase the technology outright, or it will
begin procuring the electricity via the feed-in tariff. This law will remove the danger facing IPPs that grid
extension could undermine their business. International funding will be sought to supplement the feed-in
tariff rate while risk financing will be sought and employed to underwrite PPAs. Secure affordable financing
for IPPs could be set higher for renewable electricity.

Action 3: Renewable Energy Norms and Codes of Practice

Most renewable energy technologies in Rwanda are in relatively early stages of development, and norms
and codes of practice still need to be developed. Rwanda will implement safety guidelines, rules for
compensation of those potentially affected by a project, rules for private sector involvement, maintenance
strategies and productive end uses. Implementing these regulations will remove uncertainty for private
sector investors and project developers. This initiative could be supported by a Centre of Excellence in
Energy Research.

Action 4: Strategy for Peat Phase Out

Peat is a domestic, cheap and easily exploited source of energy. Rwanda will utilise peat to make up the
supply if delays occur in the development of other resources, and to quickly reduce the share of diesel
generation in the energy mix. However, there are a number of issues with the use of peat for energy
including potential conflict with other land uses, its finite supply, and its negative environmental impacts.
Rwanda will exploit other domestic sources of energy to avoid developing a dependence on peat, and once
other sources of energy have been sufficiently developed peat will be phased out.

Detailed Programmes of Action


National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development65

Strategic Objectives

Energy Security ✔ Food and Water Security Social Protection and DRR
Low Carbon Development ✔ Protection of Ecosystem Sustainable Land Use

Enablling Pillars

Institutional
Frameworks

Financial
Structures

Capacity BuildingIntegrated Planning and
Data Management

Technology, Research
and Infrastructure

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

Key Indicators

Action 1: Strategy for Oil-Fuelled Generation Phase Out% diesel generation mix
Action 2: Incentivise Private Investment in Energy% electricity generated by IPPs
Action 3: Renewable Energy Codes of Practice % compliance to codes of practice
Action 4: Strategy for Peat Phase Out % peat in energy mix

Comparative Cost

Action 1: Strategy for Oil-Fuelled Generation Phase OutLow Medium High
Action 2: Incentivise Private Investment in Energy Low Medium High
Action 3: Renewable Energy Codes of Practice Low Medium High
Action 4: Strategy for Peat Phase Out Low Medium High

Emissions Reduction

Action 1: Strategy for Oil-Fuelled Generation Phase OutHigh Medium Low
Action 2: Incentivise Private Investment in Energy High Medium Low
Action 3: Renewable Energy Codes of Practice High Medium Low
Action 4: Strategy for Peat Phase Out High Medium Low

Climate Resilence

Action 1: Strategy for Oil-Fuelled Generation Phase OutHigh Medium Low
Action 2: Incentivise Private Investment in Energy High Medium Low
Action 3: Renewable Energy Codes of Practice High Medium Low
Action 4: Strategy for Peat Phase Out High Medium Low

Timscale to Initiation

Action 1: Strategy for Oil-Fuelled Generation Phase OutImmediate Short Medium Long
Action 2: Incentivise Private Investment in EnergyImmediate Short Medium Long
Action 3: Renewable Energy Codes of Practice Immediate Short Medium Long
Action 4: Strategy for Peat Phase Out Immediate Short Medium Long

Programme Length

Action 1: Strategy for Oil-Fuelled Generation Phase OutDevelopment: 0-2 years, implementation: 2-5 years
Action 2: Incentivise Private Investment in Energy2-year initiation phase, implementation: ongoing
Action 3: Renewable Energy Codes of Practice Development: 0-2 years, implementation: ongoing
Action 4: Strategy for Peat Phase Out Development: 0-2 years, implementation: 2-5 years

AfDB Sustainable Energy Fund for Africa - Africa Enterprise Challenge Fund - Africa Infrastructure Investment Fund -
Climate Finance Innovation Facility - Clean Technology Fund -ClimDev-Africa Special Fund - DEG – Deutsche
Investitions - EIB Post-2012 Carbon Facility - EIB-KfW Carbon Programme II - Global Climate Change Alliance - Global
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund - Global Environment Facility - Hatoyama Initiative - International Climate
Change Initiative - International Climate Fund - International Development Association - KfW Development and Climate
Finance - Least Developed Country Fund - Nordic Development Fund - Private Infrastructure Development Group -
Public Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility - Seed Capital Assistance Facility - UNDP/MDG Carbon facility - UNEP
Renewable Energy Enterprise Development Programme - World Bank Carbon Facility - Clean Development Mechanism

Climate Finance Streams

Detailed Programmes of Action
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Government of Rwanda66

Responsible Stakeholders (lead in bold)

MININFRA, EWSA, RURA, Private Sector

Summary of Programmes and Actions

Off-grid or mini-grid generation potential should be utilised to increase access to electricity in rural areas.
This strategy should be seen as pre-electrification and complementary to the grid expansion plans. Rwanda
will increase development of small scale generation in rural areas by encouraging private sector involvement
through performance-based grants and incentives for consumer finance; maximising energy project
potential through high load factors and appropriate maintenance; and building consumer confidence
through demonstration and product standards. The end goal of these actions is a commercially-viable
model for rural electrification.

Action 1: Private Sector Involvement

Private sector involvement can accelerate the diffusion of small scale renewable generation projects into
rural areas. Rwanda will encourage private sector involvement in a number of ways. Firstly, it will remove
import and VAT taxes on renewable technology components. Secondly, it will set up a grant-per-unit-sold
scheme to incentivise private companies to invest in solar products and biogas digesters. Thirdly, in order to
overcome the barrier of high up-front costs for consumer, the GoR will encourage credit institutions – banks,
microfinance institutions, savings and credit cooperatives (SACCOs) – to extend consumer finance to those
that want to purchase renewable energy technologies such as solar home systems and biogas digesters.
The GoR will encourage lending through either partial loan guarantee, in which it would assume the risk of a
certain percentage of clients defaulting, or a grant-per-unit-financed scheme. Lastly, the GoR will extend
loan guarantees to buy down the interest rates of loans for renewable energy enterprises, such as micro
hydro engineering companies, mini-grid operators, and solar and biogas retailers. Alternatively, the new
Climate and Environment Fund, FONERWA, could extend concessional loans to such enterprises. As mini-
grid and off-grid systems have high capital costs, grants should incentivise or require the use of efficient
end-use technologies.

Action 2: Maximisation of Energy Project Potential

Currently, significant generation potential is lost through poor maintenance, or because projects are
financially unsustainable. For example, to be financially viable, micro hydro projects must operate with a high
load factor. To ensure this high load factor, consideration will be given to productive end-uses of the energy
during the planning of future micro hydro programmes. For example, a hydro plant could be developed in
tandem with an “anchor consumer” such as a mill, school, or tea plantation that will make up the bulk of the
load factor. Once the load factor is guaranteed, it will be then possible to consider construction of a mini-
grid. Productive end-use strategies should therefore be the norm. Night-time use for electricity, such as
battery charging stations uses, will also be considered. Maintenance strategies are crucial to the success of
any energy project. Local technical and managerial capacity will be built, and where a private company is
receiving a grant-per-unit-sold, a portion could be made conditional upon the product working after a certain
number of years.

Action 3: Build Consumer Confidence

Creating consumer confidence and awareness in renewable energy technologies is essential to promote
uptake, particularly for solar technologies, pico hydro and biogas digesters. Product standards, drawn from
established international standards such as those set by the Lighting Africa Initiative, will be implemented to
ensure quality. In partnership with the private sector and research institutes such as KIST and CITT, the
government will hold marketing events to disseminate information about benefits of renewables and the
health and environmental pitfalls of traditional fuels; and will implement demonstration projects to promote
consumer awareness and test the suitability of products for specific communities.

Programme 6: Sustainable Small Scale Energy Installations in Rural
Areas

Detailed Programmes of Action


National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development67

Strategic Objectives

Energy Security ✔ Food and Water Security Social Protection and DRR ✔
Low Carbon Development ✔ Protection of Ecosystem Sustainable Land Use

Enablling Pillars

Institutional
Frameworks

Financial
Structures

Capacity BuildingIntegrated Planning and
Data Management

Technology, Research
and Infrastructure

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

Key Indicators

Action 1: Private Sector Involvement # and size of private renewable energy enterprises
Action 2: Maximisation of Energy Project PotentialLoad factors, failure rates
Action 3: Build Consumer Confidence Product uptake rates

Comparative Cost

Action 1: Private Sector Involvement Low Medium High
Action 2: Maximisation of Energy Project Potential Low Medium High
Action 3: Build Consumer Confidence Low Medium High

Emissions Reduction

Action 1: Private Sector Involvement High Medium Low
Action 2: Maximisation of Energy Project Potential High Medium Low
Action 3: Build Consumer Confidence High Medium Low

Climate Resilence

Action 1: Private Sector Involvement High Medium Low
Action 2: Maximisation of Energy Project Potential High Medium Low
Action 3: Build Consumer Confidence High Medium Low

Timscale to Initiation

Action 1: Private Sector Involvement Immediate Short Medium Long
Action 2: Maximisation of Energy Project PotentialImmediate Short Medium Long
Action 3: Build Consumer Confidence Immediate Short Medium Long

Programme Length

Action 1: Private Sector Involvement Ongoing
Action 2: Maximisation of Energy Project PotentialDevelopment: 0-3 years, implementation: ongoing
Action 3: Build Consumer Confidence Development: 0-3 years, implementation: ongoing

Adaptation Fund - AfDB Sustainable Energy Fund for Africa - Africa Enterprise Challenge Fund - Africa Infrastructure
Investment Fund - Climate Finance Innovation Facility - Clean Technology Fund -ClimDev-Africa Special Fund - DEG –
Deutsche Investitions - EIB Post-2012 Carbon Facility - EIB-KfW Carbon Programme II - Global Climate Change
Alliance - Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund - Global Environment Facility - Hatoyama Initiative -
International Climate Change Initiative - International Climate Fund - International Development Association - KfW
Development and Climate Finance - Least Developed Country Fund - Nordic Development Fund - Private Infrastructure
Development Group - Public Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility - Seed Capital Assistance Facility - UNDP/MDG
Carbon facility - UNEP Greening the Tea Initiative - UNEP Renewable Energy Enterprise Development Programme -
World Bank Carbon Facility - Clean Development Mechanism- Voluntary Carbon Markets

Climate Finance Streams

Detailed Programmes of Action
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Government of Rwanda68

Responsible Stakeholders (lead in bold)

MINICOM, Rwanda Development Board (RDB), MININFRA, RNRA, MINIRENA, NLC, OGMR, REMA,
MINAGRI, PSF, UNIDO-UNEP, World Bank Group

Summary of Programmes and Actions

Rwanda is actively improving its investment climate by improving start-up and operating conditions for
business and industry, addressing water and energy requirements, and establishing special economic zones
(SEZs) to attract foreign investment. Resource efficient and clean production has been introduced to
industry in Rwanda and needs to be scaled up to improve energy and water efficiency, thus reducing
emissions and promoting resilience. SEZs should employ energy efficient technologies, water recycling and
waste management systems, and low carbon building design. Climate innovation centres (CICs) can
promote win-win scenarios by supporting investment in industries producing green technologies and those
adopting green technology. infoDev has proposed setting up a CIC in Kigali. Support for the private sector is
needed to reduce industry emissions and build a local renewable energy sector.

Action 1: Resource Efficient Industries

The Rwanda Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production Centre (RRECPC) is a joint project of the Ministry of
Trade and Industry (MINICOM) and UNIDO-UNEP housed in the Private Sector Federation. Resource
efficiency and cleaner production methods can reduce business risk, directly translate into cost savings, and
could promote sector growth. To build efficient industries, Rwanda will establish a framework for reporting
energy and water use, setting energy intensity targets, investigating differentiated electricity tariffs that
promote off-peak use, and developing guidelines, standards and support for clean production.

Action 2: Greening the Special Economic Zone and provincial industrial parks

Rwanda is establishing a Special Economic Zone (SEZ), a world-class business and industrial park in Kigali,
to attract foreign direct investment. It is also implementing provincial industrial parks in other urban centres.
It is timely that a green approach is considered in preparation of the SEZ and industrial parks to encourage
energy and water efficiency; green site preparation, industrial and building design; and to investigate waste
treatment options. Rwanda will implement a green SEZ to realise ‘triple-win’ opportunities: cost savings in
production and operation, environmental benefits, and climate resilience. These opportunities will help
promote investment in the site, incentivise good practice, and attract key industries that will support
Rwanda’s development of a low carbon green economy.

Action 3: Promoting Green Technologies

Climate Innovation Centres assist developing countries to accelerate the deployment of low carbon and
adaptive technologies, companies and industries. They link green small- and medium- enterprises (SMEs)
with support organisations, incubators, centres of excellence, and multilateral programmes; identify
institutional and capacity gaps; and explore early stage climate finance opportunities. By hosting a Climate
Innovation Centre within the SEZ, Rwanda will benefit from the advisory and support services provided.
Beyond these services, technology transfer is crucial to low carbon industrial growth. The government will
work with the UNEP-Risoe Technology Transfer Programme to identify priority sectors and technologies
specific to Rwanda. The Private Sector Federation will also promote green technology industries by
establishing SME and private sector support programmes for technology awareness.

Action 4: Building Carbon Trading Capacity

The Clean Development Mechanism and voluntary carbon markets offer innovative funding opportunities for
the private sector in renewable energy, energy efficiency, low carbon building and transport, forestry, and
organic waste management. To fulfill the highly technical requirements, Rwanda will establish a training
programme for the private sector, linked to the CIC, on project design, baseline calculations, carbon
accounting, and monitoring, reporting and verification.

Programme 7: Green Industry and Private Sector Development

Detailed Programmes of Action


National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development69

Strategic Objectives

Energy Security ✔ Food and Water Security ✔ Social Protection and DRR
Low Carbon Development ✔ Protection of Ecosystem ✔ Sustainable Land Use ✔

Enablling Pillars

Institutional
Frameworks

Financial
Structures

Capacity BuildingIntegrated Planning and
Data Management

Technology, Research
and Infrastructure

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

Key Indicators

Action 1: Resource Efficient Industries GHG emissions, water usage
Action 2: Greening the Special Economic Zone No. of green tech companies started
Action 3: Promoting Green Technologies No. of new green technologies employed
Action 4: Building Carbon Trading Capacity No. of carbon projects operational

Comparative Cost

Action 1: Resource Efficient Industries Low Medium High
Action 2: Greening the Special Economic Zone Low Medium High
Action 3: Promoting Green Technologies Low Medium High
Action 4: Building Carbon Trading Capacity Low Medium High

Emissions Reduction

Action 1: Resource Efficient Industries High Medium Low
Action 2: Greening the Special Economic Zone High Medium Low
Action 3: Promoting Green Technologies High Medium Low
Action 4: Building Carbon Trading Capacity High Medium Low

Climate Resilence

Action 1: Resource Efficient Industries High Medium Low
Action 2: Greening the Special Economic Zone High Medium Low
Action 3: Promoting Green Technologies High Medium Low
Action 4: Building Carbon Trading Capacity High Medium Low

Timscale to Initiation

Action 1: Resource Efficient Industries Immediate Short Medium Long
Action 2: Greening the Special Economic Zone Immediate Short Medium Long
Action 3: Promoting Green Technologies Immediate Short Medium Long
Action 4: Building Carbon Trading Capacity Immediate Short Medium Long

Programme Length

Action 1: Resource Efficient Industries 2 years, ongoing
Action 2: Greening the Special Economic Zone 1 year, ongoing
Action 3: Promoting Green Technologies 1 years, 2 years expanding new sites, ongoing
Action 4: Building Carbon Trading Capacity Ongoing

Africa Enterprise Challenge Fund - Clean Technology Fund - Climate Finance Innovation Facility - DEG – Deutsche
Investitions - EIB Post-2012 Carbon Credit Fund - EIB-KfW Carbon Programme II - Global Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy Fund - Hatoyama Initiative - International Climate Initiative - ILO Coop Challenge Fund - International
Development Association - KfW Development & Climate Finance - Nordic Climate Facility - Private Infrastructure
Development Group - Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility - Seed Capital Assistance Facility - UNDP Green
Commodities Facility - UNDP/MDG Carbon Facility - UNDP Renewable Energy Enterprise Development - World Bank
Carbon Facility - Clean Development Mechanism - Voluntary Carbon Markets

Climate Finance Streams

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Government of Rwanda70

Programme 8: Climate Compatible Mining

Responsible Stakeholders (lead in bold)

MINIRENA, RNRA, private sector, KIST, PSF, MININFRA, EWSA, FECOMIRWA (federation of cooperatives)

Summary of Programmes and Actions

The Rwanda Mining Policy has five strategic pillars that support the growth of the mining industry. If this
policy is considered ‘business as usual’ for the next decade, then mining is likely to contribute significantly to
energy use, GHG emissions and water use in Rwanda. A sixth strategic pillar – low carbon, climate resilient
development – will be added to the Mining Policy with the aim of reducing GHG emissions and improving
energy security and water security through energy efficiency, renewable energy, good water management
practices and capacity building.

Action 1: Energy Efficiency

Energy efficiency reduces operating costs and therefore is an attractive approach for the private sector.
Rwanda’s first step to improving efficient energy use will be to start measuring and reporting energy usage
by source on a monthly basis. Measurements can also be used to calculate GHG emissions for the industry,
and will help with national energy supply planning. Once a baseline is determined, Rwanda will set energy
intensity reduction targets. Energy efficient technology will be implemented where financially viable,
supported by the UNEP-Risoe Technology Transfer Programme. Electricity tariffs could also be negotiated
with the private sector to incentivise off-peak use.

Action 2: Renewable Energy

Electricity is usually the largest source of GHG emissions in mining. If it can be sourced from clean
renewable energy, then the industry can transition to low carbon. Rwanda is developing 900MW of large-
scale geothermal, hydro and methane, to phase out oil and become energy secure. Mining operations using
electricity from the national grid will therefore become low carbon. Mining operations could also install on-
site electricity generation such as solar PV and micro-hydro. These technologies have high upfront capital
costs, but provide greater reliability, essential for large operations, and reduce operating costs.

Action 3: Water Management

Good water management reduces water demand and improves water quality which contributes to water
security in the catchment where the mining operation is located. It can reduce energy use, and therefore
GHG emissions, required for pumping water around an operation. Rwanda’s first step to good water
management will be to start measuring and reporting water inputs by source, usage and discharge on a
monthly basis. These measurements will form the basis for a site water balance and can contribute to
district and national water supply planning. Once a baseline is determined, water efficiency measures will be
implemented. These include using water efficient technology and technology transfer, supported by the
UNEP-Risoe Technology Transfer Programme. Grey water could also be reused, although water treatment is
required to provide potable water and to process water before discharge to rivers. Another important aspect
of water management is risk reduction for flooding, which includes hazard mapping, drainage and pumping,
early warning systems and site design. This should be done with the local community and government.

Action 4: Capacity Building

The Mining Policy already addresses the need for capacity building in the mining sector and technical
assistance is underway. Rwanda will expand this programme to cover climate change impacts and low
carbon development. Engineering courses are required, and mining-specific needs will be addressed with
education and training. Mining companies can implement simple employee awareness programmes. The
GoR will immediately join the Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable
Development (IGF) to learn from other countries. It should further investigate setting up a regional forum for
Mining and Metallurgy to foster capacity building in the region.

Detailed Programmes of Action


National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development71

Strategic Objectives

Energy Security ✔ Food and Water Security ✔ Social Protection and DRR
Low Carbon Development ✔ Protection of Ecosystem Sustainable Land Use ✔

Enablling Pillars

Institutional
Frameworks

Financial
Structures

Capacity BuildingIntegrated Planning and
Data Management

Technology, Research
and Infrastructure

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

Key Indicators

Action 1: Energy Efficiency GHG emissions reduction from 2013 baseline
Action 2: Renewable Energy GHG emissions reduction from 2013 baseline
Action 3: Water Management Reduction in water usage in Ml from 2013 baseline
Action 4: Capacity Building Number of personnel completed training courses

Comparative Cost

Action 1: Energy Efficiency Low Medium High
Action 2: Renewable Energy Low Medium High
Action 3: Water Management Low Medium High
Action 4: Capacity Building Low Medium High

Emissions Reduction

Action 1: Energy Efficiency High Medium Low
Action 2: Renewable Energy High Medium Low
Action 3: Water Management High Medium Low
Action 4: Capacity Building High Medium Low

Climate Resilence

Action 1: Energy Efficiency High Medium Low
Action 2: Renewable Energy High Medium Low
Action 3: Water Management High Medium Low
Action 4: Capacity Building High Medium Low

Timscale to Initiation

Action 1: Energy Efficiency Immediate Short Medium Long
Action 2: Renewable Energy Immediate Short Medium Long
Action 3: Water Management Immediate Short Medium Long
Action 4: Capacity Building Immediate Short Medium Long

Programme Length

Action 1: Energy Efficiency 2 years, ongoing
Action 2: Renewable Energy 5 years
Action 3: Water Management 3 years, ongoing
Action 4: Capacity Building 2 years, ongoing

Africa Enterprise Challenge Fund - DEF – Deutsche Investitions - EIB Post-2012 Carbon Credit Fund - EIB-KfW Carbon
Programme II - Private Infrastructure Development Group - Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility - UNDP/MDG
Carbon Facility - World Bank Carbon Facility - Clean Development Mechanism

Climate Finance Streams

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Government of Rwanda72

Programme 9: Efficient Resilient Transport Systems

Responsible Stakeholders (lead in bold)

MININFRA, RTDA, Operators

Summary of Programmes and Actions

Transport is a key sector, both in terms of economic development and climate change impacts. With the
current transport sector heavily reliant on imported fossil fuels, Rwanda’s economy is susceptible to
increasingly frequent oil price spikes. Due to the global nature of transport, actions should be integrated with
national, regional and global standards. Rwanda will implement a transport programme based around four
key actions. It will improve the efficiency of internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles by applying and
tightening vehicle and fuel quality regulations; raise awareness of new technology; increase investment in
climate resilient infrastructure; and develop efficient operational and knowledge systems.

Action 1: Improving the efficiency of ICE Vehicles

Although ICE vehicles are the dominant mode of transportation globally, and will be for the foreseeable
future, they are dependent on a high carbon and expensive commodity that suffers from reducing availability.
For both environmental and economic reasons, the use of oil must be minimised. With little ability to
influence the development of efficient vehicles, the GoR will take an operational approach. It will apply and
tighten vehicle regulation, based around annual testing, as a method to ensure current fleet efficiency and
safety. Regulation will take a transitional approach, with the application of basic standards at first and
increasingly tight and scrutinised standards as fleet improvement progresses. Similar regulations will be
enforced on new vehicles and fuel quality. The available policy levers will be carefully considered to facilitate
this action.

Action 2: Awareness of new technology

As mentioned, a major obstacle for Rwanda in developing low carbon transport systems is its limited ability
to influence the development and implementation of new technologies. However, Rwanda will undertake
studies in preparation for utilisation of suitable new technologies as they are developed. These studies will
centre on assessing the suitability of a given technology to the characteristics of Rwanda, indicating the
actions required for application, as well as identifying flags in technology development that will result in an
action being required by the Government of Rwanda. Studies should take a holistic approach, including not
only climate change impacts, but also socio-economic factors and other externalities.

Action 3: Investment in infrastructure

The quality of transport infrastructure not only affects the efficiency of the transport system, but also its
resilience to climatic impacts. Improved infrastructure, such as road surface, both increases efficiency and
improves resilience to climatic events. Diversified infrastructure, including inter-modal competition and
multiple routes, improves both the efficiency of the system and the robustness of the transport network by
reducing the reliance on a single transport mode or route. Rwanda will continue to strengthen the Rwanda
Transport Development Agency (RTDA). It will also develop a formula for defining where, in a multimodal
system, investment should be directed. Studies will take into account climate impacts and resilience, as well
as current socio-economic considerations. The process has already been initiated with the implementation
of the Dar-es-Salaam to Kigali Railway project.

Action 4: Developing efficient operational systems

Whilst Rwanda’s main focus will be on physical solutions, such as vehicles and infrastructure, many
knowledge systems must also be considered. Demand management and logistical solutions will be
investigated in the short term to identify the benefits and inform the need for application. Traffic flow
management will be integrated into the planning structure of urban areas, while intelligent transport systems
will be considered as a long term option. A detailed study will be conducted covering potential costs and
benefits of each option, and an implementation plan with flags indicating when a relevant policy should be
applied.

Detailed Programmes of Action


National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development73

Strategic Objectives

Energy Security ✔ Food and Water Security ✔ Social Protection and DRR ✔
Low Carbon Development ✔ Protection of Ecosystem ✔ Sustainable Land Use

Enablling Pillars

Institutional
Frameworks

Financial
Structures

Capacity BuildingIntegrated Planning and
Data Management

Technology, Research
and Infrastructure

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

Key Indicators

Action 1: Improving the efficiency of ICE VehiclesReduction in emissions per km
Action 2: Awareness of new technology Action flags
Action 3: Investment in infrastructure % km per mode
Action 4: Developing efficient operational systemsReduction in emissions per km

Comparative Cost

Action 1: Improving the efficiency of ICE Vehicles Low Medium High
Action 2: Awareness of new technology Low Medium High
Action 3: Investment in infrastructure Low Medium High
Action 4: Developing efficient operational systems Low Medium High

Emissions Reduction

Action 1: Improving the efficiency of ICE Vehicles High Medium Low
Action 2: Awareness of new technology High Medium Low
Action 3: Investment in infrastructure High Medium Low
Action 4: Developing efficient operational systems High Medium Low

Climate Resilence

Action 1: Improving the efficiency of ICE Vehicles High Medium Low
Action 2: Awareness of new technology High Medium Low
Action 3: Investment in infrastructure High Medium Low
Action 4: Developing efficient operational systems High Medium Low

Timscale to Initiation

Action 1: Improving the efficiency of ICE Vehicles Immediate Short Medium Long
Action 2: Awareness of new technology Immediate Short Medium Long
Action 3: Investment in infrastructure Immediate Short Medium Long
Action 4: Developing efficient operational systemsImmediate Short Medium Long

Programme Length

Action 1: Improving the efficiency of ICE VehiclesInitial 2 year feasibility study, followed by transitional
implementation then ongoing

Action 2: Awareness of new technology Year long studies in various technologies, activities
required when action flags are indicated

Action 3: Investment in infrastructure Ongoing
Action 4: Developing efficient operational systemsOngoing

Adaptation Fund - Africa Enterprise Challenge Fund - Clean Technology Fund - DEG – Deutsche Investitions - Global
Climate Change Alliance - Global Environment Facility - Global Facility for Disaster Risk Reduction and Recovery -
Hatoyama Initiative - International Climate Initiative - International Climate Fund - International Development Association
- KfW Development & Climate Finance - Nordic Climate Facility - Private Infrastructure Development Group - Public-
Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility

Climate Finance Streams

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Programme 10: Low Carbon Urban Systems

Responsible Stakeholders (lead in bold)

MININFRA, RHA, KCC, Real Estate Developers, Private Sector

Summary of Programmes and Actions

With increasing numbers of people inhabiting urban areas of Rwanda, particularly Kigali, it is necessary to
implement a long-term plan for urban areas, to ensure that they are low-carbon and therefore sustainable.
To achieve this, Rwanda will adopt energy and water efficiency standards into building codes; establish an
integrated multi-mode urban transport system; employ low carbon urban planning; and fully utilise urban
waste as a resource stream.

Action 1: Low energy buildings and services

The implementation of low energy standards in buildings and services in Rwanda could result in an 80%
reduction in energy use over current global practice. Efficient systems often have higher upfront costs that
can be rapidly recovered when compared to more inefficient systems. Rwanda will adopt a national low
energy building standard, enshrined in the building codes, to produce the necessary behaviour change in
the industry, without costly intervention in the sector by the state. These standards will be built around
systems, such as passive housing principles that are technically appropriate, have minimal upfront costs,
and little or no operational costs. Such systems take advantage of direct solar gain for heating, insulation
and thermal capacity for temperature regulation and shading and ventilation for cooling. The recovery of grey
water and rainwater should also be inserted into the building codes to support water efficiency and
conservation. The goods and services used within buildings will also be regulated. Efficient technologies,
such as solar hot water and distributed power generation, will be championed over inefficient systems such
as electric immersion heaters.

Action 2: Integrated Multi-mode Urban Transport

The adoption of urban transport systems will not only reduce carbon emissions, but lower barriers to access
for transport, increasing the mobility of the population and thus opportunities for economic development. It
is crucial that transport networks are heavily linked to urban planning through transit orientated
developments to maximise the level of access to costly infrastructure. Rwanda will implement a multi-mode
approach to prevent dependencies on a single mode, and to offer the greatest range of opportunities to the
population.

Action 3: Urban Planning

High density clusters consist of mixed use, co-located urban systems, centred on local services. They
promote ‘walk-able’ lifestyles, reducing the need for transport, and therefore energy consumption. Walk-able
lifestyles, enabled by access to local, neighbourhood services and an attractive public realm (parks, squares,
pathways) also have health benefits through increased exercise and social impacts through increased
community interaction. Rwanda will implement distributed urban centres, clustered around services, such as
education and distributed energy generation. They will be well linked by mass transit both to each other and
to the central business district. Preventing construction on unsuitable sites, such as flood plains and steep
slopes, will increase the resilience o climate change of urban areas. These policies are already enshrined in
the Kigali Conceptual Master-plan, which will form the basis for a national urban development plan that will
lay out the key criteria for developments of all sizes across Rwanda.

Action 4: Utilisation of the Waste Stream

Rwanda is failing to take advantage of a highly valuable resource: its municipal, agricultural and industrial
waste. Various low cost value-adding activities, such as composting or reuse and recycling, can turn
formerly low value goods into high value resources. Rwanda will apply these processes to not only develop
another resource stream, enabling entrepreneurship and economic development, but also to lower the
inputs required by its systems, thus reducing the energy requirement and therefore urban systems climate
impact.

Detailed Programmes of Action


National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development75

Strategic Objectives

Energy Security ✔ Food and Water Security ✔ Social Protection and DRR ✔
Low Carbon Development ✔ Protection of Ecosystem ✔ Sustainable Land Use ✔

Enablling Pillars

Institutional
Frameworks

Financial
Structures

Capacity BuildingIntegrated Planning and
Data Management

Technology, Research
and Infrastructure

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

Key Indicators

Action 1: Low energy buildings and services Per Capita Energy Use
Action 2: Integrated Multi-mode Urban Transport% Passenger Km by mode
Action 3: Urban Planning Urban area per capita
Action 4: Utilisation of the Waste Stream Reduction in mass of landfill

Comparative Cost

Action 1: Low energy buildings and services Low Medium High
Action 2: Integrated Multi-mode Urban Transport Low Medium High
Action 3: Urban Planning Low Medium High
Action 4: Utilisation of the Waste Stream Low Medium High

Emissions Reduction

Action 1: Low energy buildings and services High Medium Low
Action 2: Integrated Multi-mode Urban Transport High Medium Low
Action 3: Urban Planning High Medium Low
Action 4: Utilisation of the Waste Stream High Medium Low

Climate Resilence

Action 1: Low energy buildings and services High Medium Low
Action 2: Integrated Multi-mode Urban Transport High Medium Low
Action 3: Urban Planning High Medium Low
Action 4: Utilisation of the Waste Stream High Medium Low

Timscale to Initiation

Action 1: Low energy buildings and services Immediate Short Medium Long
Action 2: Integrated Multi-mode Urban Transport Immediate Short Medium Long
Action 3: Urban Planning Immediate Short Medium Long
Action 4: Utilisation of the Waste Stream Immediate Short Medium Long

Programme Length

Action 1: Low energy buildings and services Ongoing
Action 2: Integrated Multi-mode Urban Transport2-year initiation phase, 5+ year construction then

ongoing operation and development
Action 3: Urban Planning Ongoing
Action 4: Utilisation of the Waste Stream 3 year initiation and development

Adaptation Fund - Africa Enterprise Challenge Fund - Clean Technology Fund - DEG – Deutsche Investitions - EIB
Post-2012 Carbon Credit Fund - EIB-KfW Carbon Programme II - Global Climate Change Alliance - Global Energy
Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund - Global Environment Facility - Global Facility for Disaster Risk Reduction and
Recovery - Hatoyama Initiative - International Climate Initiative - International Climate Fund - International Development
Association - KfW Development & Climate Finance - Nordic Climate Facility - Private Infrastructure Development Group
- Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility - Seed Capital Assistance Facility - Special Climate Change Fund -
UNDP/MDG Carbon Facility - World Bank Carbon Facility - Clean Development Mechanism - Voluntary Carbon Markets

Climate Finance Streams

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Government of Rwanda76

Responsible Stakeholders (lead in bold)

MINIRENA,RNRA, REMA, MINICOM, RDB, MINALOC, Civil Society, DPs

Summary of Programmes and Actions

Rwanda’s location within the centre of the Albertine Rift, a region considered to be the highest in species
richness in Africa, makes it ideal for conservation and ecotourism. Tourism represents Rwanda’s top foreign
exchange earner, earning USD 202 million in 2008. Based on projected growth targets, tourism revenues
are anticipated to more than double by 2020 to USD 627 million. Ecotourism in envisioned destination
management areas (DMAs) is likely to provide high returns on investment. In order to maintain Rwanda’s
protected areas as key economic assets supporting a climate-resilient services industry, havens for
biodiversity, and sources of vital ecosystem services, effective protection and sustainable management
measures must be undertaken.

Action 1: Business tourism through strategic conference management

Business travellers make up an estimated 75% of tourists in Rwanda. The majority of tourism revenues
come from park entrance fees. Rwanda will promote business conferences beyond the current “high
season” in efforts to maximise the distribution and volume of business travellers throughout the year. These
efforts will increase the bed occupancy rate of available hotels and lodges within Kigali, and subsequent
visitation to surrounding DMAs, including Volcanoes National Park (VNP), Nyungwe forest and Akagera
National Park.

Action 2: Community-based ecotourism

The primary threats to Rwanda’s tourism assets are linked to population pressure, unsustainable resource
use and endemic poverty. These are drivers of degradation surrounding park boundaries, threatening the
long-term sustainability and viability of ecotourism destinations. Households’ use of parks is often linked to
seasonal stresses in the dry season, or “hungry gap”, when poor households look for bush meat, water and
other non-timber forest products as sources of subsistence or income. Despite the existence of a
government run community-benefit scheme derived from 5% of tourism revenues, insufficient resources are
obtained by the poorest households. Households across all income groups receive an average of only USD
0.36 per person per year in the case of VNP, and written application requirements act as a barrier to access
the funds. Rwanda will increase the proportion of tourism revenues flowing into the community fund from
5% to 10%, and will review application procedures and awareness to ensure participation in communities
adjacent to parks.

Action 3: Participatory Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES)

In order to ensure the productive use of community benefit funds for sustainable park management,
Rwanda will promote close ownership, participation and technical support of local communities. Future
schemes of high potential include community engagement in standalone or bundled PES schemes (carbon,
biodiversity, water) through private, public or public-private operators. Promising projects include PES
schemes with tea factories compensating forest-adjacent communities for water filtration services provided
by protected areas (e.g. Nyungwe); and PES schemes to promote rehabilitation of degraded areas such as
Gishwati forest. In addition, engagement of community conservation wardens, women’s and youth groups
at the cell-level, along with incorporation of community participation targets within performance contracts of
District Mayors, represent actions with high potential for ensuring PES scheme success and long-term
sustainability.

Programme 11: Ecotourism, Conservation and Payments for
Ecosystem Services

Detailed Programmes of Action


National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development77

Strategic Objectives

Energy Security Food and Water Security ✔ Social Protection and DRR ✔
Low Carbon Development ✔ Protection of Ecosystem ✔ Sustainable Land Use ✔

Enablling Pillars

Institutional
Frameworks

Financial
Structures

Capacity BuildingIntegrated Planning and
Data Management

Technology, Research
and Infrastructure

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

Key Indicators

Action 1: Strategic Conference Management % Total annual/monthly utilisation of capacity
Action 2: Community-based Ecotourism % Lower income quintiles households reached
Action 3: Participatory PES Scheme number; total transactions & area coverage

Comparative Cost

Action 1: Strategic Conference Management Low Medium High
Action 2: Community-based Ecotourism Low Medium High
Action 3: Participatory PES Low Medium High

Emissions Reduction

Action 1: Strategic Conference Management High Medium Low
Action 2: Community-based Ecotourism High Medium Low
Action 3: Participatory PES High Medium Low

Climate Resilence

Action 1: Strategic Conference Management High Medium Low
Action 2: Community-based Ecotourism High Medium Low
Action 3: Participatory PES High Medium Low

Timscale to Initiation

Action 1: Strategic Conference Management Immediate Short Medium Long
Action 2: Community-based Ecotourism Immediate Short Medium Long
Action 3: Participatory PES Immediate Short Medium Long

Programme Length

Action 1: Strategic Conference Management 1 year
Action 2: Community-based Ecotourism 6 months
Action 3: Participatory PES 4 years

Adaptation Fund - AfDB Congo Basin Forest Fund - Africa Enterprise Challenge Fund - ClimDev-Africa Special Fund -
DEG - Global Climate Change Alliance - Global Environmental Facility - Special Climate Change Fund - Hatoyama
Initiative - International Climate Initiative - International Climate Fund - International Development Association - KfW
Development & Climate Finance - Nordic Climate Facility - Special Climate Change Fund - World Bank BioCarbon Fund
- Forest Carbon Partnership Facility - Voluntary Carbon Markets

Climate Finance Streams

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Programme 12: Sustainable Forestry, Agroforestry and Biomass
Energy

Responsible Stakeholders (lead in bold)

MINIRENA, RNRA, REMA, MINAGRI, MININFRA, ISAR, MINALOC, private sector

Summary of Programmes and Actions

To meet energy demands for biomass it is necessary to ensure that supply meets or exceeds demand.
Controlled tree planting through afforestation, reforestation, agroforestry and urban tree planting initiatives
provides wood for fuel, improves slope stability, supports food security and acts as a carbon sink. To ensure
sustainability of these initiatives, Rwanda will undertake the following actions, all of which are eligible for
carbon credits.

Action 1: Promotion of Afforestation/Reforestation (A/R) through enhanced germplasm and technical
practices in the planting and post-planting process

A key challenge to the success of Rwanda’s tree planting efforts is the use of genetically poor-quality
germplasm, combined with planting at inappropriate times (e.g. during dry season) and lack of post-planting
care. Improving these elements of Rwanda’s forestry programme will greatly enhance the success, and
visible results, of Rwanda’s A/R efforts. Mixed-species approaches are recommended for achieving both
mitigation objectives, as well as the adaptation benefits of ecosystem resilience and biodiversity. Carbon
credits can be attained for A/R activities on both voluntary and compliance markets.

Action 2: Improved Forest Management (IFM) for degraded forest resources

Land scarcity is a primary constraint to the expansion of Rwanda’s forest resources. Efforts to maximise the
productivity of Rwanda’s many degraded forest plantations present an opportunity to increase biomass
supply without converting additional land. The degraded pine buffer zone surrounding Nyungwe National
Park illustrates the need (and economic benefit) to rehabilitate degraded forests. Voluntary carbon credits
(e.g. through the VCS standard) can be obtained for IFM.

Action 3: Joint formulation and implementation of Agroforestry by MINIRENA/MINAGRI

Agroforestry systems have significant potential for contributing to objectives of poverty alleviation through
income generation and diversification; biodiversity, energy and water security; and sequestration of carbon
by increasing above and below-ground sinks. In order to achieve the 85% agroforestry component of the
Vision 2020 national tree coverage target of 30%, Rwanda needs to redouble efforts towards agroforestry
promotion. Formulation of a joint strategy between MINIRENA and MINAGRI, in partnership with ISAR is a
critical first step. Best practice in agroforestry is well established in Rwanda (e.g. Vi-Life, IFDC) and voluntary
carbon credits can be obtained and channelled as direct incentives to smallholders.

Action 4: Licensing of sustainable charcoal production techniques & promotion of Improved
Cookstoves (ICS) for efficient and clean wood and charcoal consumption

Rwanda’s charcoal sector is an estimated 5% of national GDP, and supplies the majority of urban
households’ energy needs. Fuelwood (and crop residues) supply the majority of rural households’ energy
needs. Promotion of more efficient and clean-burning ICS, and formalisation of the charcoal supply chain
through licensing (for improved carbonisation) present opportunities to reduce biomass demand, and offset
negative environmental and health impacts. Carbon credits for ICS have high potential in Rwanda through
both voluntary and compliance markets – with credits likely exceeding the purchasing price of ICS.

Detailed Programmes of Action


National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development79

Strategic Objectives

Energy Security Food and Water Security ✔ Social Protection and DRR ✔
Low Carbon Development Protection of Ecosystem ✔ Sustainable Land Use ✔

Enablling Pillars

Institutional
Frameworks

Financial
Structures

Capacity BuildingIntegrated Planning and
Data Management

Technology, Research
and Infrastructure

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

Key Indicators

Action 1: Improved Afforestation/Reforestation Survival rates and area coverage of trees planted
Action 2: Improved Forest Management % degraded forests rehabilitated; yields
Action 3: Joint Agroforestry Strategy Biomass energy security of smallholder households
Action 4: ICS promotion and charcoal licensing % Dissemination and use of ICS

Comparative Cost

Action 1: Improved Afforestation/Reforestation Low Medium High
Action 2: Improved Forest Management Low Medium High
Action 3: Joint Agroforestry Strategy Low Medium High
Action 4: ICS promotion and charcoal licensing Low Medium High

Emissions Reduction

Action 1: Improved Afforestation/Reforestation High Medium Low
Action 2: Improved Forest Management High Medium Low
Action 3: Joint Agroforestry Strategy High Medium Low
Action 4: ICS promotion and charcoal licensing High Medium Low

Climate Resilence

Action 1: Improved Afforestation/Reforestation High Medium Low
Action 2: Improved Forest Management High Medium Low
Action 3: Joint Agroforestry Strategy High Medium Low
Action 4: ICS promotion and charcoal licensing High Medium Low

Timscale to Initiation

Action 1: Improved Afforestation/Reforestation Immediate Short Medium Long
Action 2: Improved Forest Management Immediate Short Medium Long
Action 3: Joint Agroforestry Strategy Immediate Short Medium Long
Action 4: ICS promotion and charcoal licensing Immediate Short Medium Long

Programme Length

Action 1: Improved Afforestation/Reforestation 5 years
Action 2: Improved Forest Management 5 years
Action 3: Joint Agroforestry Strategy 1 year
Action 4: ICS promotion and charcoal licensing 1 to 5 years

Adaptation Fund - AfDB Congo Basin Forest Fund - Africa Enterprise Challenge Fund - ClimDev-Africa Special Fund -
DEG - Deutsche Investitions - EIB Post-2012 Carbon Credit Fund - Global Climate Change Alliance - Global
Environmental Facility - Special Climate Change Fund - Hatoyama Initiative - International Climate Initiative -
International Climate Fund - International Development Association - KfW Development & Climate Finance - Nordic
Climate Facility - Special Climate Change Fund - World Bank BioCarbon Fund - Forest Carbon Partnership Facility -
Clean Development Mechanism - Voluntary Carbon Markets

Climate Finance Streams

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Government of Rwanda80

Programme 13: Disaster Management and Disease Prevention

Summary of Programmes and Actions

Rwanda is vulnerable to a range of disasters and emergency situations. The hilly topography and high
annual precipitation rates bring high risks from flooding, storms, landslides and vector-borne disease, while
other natural disasters include droughts and earthquakes, all of which can directly impact on health and
food security. Over-exploitation of the natural environment such as deforestation and inappropriate farming
on steep slopes increases the hazard risk, which may be exacerbated through climate change as an
increase in extreme weather patterns occurs. There is a requirement for contingency planning to deal with
incidents such as disease outbreaks, hydro-dam failures, refugee movements and environmental
contamination.

Action 1: Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Mapping

Rwanda will conduct risk assessments and vulnerability mapping to develop effective disaster management
systems. This will include health impact assessments for water-related infrastructure projects such as dams
and irrigation where disease may spread. Timely risk assessment is crucial to disaster prevention as it
enables disaster preparedness planning and mitigation activities, such as the protection of fragile ecological
zones including steep slopes and flood prone areas like wetlands. Vulnerability mapping will build planning
capacity and allow for rapid response and resource allocation based on sector activity and geographical
prioritization of risk and vulnerability.

Action 2: Integrated Early-Warning System

An early-warning system (EWS) for Rwanda has been proposed and the Rwandan Meteorological Service
(RMS) has produced an initial scoping report. There are also a number of regional warning systems, for
example, relating to food security, famine and malaria. Rwanda will develop an EWS alongside these existing
systems in order to foster complementary systems and avoid duplication. The EWS will require the
development of environmental monitoring and data collection tools to understand thresholds and triggers for
disasters and emergencies. This action will be conducted in partnership with RMS.

Action 3: Disaster Mitigation, Preparedness and Response Planning

The impacts of disasters in terms of loss of human life and economic losses can be greatly reduced through
disaster preparedness and response planning. Such approaches require effective communication across the
ministries and local government to ensure each sector has appropriate contingency plans in place to deal
with a range of hazards. Rwanda will implement contingency plans to address disaster mitigation, e.g. laws
governing settlement planning and building regulations to enforce safe construction and reduced risk from
storm and flood damage; disaster preparedness, e.g. early warning systems; and disaster response, e.g.
action plans for communicable disease outbreaks such as cholera. It will also continue to support pilot
projects of weather index-based crop insurance to address the risk of drought.

Action 4: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction

DRR consists of a wide-range of activities that aim to both reduce the socio-economic vulnerabilities to
disasters, and deal with hazards, environmental and otherwise, which result in disaster and emergency
situations. Such programmes require effective community mobilization and participation in order to build
local capacity in risk reduction and in disaster response. Rwanda will implement the following community-
based DRR activities: improved farming techniques that mitigate flood and landslide impacts; first aid
training; and environmental and public health awareness for disease prevention, particularly following flood
and storm episodes when the spread of water-borne disease is high.

MIDIMAR, MINALOC, MOH, Rwanda Meteorological Service, District and Sub-District authorities,
MINAGRI, Disaster Management Task Force

Responsible Stakeholders (lead in bold)

Detailed Programmes of Action


Detailed Programmes of Action

National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development81

Strategic Objectives

Energy Security Food and Water Security ✔ Social Protection and DRR ✔
Low Carbon Development Protection of Ecosystem ✔ Sustainable Land Use ✔

Enablling Pillars

Institutional
Frameworks

Financial
Structures

Capacity BuildingIntegrated Planning and
Data Management

Technology, Research
and Infrastructure

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

Key Indicators

Action 1: Risk Assessment and Vulnerability MappingNumber of produced vulnerability maps
Action 2: Integrated Early-Warning System % coverage by early warning system
Action 3: Disaster Planning District training exercise in emergency plans
Action 4: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction% local government units participating

Comparative Cost

Action 1: Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Mapping Low Medium High
Action 2: Integrated Early-Warning System Low Medium High
Action 3: Disaster Planning Low Medium High
Action 4: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction Low Medium High

Emissions Reduction

Action 1: Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Mapping High Medium Low
Action 2: Integrated Early-Warning System High Medium Low
Action 3: Disaster Planning High Medium Low
Action 4: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction High Medium Low

Climate Resilence

Action 1: Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Mapping High Medium Low
Action 2: Integrated Early-Warning System High Medium Low
Action 3: Disaster Planning High Medium Low
Action 4: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction High Medium Low

Timscale to Initiation

Action 1: Risk Assessment and Vulnerability MappingImmediate Short Medium Long
Action 2: Integrated Early-Warning System Immediate Short Medium Long
Action 3: Disaster Planning Immediate Short Medium Long
Action 4: Community-Based Disaster Risk ReductionImmediate Short Medium Long

Programme Length

Action 1: Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Mapping2 years initially, updated on an ongoing basis
Action 2: Integrated Early-Warning System 5 years
Action 3: Disaster Planning 2 years initially, updated on an ongoing basis
Action 4: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction2 years

Adaptation Fund - ClimDev Africa Special Fund - Global Climate Change Alliance - Global Environment Facility - Global
Facility for Disaster Risk Reduction and Recovery - Hatoyama Initiative - International Climate Initiative - International
Climate Fund - KfW Development & Climate Finance - Least Developed Country Fund - Nordic Climate Facility - Special
Climate Change Fund - World Bank Catastrophe Risk Management Facility

Climate Finance Streams

Detailed Programmes of Action
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Government of Rwanda82

Responsible Stakeholders (lead in bold)

RMS, MIDIMAR, MINALOC, MININFRA, MOH, research organisations, District and Sub-District authorities

Summary of Programmes and Actions

Robust observed climate data and climate projections for Rwanda are crucial to understand the future
impacts of climate change, and to develop scenarios to assess the potential futures of Rwanda. Developing
capacity in climate science is necessary to underpin this work, as highlighted in the actions identified below.

Action 1: Enhancing Climate Data Collection

The recording and collection of climate data is predominantly the responsibility of RMS, with other stations
held by MINAGRI and MOH. RMS is currently implementing a 5-year Strategic Plan, which includes
investment into upgrading their network of meteorological stations. However, this network upgrade may not
provide the spatial density of information required for climate studies and for adaptation. Therefore, Rwanda
will conduct an assessment of all existing and planned weather and climate data sources, in context of the
requirements for climate studies and for early warning systems. Required additional observations will be
arranged – to appropriate international standards – in collaboration with RMS and other relevant partners.
This network will provide all climate information necessary for future monitoring, climate trend detection,
management of climate variability, early warning and disaster management, and development of a weather
index-based crop insurance industry. The information will complement historical data, and update historical
records and re-analyses.

Action 2: Production of Climate Change Projections for Rwanda

A team will be established to undertake processing and interpretation of climate model outputs for Rwanda.
By using existing data, this action can be initiated quickly. Two example programmes with suitable data for
Rwanda include General Circulation Models (GCMs) and Regional Climate Models (RCMs): CORDEX
(COordinated Regional climate Downscaling Experiment) is an international collaboration to produce
downscaled climate model information on a regional and national basis across the whole world, and will be
released shortly. The focus will be on supporting vulnerability mapping in Rwanda, and on processing
climate model data in a user-friendly format so that it can be utilised by stakeholders in other sectors. Data
will be made available in a common format (Excel files, text files, etc), and both technical and non-technical
reports on projections will be produced.

Action 3: Coordinating Capacity Building in Climate Science

Building skills and expertise in climate science must be underpinned by appropriately trained staff. While
capacity exists in RMS and REMA, the long-term development of climate expertise in Rwanda requires a
coordinated approach to bring through a generation of climate scientists and experts in adaptation and
climate policy. Developments are being made by REMA in secondary schools, and by KIST and NUR at
university level. The GoR will undertake a study to identify further needs for integrating climate science in
schools, and ways of encouraging links between academia and Rwandan institutions, such as RMS and
REMA, for collaboration on research and implementation of work experience placements.

Action 4: Enhance the Use of Climate Data in Disease Prevention and Mitigation Programmes

Current programmes on human disease surveillance and prevention at the Ministry of Health will benefit from
climate data and projections. Research will be done on the impacts of temperature increases on vector-
borne diseases and mapping will be done to highlight high risk areas for malnutrition and water-borne
diseases from droughts and floods. Temperature increases may affect agricultural crop productivity and the
spread of crop disease and research will be done in this area.

Detailed Programmes of Action

Programme 14: Climate Data and Projections


Detailed Programmes of Action

National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development83

Strategic Objectives

Energy Security Food and Water Security ✔ Social Protection and DRR ✔
Low Carbon Development Protection of Ecosystem ✔ Sustainable Land Use ✔

Enablling Pillars

Institutional
Frameworks

Financial
Structures

Capacity BuildingIntegrated Planning and
Data Management

Technology, Research
and Infrastructure

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

Key Indicators

Action 1: Enhancing Climate Data Collection appropriate station network
Action 2: Production of Climate Change ProjectionsInitial completed set of projections for Rwanda
Action 3: Coordinating Capacity Building Completed assessment of needs; establishment of

proposed programmes at NUR and KIST.
Action 4: Climate Data for Disease Research Academic papers; disease prevalence

Comparative Cost

Action 1: Enhancing Climate Data Collection Low Medium High
Action 2: Production of Climate Change Projections Low Medium High
Action 3: Coordinating Capacity Building Low Medium High
Action 4: Climate Data for Disease Research Low Medium High

Emissions Reduction

Action 1: Enhancing Climate Data Collection High Medium Low
Action 2: Production of Climate Change Projections High Medium Low
Action 3: Coordinating Capacity Building High Medium Low
Action 4: Climate Data for Disease Research High Medium Low

Climate Resilence

Action 1: Enhancing Climate Data Collection High Medium Low
Action 2: Production of Climate Change Projections High Medium Low
Action 3: Coordinating Capacity Building High Medium Low
Action 4: Climate Data for Disease Research High Medium Low

Timscale to Initiation

Action 1: Enhancing Climate Data Collection Immediate Short Medium Long
Action 2: Production of Climate Change ProjectionsImmediate Short Medium Long
Action 3: Coordinating Capacity Building Immediate Short Medium Long
Action 4: Climate Data for Disease Research Immediate Short Medium Long

Programme Length

Action 1: Enhancing Climate Data Collection 2-5 years
Action 2: Production of Climate Change Projections6 months initially, updated on an ongoing basis
Action 3: Coordinating Capacity Building 6 months initially, updated on an ongoing basis
Action 4: Climate Data for Disease Research 3 years

Adaptation Fund - ClimDev Africa Special Fund - Global Climate Change Alliance - Global Facility for
Disaster Risk Reduction and Recover - Hatoyama Initiative - International Climate Initiative - Least
Developed Country Fund - Nordic Climate Facility - Special Climate Change Fund - World Bank
Catastrophe Risk Management Facility

Climate Finance Streams

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