Nyeri County Municipal Solid Waste Management Plan, Kenya 2020.pdf

COUNTY GOVERNMENT
OF NYERI


NYERI MUNICIPALITY SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT PLAN


November, 2020


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Solid waste management remains as one of the major development challenges globally,

nationally and at the County level. In the year 2010, the new constitution rationalized the

portfolio responsibilities and functions of all the county government ministries. Consequently,

the County Government of Nyeri formed the Department of Water, Environment, Natural

Resources and Sanitation which is responsible for solid waste management in the County. In

2019, solid waste management for Nyeri Municipality was delegated to the Nyeri Municipal

Board.


The purpose of the Solid Waste Management Plan is to guide Nyeri Municipality on sustainable

solid waste management by ensuring a healthy, safe and secure environment for all. The

Strategy is a deliberate and visionary commitment for the municipal board in the management

of solid waste. It is proposed that this Strategy will cover a period of five (5) years with a

midterm review at every three (3) years. With the full implementation of the Strategy, it is

expected that the municipality will have embraced environmentally sound waste management

technologies and best practices.


The Solid waste management policy consists of eight chapters as follows;

Chapter one highlights the background information on solid waste management, challenges

and what the strategy aims to achieve. It also gives the strategy guiding principles, scope of the

strategy, vision and mission of solid waste management for Nyeri municipality and legal

framework guiding the formulation of the strategy.


Chapter two demonstrates the current situation of solid waste management in Nyeri

municipality. This entails; waste generation, collection and transportation, human resource

management, user charges, current guiding regulations on solid waste management,

stakeholders in solid waste management and the way forward.


Chapter three discusses the ideal state of waste management in the municipality. It has

illustrated the guiding principles such as governance, social, technical and environmental

aspects; integrated solid waste management, waste cycle, and ideal approaches.


Chapter four, illustrates the waste management strategy, objectives, goals and role of the

collaborating agencies. The Strategy has been developed to enable the municipality meet the;


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Nyeri Municipality Integrated Development Plan 2018-2022, Medium term Plans and short

term and the goals for solid waste management.


Chapter five outlines the implementation framework to be followed in implementing Municipal

Integrated Development Plan, these includes, Institutions responsible for the actualization of

the plan, resource requirement and mobilization. It also outlines monitoring and evaluation

mechanism for the strategy to ensure accountability, transparency and feedback to customers.


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Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 0

CHAPTER ONE ......................................................................................................................................... 4

1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 4

1.1 PURPOSE OF THE STRATEGY ......................................................................................................... 4

1.2 SCOPE OF THE STRATEGY .............................................................................................................. 5

1.3. VISION AND MISSION OF THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY IN NYERI

MUNICIPALITY. .................................................................................................................................... 5

1.4 LEGAL FRAMEWORK RELEVANT TO SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN KENYA ............................. 5

CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................................ 8

2.0 CURRENT SITUATION OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN NYERI MUNICIPALITY ....................... 8

2.1 WASTE GENERATION IN NYERI MUNICIPALITY. ............................................................................ 8

2.2 COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION. .......................................................................................... 9

2.2.1 FLEET OF VEHICLES IN THE MUNICIPALITY .......................................................................... 10

2.2.2 WASTE DISPOSAL ................................................................................................................. 11

2.2.3 RECYCLING ........................................................................................................................... 11

2.3 HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ........................................................................................... 11

2.4 USER CHARGES ............................................................................................................................ 11

2.5 OTHER STEPS TAKEN ................................................................................................................... 12

2.6 WAY FORWARD ........................................................................................................................... 12

2.7 CURRENT GUIDING REGULATIONS ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT....................................... 12

2.8 STAKEHOLDERS IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ...................................................................... 12

3.0 THE IDEAL STATE OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE NYERI MUNICIPALITY .................... 14

3.1 GUIDING PRINCIPLES................................................................................................................... 14

3.1.2 Social aspects ....................................................................................................................... 14

3.1.3 Environmental Aspects ........................................................................................................ 15

3.1.4 Technical Aspects ................................................................................................................. 15

3.2 INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ............................................................................... 16

3.3 THE WASTE MANAGEMENT CYCLE AND THE IDEAL APPROACHES ............................................ 19

3.3.1 Waste Generation ................................................................................................................ 19

3.3.2 Waste Collection ........................................................................................................... 19

3.3.3 Waste Transportation .......................................................................................................... 20

3.3.4 Waste Disposal ..................................................................................................................... 20

CHAPTER FOUR ..................................................................................................................................... 23

4.0 THE WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY ...................................................................................... 23

4.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STRATEGY ................................................................................................... 23


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4.2 GOALS OF THE STRATEGY ........................................................................................................... 23

4.3 ROLES OF COLLABORATING AGENCIES ....................................................................................... 24

CHAPTER FIVE ....................................................................................................................................... 26

5.0 IMPLEMENTATION MATRIX. ....................................................................................................... 26

5.1 FUNDING MECHANISM ............................................................................................................... 31

5.2 MONITORING AND EVALUATION ................................................................................................ 31

5.3 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 31


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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Solid waste management remains as one of the major development challenges globally,

nationally and at the County level. In the year 2010, the new constitution rationalized the

portfolio responsibilities and functions of all the county government ministries. Consequently,

the County Government of Nyeri formed the Department of Water, Environment, Natural

Resources and Sanitation which is responsible for solid waste management in the County. In

2019, solid waste management for Nyeri Municipality was delegated to the Nyeri Municipal

Board.


All human activities generate waste which requires to be properly managed for the protection

human health and environment while enhancing aesthetics. This scenario is particularly evident

in urban settlements which generate large quantities of solid waste due to high human

population. The impacts of poor solid waste management within the Counties urban settlements

are disastrous. As such there is need for proper and efficient waste management.


Kenya Vision 2030 recognizes the need for efficient and sustainable waste management

systems to be established as the country develops into a newly industrialized state by 2030.

Guided by the Environmental Management and Coordination (Waste Management) regulations

of 2006, and other relevant legislative frameworks, this strategy provides for the guiding

framework for solid waste management within Nyeri Municipality. The strategy shall guide

the municipality solid waste management actors by providing effective, efficient and

sustainable services while utilizing solid waste as an economic resource.


1.1 PURPOSE OF THE STRATEGY

Solid Waste Management Plan has been formulated to guide Nyeri Municipality on sustainable

solid waste management by ensuring a healthy, safe and secure environment for all. The

Strategy is a deliberate and visionary commitment for the municipal board in the management

of solid waste.

The guiding principle of this Strategy is to address the following:

The Current situation (Where are we now?)

The Preferred state (Where do we want to go?) and

Implementation of the Strategy (How do we get there?)


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1.2 SCOPE OF THE STRATEGY

Solid waste management remains a major challenge in the county. Over the years, the defunct

local authorities did not establish proper waste management systems and hence the County

Government inherited this state of affairs. This has led to the current poor waste management

situation across the county.


It is proposed that this Strategy will cover a period of five (5) years with a midterm review after

every three (3) years. With the full implementation of the Strategy, it is expected that the

municipality will have embraced environmentally sound waste management technologies and

best practices.


1.3. VISION AND MISSION OF THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

STRATEGY IN NYERI MUNICIPALITY.

Vision

A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a municipality,

in a time of increasing resource scarcity; that seeks to minimize waste generation and promote

re-use, recovery and recycling of waste materials and sustainable waste disposal.

a) Mission

To improve and protect the public health of Nyeri Municipality, to protect ecological health,

diversity and productivity, and to maximize resource recovery through a participatory

approach.


1.4 LEGAL FRAMEWORK RELEVANT TO SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT IN KENYA

Constitution of Kenya: In the Constitution of Kenya, Article 42 on the Environment provides

that- ―Every person has the right to a clean and healthy environment, which includes the right

(a) to have the environment protected for the benefit of present and future generations through

legislative and other measures, particularly those contemplated in Article 69; and

(b) to have obligations relating to the environment fulfilled under Article 70.

Part 2 of the fourth Schedule in the Constitution of Kenya explicitly provides that the

County Governments shall be responsible for; refuse removal, refuse dumps and solid waste

disposal.

.


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The Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA), 1999 (Revised 2015)

Section 3of EMCA, stipulates that, “Every person in Kenya is entitled to a clean and healthy

environment and has a duty to safeguard and enhance the environment”.

The act in Section 9, Section 86 and Section 87also provides for-

a) The standards of waste including such as handling, storage transportation, segregation

and destruction of any waste.

b) Prohibition of handling dangerous waste

c) Classification and management of hazardous and toxic waste

d) Transportation, licensing of waste transporters and waste disposal sites


Environmental Management and Coordination (Waste Management) Regulations of

2006

In the Responsibility of the Generator, Regulation 2 states that, “Any person whose activities

generate waste shall collect, segregate and dispose or cause to be disposed off such waste in

the manner provided for under these Regulations”.

Regulation 5 on the Segregation of waste by a generator states that, “(1) Any person whose

activities generate waste, shall segregate such waste by separating hazardous waste from

nonhazardous waste and shall dispose of such wastes in such facility as is provided for by the

relevant Local Authority”.


The Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2007

The Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2007 Part IX, Chemical Safety, Section 83

Subsection IV states that at every workplace where chemicals or other toxic substances are

manipulated, the employer shall develop a suitable system for the safe collection, recycling and

disposal of chemical wastes, obsolete chemicals and empty containers of chemicals to avoid

the risks to safety, health of employees and to the environment.


The Public Health Act, 2012

The Public Health Act Revised Edition 2012, Part 126. Rules under Part, The Minister, on the

advice of the board, may make rules and may confer powers and impose duties in connation

with the carrying out and enforcement thereof on local authorities, magistrates, owners and

others as to—(d) the drainage of land, streets or premises, the disposal of offensive liquids and

the removal and disposal of rubbish, refuse, manure and waste matters.

Section 118 - What constitutes nuisance-1. The following shall be deemed to be nuisances

liable to be dealt with in the manner provided in this;


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Part—(c) any street, road or any part thereof, any stream, pool, ditch, gutter, watercourse, sink,

water-tank, cistern, water-closet, earth-closet, privy, urinal, cesspool, soak-away pit, septic

tank, cesspit, soil-pipe, waste-pipe, drain, sewer, garbage receptacle, dust-bin, dungpit, refuse-

pit, slop-tank, ash-pit or manure heap so foul or in such a state or so situated or constructed as

in the opinion of the medical officer of health to be offensive or to be injurious or dangerous

to health.

Part (e) states that any noxious matter, or waste water, flowing or discharged from any

premises, wherever situated, into any public street, or into the gutter or side channel of any

street, or into any or watercourse, irrigation channel or bed thereof not approved for the

reception of such discharge constitutes to be a nuisance.

Section 126 - Rules under Part, The Minister, on the advice of the board, may make rules and

may confer powers and impose duties in connection with the carrying out and enforcement

thereof on local authorities, magistrates, owners and others as to—part (d) the drainage of

land, streets or premises, the disposal of offensive liquids and the removal and disposal of

rubbish, refuse, manure and waste matters.


The County Governments Act, 2012

Section 120, Tariffs and pricing of public services, subsection (3) A tariff policy adopted under

subsection (1) shall reflect following guidelines — part (h) promotion of the economic,

efficient, effective and sustainable use of resources, the recycling of waste, and other

appropriate environmental objectives.


The Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003

This regulation defines "waste" includes any matter prescribed to waste and any matter whether

liquid, solid, gaseous or radioactive, which is discharged, emitted or deposited in the

environment in such volume composition or manner likely to cause an alteration of the

environment.

Part IV - The Environmental Impact Assessment Study Report, 18. (1)A proponent shall

submit to the Authority, an environmental contents of impact assessment study report

incorporating but not limited to the environmental following information - (f) the products,

byproducts and waste generated project;

Part V - Environmental Audit and Monitoring 36, (2) an environmental audit report compiled

under these Regulations shall contain - (b) an indication of the various materials, including

non-manufactured materials, the final products, and by products, and waste generated.


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CHAPTER TWO


2.0 CURRENT SITUATION OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN NYERI

MUNICIPALITY


2.1 WASTE GENERATION IN NYERI MUNICIPALITY.

Waste generation in Nyeri municipality is mostly from the urban areas. Nyeri Central Business

District, Majengo, Kamakwa, Ngangarithi, Ruringu, Gatitu, King’ong’o, Mathari, Chaka,

Kiganjo, Kerichu and major residential estates generate most of the solid waste due to high

population density. Nyeri municipality majors in agriculture; most of the waste in rural areas

is used as compost manure. The waste in urban set up is collected and mixed up at the disposal

areas without sorting. However, below is a breakdown of the major categories of solid waste

generators: -

1. Retail Agri- markets

2. Hotels and restaurants

3. Wholesale and retail outlets

4. Manufacturing

5. Financial, educational institutions

6. Other offices

7. Construction waste

Waste Streams

▪ Food, kitchen and garden waste

▪ Agricultural waste

▪ Automotive waste (oil, tyres, end of life

vehicles (or vehicle parts)

▪ Paper and cardboard

▪ E – waste

▪ Scrap metals

▪ Construction and demolition

debris

▪ Medical waste

▪ Sewage sludge

▪ Batteries, expired chemicals and

pharmaceuticals


The most common forms of solid waste generated in the municipality is the organic waste

which is mainly generated at household level and agricultural produce/food markets, hotels and

restaurants. Inorganic waste such as e-waste, plastics, glass bottles, construction waste and junk

are also produced but in low quantities. Public and private health facilities generate biomedical

waste. The waste characteristic is estimated to be as enumerated in the table below:

Table 1: solid waste characterization


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Type of waste Percentage

Organic 51%

Plastics 11%

Paper and paper products 9%

Glass 5%

Metals 2%

Inerts such as sand, rubble, dirt etc. 4%

Others (totally mixed waste at collection) 18%


2.2 COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION.

Collection and transportation of solid waste generated at household, commercial and institution

level in the municipality is mainly undertaken by the government which provides the services.

Some areas are served by private waste collectors who are by law required to be registered and

licensed. Health waste is handled separately with major process being microwaving and

incineration

The municipality has adopted a kerbside waste collection system in CBD since 2016. The same

is affected in estates surrounding Nyeri town though not so effectively due to system challenges

such as inconsistency in scheduled collection due to breakdowns. In rural areas as well as some

estates, there waste collection receptacles/retention chambers positioned at strategic points for

communal collection. The vastness of some areas also pose a challenge of ineffective waste

collection given the inadequate resource.

There are some areas that are not efficiently reached/fully covered currently by the collection

trucks, e.g. Thunguma, due to the insufficiency in trucks as well as the rural setting of part of

the area.

There is limited awareness and knowledge on the importance of a clean and healthy

environment in Nyeri municipality, which has translated to poor handling of waste at the

household level including lack of segregation, reuse, reduce and recycling of waste produced.

A negative attitude towards waste management and failure to take individual responsibility has

also contributed to practices such as littering, illegal dumping and open burning, which has led

to environmental pollution.

Waste transportation in the municipality is largely basic – open trucks, tractors and side loaders.

The inadequacy in transportation modes has led to littering and open dumping, making waste

an eyesore, particularly plastics in the environment. The municipality also faces the challenge

of lack of enough waste collection trucks whereby one truck serves more the whole

municipality. Frequent breakdown of trucks has led to inconsistency in collection as per


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schedule leading to accumulation of waste in the designated areas. This greatly inhibits

efficient and effective waste service delivery.

Poor infrastructure in the informal settlements has led to improper waste disposal due to lack

of waste collection points and inaccessibility of the areas. These places lack designated areas

where waste can be disposed awaiting collection and transportation. The indiscriminate waste

disposal has led to blocking of drainages which eventually causes water pollution and poses

health risks to the people and causes environmental degradation. Furthermore, access with the

waste collection trucks is a challenge due to lack of structured road networks within the

settlements which then leads to improper waste disposal due to long term accumulation of

waste. This leads to environmental pollution, loss of natural aesthetic value and reduced

environmental quality.

In total, an average of 292 tonnes is collected weekly and 1169 tonnes of waste are collected

monthly in the municipality with only three vehicles and one tractor.


Plate 1: photo a waste tipper truck waste collector Plate 2: photo of a side loader waste

collector

2.2.1 FLEET OF VEHICLES IN THE MUNICIPALITY

The status of waste collection vehicles is as tabulated below. These figures keep changing as

breakdown of vehicles is unpredictable. All the same, the department is set on repairing all the

vehicles.

STATUS NO Remarks

ON ROAD 4 3 trucks, 1 tractor

OFF ROAD 2 Awaiting repairs 1 compacter, 1 tractor


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Currently, for daily collection, Nyeri municipality has three trucks and one tractor.

2.2.2 WASTE DISPOSAL

Disposal of waste in Nyeri Municipality, remains a major challenge as the municipality has not

gazetted and designated proper and adequate disposal sites, nor established a modern waste

management facility. There exists no sanitary land fill in the municipality, which is the

minimum environment standard set for a disposal site. Currently, the Nyeri Municipality is

relying on other dumping sites within the county.


2.2.3 RECYCLING

Waste recycling takes place minimally and informally. This takes place at one of the existing

dumpsites within the county, in collaboration with youth groups and also by scavengers. This

is at a very small scale and mostly on paper, plastics and tyres. Only recently did one of the

groups begin composting. From the waste collected, the two youth groups make briquettes,

bio-oil, crushed glass, and they sell plastics.

Due to a lack of waste segregation at source, recycling then can only be to a certain level due

to contamination of materials to be recycled.

2.3 HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

The municipality is currently operating with a workforce of sixty one (61) people as tabulated

below: -

1. Casual workers - 49

2. Permanent staff - 12

There are (3) three Public Health officers in the municipality offering technical support in the

solid waste management.

2.4 USER CHARGES

The County collects revenue from solid waste only for all business premises when acquiring

business licenses, depending on the extent/size of the business. For households, only those

served by NYEWASCO and sections of them pay for waste collection, a monthly fee of

Ksh.150.


The private waste transporters are charged whenever they dispose waste at the County disposal

points and are charged as per the size of the vehicles used. These are done in conformity to the

guidelines set by NEMA.


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2.5 OTHER STEPS TAKEN

The county did an expression of Interest where bidders were to express interest for the

establishment of a Modern Integrated Solid Waste Management plant for the County on a

Design, Build, Operate and Transfer basis, which is to be set up on county land. The EOI

attracted 8 bidders, all locals. The evaluation committee recommended 5 of the firms to proceed

to the next stage for Request For Proposal (RFP).


At this stage, the County government is seeking advice from the National Treasury – Private

Public Partnership Unit. The success of this engagement will enable the municipal board

address solid waste management effectively.


2.6 WAY FORWARD

o Identify and acquire appropriate site

o Purchase of machinery for waste segregation, treatment and recycling.

o Fencing of the ground for the treatment plant

o Training of staff to operate/maintain the plant

o Sensitization and creation of awareness to the community on sorting of waste at household

level.

o Increase area covered on collection through privatization of sections as well as spread in

user charge collection

o Increase the collection trucks and proper maintenance of the same to allow efficiency in

kerbside system of waste collection.

2.7 CURRENT GUIDING REGULATIONS ON SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT

Currently there is a draft solid waste Management Policy and Solid waste draft Bill which will

be used to ensure that stated procedures are fully implemented and periodically reviewed by

operational services to ensure compliance.

2.8 STAKEHOLDERS IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

The involvement and participation of all the stakeholders such as the Youth Waste Recyclers,

Waste processors formal and informal agencies as well as non-governmental organization play

a key factor for the sustainable solid waste management. The Nyeri Municipal board will

partner with stakeholders as service providers to address the problem of solid waste by

coordinating their participation and involvement in various solid waste management activities

which include creation of public awareness to enhance source reduction, handling, collection

and disposal of solid waste.


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They are critical partners in local solid waste management since the activities deal with the

subject concerning the environment protection, health of the society, education and community

service.


Stakeholders in solid waste management


•Waste separaton
at source,
awareness
creation on 3Rs,
policing for
littering and
illegal dumping

•Chambers of commerce,
private companies, industries
etc

•3Rs awareness creation ,
invest in waste collection,
transportation, treatment
and disposal

•Youth groups

•Women groups

•Vulnerable groups

•Collecction, awareness
creation, recycling and
composting etc

•County government and
NEMA

•Regulation, service
provision, licensing ,
awareness creation,
enforecement,
infrastructure

Government
Community

Based
Groups

Community Private sector


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CHAPTER THREE

3.0 THE IDEAL STATE OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE NYERI

MUNICIPALITY

Sanitation is one of the most important aspects of individual and community well-being

because it protects human health, environment, and water sources and provides enormous

benefits to the economy. As Mahatma Gandhi put it – “Sanitation is more important than

Independence”. The Constitution of Kenya 2010 under the Bill of Rights, Article 42 (a) and

Article 43 (d) guarantees every person the right to a clean and healthy environment, reasonable

standards of sanitation and safe water. The Constitution under the Fourth Schedule, vests in the

County Government the power and function of providing water and sanitation services, control

of pollution and other public nuisances, refuse and solid waste management and ensuring the

widest possible enjoyment of the water and sanitation rights guaranteed under Article 43.


3.1 GUIDING PRINCIPLES

Guiding principles dictate how the sanitation sub-sector in Nyeri County will do things in the

future. They define a method of grappling with the situation and of ruling out a vast array of

possible actions, they help tackle obstacles identified in the diagnosis of the current situation

and are built on strengths and opportunities identified for the county. Guiding principles will

ensure future actions are coherent with the strategy and will help reach the vision for 2030.

The principles are directed by:

3.1.1 Governance

I. Transparency and Accountability

Spending on sanitation shall be earmarked and ring-fenced in a unified agreed upon

countywide sanitation budget. An evaluation framework shall be in place to ensure regular

monitoring of sanitation investments. All service charges and levies must be redirected back

to the line departments.

II. Institutional Strengthening

Resources shall be allocated to capacity building, training and continual professional

development and institutional strengthening. Responsibilities of different departments for

sanitation shall be clearly defined.

III. Public Private Partnerships

Existing capacities shall be taken advantage of through public-private partnerships and

Corporate Social Responsibility principles applied.

3.1.2 Social aspects

➢ Social Inclusion and Human Rights


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Available resources for sanitation shall be allocated on a per-capita basis to serve all.

No person shall be excluded from services on the basis of tenure security. Cross-subsidy

principles shall be adopted to ensure equitable access to services and social inclusion.


➢ Public Participation

The opinions of the users shall be taken into account in making decisions concerning

the provision of sanitation services.


➢ Service approach

Instead of the classic project-oriented approach that limits itself to the implementation

of sanitation structures, a service-oriented approach sensitive to the needs of the low-

income segments of the population shall be adopted. This approach is long term,

focuses on the user and takes life cycle costs of sanitation solutions into account.


➢ Community awareness, social marketing and behavioral change

Health promotion services and good household hygiene practices are essential

components of sanitation services. Awareness campaigns and behavioral change

strategies that are sensitive to cultural aspects shall be adopted and implemented in

urban and rural contexts alike.


3.1.3 Environmental Aspects

▪ Water Source Protection

Water sources shall be properly mapped, inventoried and protected in strict adherence to the

environmental laws. International conventions regarding environmental protection shall inform

county level guidelines.


▪ Reduce, Re-Use, Recycle (3R)

Application of 3R (Reduce, re-use and recycle) shall be prioritized to ensure waste

minimization and resource efficiency where recyclables shall be re-channeled into new

processes as raw materials.

3.1.4 Technical Aspects

o Choice of Technologies

Technology choices shall include a variety of alternatives including sewered and on-site,

centralized and decentralized. When evaluating sanitation technologies, preference shall be

given to those alternatives which:


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• Are appropriate to local conditions, i.e. materials available and available capacity for

operation and maintenance

• Are demanded or accepted by the users

• Minimize the environmental impact

• Have the lowest total costs. The total cost for a sanitation alternative includes investment

costs, capital maintenance costs and operations and management costs along the whole

sanitation chain: user interface, collection and transport, treatment and final disposal/re-use.


o Knowledge Management

A proportion of the sanitation budget for the county shall be allocated towards research and

development for validation, innovation and continuous improvement of sanitation solutions.

Technical as well as social staff shall be constantly trained and professionalized.

3.2 INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

The modern approach to effective and sustainable waste management is what has come to be

commonly referred to as the Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM). This integrated

approach has been advanced by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the UN-

Habitat. The approach may be viewed from different analytical frameworks. The UNEP and

UN-Habitat have developed 2 complementary analytical frameworks on ISWM. The analytical

frameworks are the “two-triangle” ISWM analytical framework advanced by UN-Habitat and

the Waste Management Hierarchy advanced by UNEP.


a. two-triangle” ISWM analytical framework

The “Two triangles” analytical framework categorizes solid waste management system into

two pillars (triangles) i.e. the physical elements and governance features. Table 4 below

outlines the “Two-triangle” analytical framework.


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Figure 1: "Two triangles" Analytical Framework


The first triangle comprises the three key physical elements of the ISWM system, which are–

i. Public health which entails maintaining healthy conditions in cities and urban areas

through a good waste collection service.

ii. Environment which entails protection of environment throughout the waste chain,

especially during treatment and disposal.

iii. Resource management which may be described as ‘closing the loop’ since it entails

returning both materials and nutrients to beneficial use, through preventing waste and

striving for high rates of organics recovery, reuse and recycling.

The second triangle comprises of the governance features of the ISWM system, which supports

sustenance of the first triangle. The governance features entail a system that–

i. Are inclusive, providing transparent spaces for stakeholders to contribute as users,

providers and enablers?

ii. Financial sustainable, which implies cost-effective and affordable waste management

system.

iii. Rest on a base of sound institutions and pro-active policies which implies working

policies and relevant institutions.


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b) Waste Management Hierarchy ISWM analytical framework

The waste management hierarchy indicates

an order of preference for action to reduce

and manage waste. The waste hierarchy is

presented as an inverted pyramid with the

most preferred action being prevention of

waste generation followed by reduction of

waste generation (e.g. through re-use),

followed by recycling (including composting

or anaerobic digestion), followed by material

recovery and waste-energy processes such as

combustion and pyrolysis and the final action

being disposal either in landfills or through

incineration without energy recovery for

waste that was not prevented, diverted or

recovered.

The ISWM system forms a good foundation

for solid waste management policy

framework and strategy development.


Figure 2: Waste Management

c) Waste avoidance and reduction

Waste avoidance and reduction is the foundation of the waste hierarchy and is the preferred

choice for waste management measures. The aim of waste avoidance and reduction is to

achieve waste minimization and therefore reduce the amount of waste entering the waste

stream.

d) Recovery, re-use and recycling

Recovery, re-use and recycling comprise the second step in the waste hierarchy. Recovery,

reuse and recycling are very different physical processes, but have the same aim of reclaiming

material from the waste stream and reducing the volume of waste generated that moves down

the waste hierarchy.


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e) Disposal

Disposal is any operation that involves the dumping and incineration of waste without energy

recovery. Before final disposal, a considerable amount of pretreatment may be necessary to

change the characteristics of the waste in order to reduce the quantity or harmfulness of the

waste. Landfills are the most common form of waste disposal but the least preferred option in

the waste hierarchy.

3.3 THE WASTE MANAGEMENT CYCLE AND THE IDEAL APPROACHES

The waste management cycle comprises;

• Waste generation

• Waste collection

• Waste transportation

• Waste treatment

• Waste disposal


3.3.1 Waste Generation

Most of the waste is generated at household, market places, cities, towns, institutions and

Industrial zones. Ideally;

• The waste generator should endeavor to minimize waste by reducing, reusing, refusing,

returning waste or by adopting cleaner production technologies;

• All waste generated should be segregated at source;

• The County Governments and the licensed service providers should provide color

coded bags or bins as per the NEMA guidance for the segregated waste;


3.3.2 Waste Collection

• Waste collection is the main point of interface between the public and waste service

providers who are either the Municipal Board or the private sector.

• Collection centers/transfer stations should be established at strategic areas within a

town. They should be fully equipped with waste receptacles which should either be

color coded or labeled with the specific waste stream to promote waste segregation.

• All waste collection centers should be zoned/ designated by the Nyeri Municipal Board.

• These collection areas should be properly managed and maintained with frequent and

• Timely collection of waste to avoid scattering into undesignated areas.


20


3.3.3 Waste Transportation

• The Municipal Board should provide adequate transport for the various segregated

waste streams;

• The waste transportation trucks should be closed and suitable for the transportation of

the various waste streams to the waste treatment facilities and landfills;

• The trucks waste trucks should be regularly serviced and maintained to avoid littering

of waste;

• All waste transportation vehicles should be licensed to operate by NEMA.


3.3.4 Waste Disposal

• Disposal refers to the depositing or burial of waste on land.

• The Sanitary landfills should be lined with systems to collect leachate and methane gas.

• There should be frequent spreading, compacting and covering of waste with soil or any

other appropriate covering material so as to avoid environmental pollution and

scavenging birds.


21


Ideal State and Roadmap


Waste transportation

-Adequate trucks (Closed)
-Licensing of trucks

Actors:

Private sector

County Govenrment

NEMA

Waste Collection
-Public private partnership in collection

(estates, industries and institutions)

-Frequent and timely collection

(Scheduled collection)

-Kerbside collection

Further sorting at transfer stations

Actors:

County Government

Private waste collectors ( inc. youth and women groups)

Facility :

Collection centers/transfer stations at designated areas

Waste generation

-Separation at source (dry and wet )

-Empahasy on 3Rs

- Public awareness creation to promote waste
segregation

Actors:

County Government

Private waste collectors ( inc. groups)

NEMA

Equipement:

Use of coded bags /bins

WASTE DISPOSAL

Waste Treatment Plant


WASTE DISPOSAL - Waste Treatment Plant


22


•Transfer Station

•Waste sorting machineSorting

•Windrow composting - (Windrow
composting machine; composting station)

• Site composting for Institutions -
(Composting chambers)

Composting

•Plastic recycling - PET crushing machine

•Glass recycling -Glass crushing machine

•Carbonizing machine (briquettes)
Recycling

•Pyrolsis machine

• For other plastics, tiresPyrolsis

• Incinerator

• For non-recyclabes and medical
waste

Incineration

• Sanitary landfill

• For remaining wasteLandfilling


23


CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 THE WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

The Nyeri Municipality Solid Waste Management Strategy has been formulated with an aim

of leading the municipality towards achieving sustainable solid waste management to a state

of Zero Waste generation as a guiding principle which states that Waste is a resource that can

be harnessed to create wealth, employment and reduce pollution of the environment.

The Strategy has been developed to enable the municipality meet the;

1. Nyeri Municipality Integrated Development Plan 2018-2022

2. Medium term Plans and short term.

3. The goals for solid waste management

4.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STRATEGY

1. To formulate policies and legislations to reduce high of waste quantities generation.

2. To inculcate responsible public behavior on waste management.

3. To promote waste segregation at source.

4. To establish environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for waste management.

4.2 GOALS OF THE STRATEGY

1. Protection of public Health.

2. Reduction of poverty.

3. Reduction of Waste Management.

4. Protection of the environment.

5. To promote circular economy

Key approaches to implementing the strategy

The strategy will be implemented using the following approaches:

• Strategic alignment and recognition of partners through a public private partnership

• Introduction of incentives in the waste management cycle (generation, segregation,

collection, transportation, treatment and disposal)

• Introduction of extended producer responsibility and public awareness campaigns and

education;

• Establishment of efficiency and value addition in the waste management cycle

• Compliment the input from Community Based Organizations (CBO’s) and other

private public activities.

• Phase out waste burning

• Establish waste operational zones


24


• Upscale the activities of the informal sector to link up with the existing formal recycling

industries.

• Establishment of infrastructure and systems for residual waste through a stepwise

phasing out of illegal dumpsites to establishment of sanitary landfills.

4.3 ROLES OF COLLABORATING AGENCIES

Implementation of this strategy requires the involvement of several actors whose roles are

outlined below.

NEMA:

a) Formulate policies, legislations and economic instruments relevant to achieving sustainable

waste management;

b) Develop and disseminate public information on the regulatory requirements for waste

management in Kenya;

c) Undertake benchmarking regionally and internationally on appropriate waste management

technologies;

d) Enhance the capacity of the county governments on waste management systems and

approaches applicable in their respective counties;

e) Employ social media to attract wider stakeholder participation and change attitudes towards

waste management at a national level;

f) Hold public awareness sessions (for example, school workshops, public consultation

exhibitions and public events) on waste management initiatives;

g) Support the dissemination of waste management research and development findings

h) Involve mass media dissemination techniques, such as the publication of news articles and

press releases, in addition to ensure coverage in both print and media outlets.

i) Undertake enforcement activities of the laws developed on solid waste management and

surveillance exercises on illegal waste related activities.

j) Monitoring and evaluation of the strategy.

The National Treasury:

(a) Channel funding to the respective government agencies and institutions for development

of waste management initiatives and facilities

Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and NGOs:

a. Promote and /or undertake income generating ventures in waste management initiatives.

b. Represent the public’s interest in the solid waste management agenda, nationwide and in

support in identification of illegal waste related activities.

c. Advocate for change in the public’s knowledge, attitude and practice towards sustainable

waste management.


25


Private Sector:

(a) Through PPP, Involvement in the development of effective and efficient solid waste

management facilities.

(b) Prioritize on corporate social responsibility (CSR) on waste management

(c) Empower communities and other stakeholders in understanding waste management related

issues and in finding solutions for the same.

The Citizens/Public:

(a) Change in attitude and practice to embrace the concept of a waste generator’s responsibility

by ensuring waste is appropriately managed at source and/or in all phases of the waste

management cycle.

(b) Adopt the 7R (Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Rethink, Refuse, Refill, Repairing) and/or an

integrated solid waste management approach in the management of all waste streams.

(c) Collaborate with other government entities, CSOs, NGOs and other informal groups in

waste management through the PPP approach.


26


CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 IMPLEMENTATION MATRIX.


Objective Strategy Activities Actors Timeline Approx.

Budget

Status

1.Formulate

appropriate

legislation and

instruments

-Develop and

implement

legislation

and economic

instruments

-Legislation

and

instruments

development

and

harmonization


-ensure

implementation

of regulations

and

instruments set

-County

executive

-Municipal

Board

-County

assembly


2 years


5,000,000


5,000,000


-Ensure

enforcement

of waste

management

legislation

and standards

-compliance

and

enforcement of

waste

management

standards and

legislations


-County

executive

-Municipal

Board

-NEMA


-County

assembly


Continuous


10,000,000

-Uptake of

appropriate

technologies


-Benchmarking

on and best

practices of

appropriate

technologies


County

Executive

Municipal

Board

NEMA


1 year 2,000,000

3. Capacity

Building.


-Recruitment

of skilled and

unskilled

personnel

Advertisement

of vacancies

County

Executive


Municipal

Board

1 year 50,000,000


27


County

public

service

board

-Conduct in

service

training of

personnel on

waste

management

Workshop


Short courses

County

executive


Municipal

Board

1 year 1,000,000

Sensitize the

public on

integrated

waste

management

Hold civic

education

through media

and barazas


Publish

educational

materials


Monthly clean

ups


County

executive


Municipal

Board


Community

groups


Private

companies


Continuous


5,000,000

3.Mobilize

resources


Lobby for

Increased

budgetary

allocation.

Procurement

plan

preparation

County

executive


Municipal

Board


County

assembly

1 year


500,000


Promote

public private

partnerships

in waste

management

Marketing and

advertisement

Organizing

stakeholders

forums

Private

companies

and

corporations

Municipal

Board

Community

groups

1 year


500,000


Promote and

activate waste

as a revenue

stream

Civic

education,

campaigns and

trainings

Marketing of

recycled and

reusables

County

executive


Municipal

Board


Community

groups


1 year 500,000


28


Private

companies

4. Promote and

establish waste

segregation and

recycling

systems.


Provision of

equipment’s

and transport

system

-Procure bins

and waste bags

labeled

according to

the type of

waste


-Plan and

organize

collection

County

Executive


Municipal

Board


NGOs


Private

companies

1 year


1 year

10,000,000


-Develop

waste

segregation

and recycling

plans


-conduct

benchmarking

for practices on

segregation

and recycling


-conduct

training of both

staff and other

stakeholders


-conduct an

estate pilot

County

executive


Municipal

Board


NGOs


3 years


10,000,000


1,000,000


3,000,000


Develop

promotion

programs on

use of

recycled and

recovered

materials

conduct civic

education


-publish

educational

material

County

executive


Municipal

Board


NGOs


1,000,000

-Enhance

stakeholders

collaboration

on waste

segregation

and recyling


-campaigns

and

advertisement


-stakeholder

workshops

500,000


500,000


5. Establish

sustainable

infrastructure

and systems for

waste collection

and

transportation


-Designate,

build and

operate

collection

points,

transfer

stations and

disposal sites

Identification

of strategic

areas


Construction

and

management of

-County

Executive


- Municipal

board


-NEMA


2 years 15,000,000


29


transfer

stations


Provision of

adequate and

appropriate

waste

collection and

transportation

systems

Buy additional

and relevant

waste trucks to

meet the needs


Maintenance of

roads to enable

easy access


use of GIS to

map and truck

waste

transportation

County

executive


Municipal

board


3 years 10,000,000

Improvement

and

maintenance

of existing

facilities and

machinery

-Upgrade

existing waste

management

facilities


-Repair of

grounded

vehicles and

machinery

County

executive


Municipal

board


NEMA


continuous -

6. Establish

environmentally

sound

infrastructure

and systems for

waste disposal

and treatment


-Acquiring

land for waste

management

purposes.


-Survey and

Acquisition of

a suitable land

according to

set regulation.


-Acquiring title

deeds for the

disposal sites

and transfer

stations

County

Executive


Municipal

board


NEMA


NLC


3year 20,000,000

-Conduct

public

participation

and

sensitization

on waste

-Call for public

participation

before

acquiring sites


County

Executive


County

Environment

Committee

1 year 1,500,000


30


disposal as a

land use

activity

-Hold civic

education

forums


-Hold baraza

meetings with

the

communities


Municipal

Board


NEMA


County

Assembly


NLC


-Conduct

environmental

Assessments

and audits on

the disposal

and transfer

sites

To procure

services of a

lead expert

licensed by

NEMA for


a) EIA on

proposed

disposal site


b)Audit on

existing sites


c)EIA on

proposed

transfer

stations


NEMA,


County

Executive


Municipal

Board

3 years 1,500,000

Establishment

of waste

treatment and

disposal

facilities

-Develop a

sanitary

landfill


-Put up an

incinerator


-Put up

pyrolysis

machinery


-Set up

recycling plant


County

executive


Municipal

Board


Public

private

partnerships


Private

investors


NEMA

3 years


31


-Increase

security and

surveillance

in waste

disposal sites

-Monitoring of

activities at

sites by

enforcement

and security

officers


-Fencing of

the existing

and proposed

sites


-County

Executive


-Municipal

board


-NEMA

-Ministry of

interior and

coordination

-County

Legal Unit


3years 10,000,000


5.1 FUNDING MECHANISM

The sources of funding for the implementation plan will be from the County Government of

Nyeri, Public Private Partnerships, waste generators and the development partners. The funding

must be self-sustaining in the long run and strategically integrated in all phases of the waste

management system. These phases include initiatives to minimize generation of waste at

source, improve collection and transportation systems as well as managing the disposal of

waste that cannot be recycled or reused.

5.2 MONITORING AND EVALUATION

Poor solid waste management has direct and indirect effects to the public health and the

environment and therefore monitoring and evaluation is an integral component. The

Monitoring and Evaluation system adopted for this strategy will be designed to provide

feedback to stakeholders to ensure accountability, transparency, facilitate appropriate decisions

on future implementation and review of the strategy to ensure that the input delivery, work

schedules and target outputs are progressing according to the plan.

5.3 CONCLUSION

There is need to introduce service charge to the residents for solid waste collection in order to

offer commensurate service provision. It is proposed that a well-designed charging system can

have a positive effect in reducing waste generation by producers through offering incentives

for those who minimize waste by lowering their chargeable tariff. This initiative requires

intensive social marketing and public goodwill. Other premises e.g. supermarkets would be

encouraged to buy back valuable used items such as bottles hence enabling greater recovery.


32


Other than the County annual budgetary allocation, partial funding from various partners can

also be explored for the infrastructural components of the strategy. The main aspect in such an

arrangement would be the extent to which the County and private sector share the cost.


Nevertheless, the implementation of the waste hierarchy and achievement of the objectives

outlined in this strategy is integral to achieving the vision of a zero-waste society, and

establishing a sustainable future and a better life for all Kenya.


.2.1 FLEET OF VEHICLES IN THE MUNICIPALITY


2.2.2 WASTE DISPOSAL


2.2.3 RECYCLING


3.1.2 Social aspects


3.1.3 Environmental Aspects


3.1.4 Technical Aspects


3.3.1 Waste Generation


3.3.2


Waste Collection


3.3.3 Waste Transportation


3.3.4 Waste Disposal


.2.1 FLEET OF VEHICLES IN THE MUNICIPALITY


2.2.2 WASTE DISPOSAL


2.2.3 RECYCLING


3.1.2 Social aspects


3.1.3 Environmental Aspects


3.1.4 Technical Aspects


“TWO TRIANGLES” ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK


Public Health Inclusivity
Collection


User and Provider

Sound Institutions :
and Pro-active Policies

Environment
Disposal

Gover


3Rs Financial :

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Sustainability :

¥


Integrated Sustainable Waste Management we

Source: © David Wilson, Costas Velis, Ljiljana Rodic. Concept adapted from: Scheinberg, A., Wilson, D.C. and Rodie, L. (2010) Solid Waste Management in the World’s Cities.
Earthscan for UN-Habitat.


WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY


Most preferred

Disposal

v

Least preferred

Source: UNEP (2011). Towards a Green Economy:
Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication.


3.3.1 Waste Generation


3.3.2


Waste Collection


3.3.3 Waste Transportation


3.3.4 Waste Disposal


WASTE DISPOSAL

Waste Treatment Plant


WASTE DISPOSAL - Waste Treatment Plant